Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the atomic or molecular scale to create structures between 1 to 100 nanometers in size and endow them with new properties. It has applications in electronics, medicine, energy, and other fields. Some key points are that it allows integrating biology, chemistry and engineering to build devices with unprecedented properties. Challenges include developing new research tools and cleanroom infrastructure since nanoscale work requires precision. The future of nanotechnology may include flexible electronics, molecular devices, and applications like enhanced medical diagnostics and treatment.

1. Mrs. Vijaylakshmi S.Jiagjinni
Assit. Prof.
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.
Basaveshwar Engg. College, Bagalkot
E-mail: talk2vijusj@gmail.com
M.No: 9880500028

2. CONTENTS
Introduction
What is “Nanotechnology”?
Why Nanotechnology?
Nanoscale
What makes the Nanoscale special?
Nanotechnology
History
Need of Nanotechnology in Electronics
Nanotechnology in Electronics
Common Applications of Nanotechnology in electronics

3. INTRODUCTION
What is “Nano”?
Nano in Greek means
‘dwarf’…..but in actual Nano is even smaller
than dwarf i.e atomic level of anything.

4. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Making things small in scale by modifying
materials at their atomic and
molecular level by which some very unusual
and useful properties are generated.
Building very small structures in
nanometer scale (nm)

5. WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY?
• Use atomic properties of materials
• Less is more in medicine
• Increase power of computer chips
• Sensors responding to lower concentrations
• Stain-resistant clothing
• Bathroom coating: self-cleaning !!!
New applications being implemented
almost daily (www.smalltimes.com)
Integrate biology, chemistry, eng…

6. What is Nanoscale ?
1.27 × 10 m7
0.22 m 0.7 × 10-9
m
Fullerenes C60
12,756 Km
22 cm 0.7 nm
10 millions times
smaller
1 billion times
smaller
4
Nanometre is one billionth of meter

7. What makes the Nanoscale special?
High density of structures is possible with small size.
Physical and chemical properties can be different at
the nano-scale (e.g. electronic, optical, mechanical,
thermal, chemical).
The physical behavior of material can be different in
the nano-regime because of the different
physical properties scale with dimension (e.g. area vs.
volume).

8. It’s hard to imagine just
how small
nanotechnology is.
One nanometer is a
billionth of a meter, or
10¯⁹ of a meter.

9. Ordinary objects are absolutely huge measured on what scientists call the nanoscale:
•Atom: ~0.1 nanometers.
•Atoms in a molecule: ~0.15 nanometers apart.
•DNA double-helix: ~2 nanometers in diameter.
•Typical protein: ~10 nanometers long.
•Computer transistor (switch): ~100-200 nanometers wide.
•Typical bacteria: ~200 nanometers long.
•Human hair: 50,000–100,000 nanometers in diameter.
•One piece of paper: ~100,000 nanometers thick.
•Girl 1.2 m (4ft) tall: ~1200 million nanometers tall.
•Man 2m (6.5 ft) tall ~ 2000 million nanometers tall.
•Empire State Building: 381m (1250 ft) tall: ~381,000 million nanometers tall.

10. NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanotechnology is the
manipulatingstudy of
matter on an atomic scale.
• Nanotechnology refers to
the constructing and
theengineering of
functional systems at very
micro level or we can say at
atomic level.
• A Nanometer is one
billionth of a meter, roughly
the width of three or four
atoms.

11.  The late Nobel Prize winning scientst Richard P. Feynman
established the potential of nanosize devices in 1959.
 Proposed using machine tools to make smaller machine
tools, which, in turn, would be used to make still smaller
machine tools, and so on all the way down to the molecular
level.
 He suggested that such nanomachines, nanorobots and
nanodevices ultimately could be used to develop a wide
range of atomically precise microscopic instrumentation and
manufacturing tools.

12.  Feynman argued that these tools could be applied to
produce vast quantities of ultrasmall computers and
various microscale and nanoscale robots. He concluded
that this is “a development which I think cannot be
avoided.”
 The vision of nanotechnology was born.

13. History of nanotechnology
In 1959 Richrad Feynman
presented ideas for creating
Nano scale machines
Norio Taniguchi
introduced the term
‘nanotechnology’
1980s, development in this field was
greatly enhanced with advances in
electron microscopy

14. Need of Nanotechnology in
Electronics
Today microelectronics are used and
they solve our most of the problems.
The two exceptional disadvantages
of micro electronics are:
Physical size
Increasing cost of fabrication of
integrated circuits.
To overcome these disadvantages
nanotechnology can be used.

15. Nanotechnology in Electronics
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology
on electronic components, especially transistors.
Nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are
so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum
mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.
Besides being small and allowing more transistors to be
packed into a single chip, the uniform and symmetrical
structure of nanotubes allows a higher electron mobility, a
higher dielectric constant (faster frequency), and a
symmetrical electron/ hole characteristic.

16. Increasing the density of
memory chips
Decreasing the weight and
thickness of the screens
Nanolithography is used for
fabrication of chips.
Reducing the size of transistors
used in integrated circuits.
Improving display screens on
electronics devices.
Reducing power consumption.
Advantages of Using Nanotechnology in
Electronics

18. What is a Carbon Nanotube?
A Carbon Nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made of carbon, having a
diameter measuring on the nanometre scale.
Carbon Nanotubes are formed from essentially the graphite sheet and
the graphite layer appears somewhat like a rolled-up continuous unbroken
hexagonal mesh and carbon molecules at the apexes of the hexagons.
Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family.

19. Graphene transistor
• Graphene is a single sheet of carbon atoms packed in a
honeycomb crystal lattice, isolated from graphite.
• Allows electrons to move at an extraordinarily high
speed.
• With its intrinsic nature of being one-atom-thick, can be
exploited to fabricate field-effect transistors that are
faster and smaller.

20. Single Electron Transistor
• A single electron
transistor needs only one
electron to change from
the insulating to the
conducting state.
• Deliver very high device
density and power
efficiency with remarkable
operational speed.
• Quantum dots with sub-
dimensions of 100nm can
be fabricated.

21. Carbon-based nanosensors
Graphene and carbon
nanotubes have:
Excellent thermal conductivity
High mechanical robustness
Very large surface to volume
ratio making them superior
materials for fabrication of
electromechanical and
electrochemical sensors with
higher sensitivities, lower limits of
detection, and faster response
time.
Any additional gold atom that adsorbs on
the surface of a vibrating carbon nanotube
would change its resonance frequency
which is further detected.

23. Computer processing
Moore’s Law
describes a
trend of
technology.
States
That: 'The
number of
transistors
that can be
put on a
single chip
will double
every two
Years".

24. Because of
nanotechnology,
the speed of
computers has
increased while
the price of
computing has
decreased.

25. Memory and storage
2 GB in 1980s
$80,000
2 GB in 1990s
$200
2 GB in
2010 $5

26. Current research
shows that by
using
nanotechnology, 1
000 GB of
memory can fit on
the head of this
pin. 1000 GB is 1
Terabyte.

27. Displays
Carbon nanotubes on a glass or plastic sheet
allow manufacturers to make clear
conductive panels for displays that are
extremely thin.

29. FUTURE SCOPE IN
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology for flexible Electronics
Nanotechnology for wireless devices
Nanotechnology for molecular devices

30. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR
FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS
Stretchable electronics or flexible
electronics is likely to be the future
of mobile electronics.
Potential applications include
wearable electronic devices,
biomedical uses, compact portable
devices, and robotic devices.
In the future, it is likely that
graphene will become a dominant
material in flexible electronics.
Graphene is nothing but an allotrope
of carbon that has superb electrical
conductivity, flexibility, and physical
strength.

31. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR
MOLECULAR DEVICES
Reducing size of electronics is the need
of era and this can be achieved with the
help of molecules that can be used in
active devices.
These molecules behave as diodes or
programmable switches that make
connections between wires and
consume less current.
Thousands of molecules can be
sandwiched between two crossing
micro-scale wires to create an active
devices. Since molecular devices fit
between the wires, large area savings

32. MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Motorola, Inc. 2003.
Electronic Device Companies
1TB/sq. in. densityIBM (millipede),
Seagate, HP, etc.
Data Storage
Size, performance and
mobility; Pervasive
computing
HP, IBM, Hitachi,
Fujitsu, Intel, etc.
Nano Computer
Enabler for low power
processing and
memory
IBM, Intel, AMD, TI,
Motorola, etc.
Transistor (Silicon
and Organic)
Brighter, lower power,
inexpensive displays
Motorola, Samsung,
NEC, Matsushita, etc.
Displays
Universal flash
memory; higher density
Nantero, HP, IBM, etc.Nano Memory
BenefitCompanyDevices
A Partial List

33. Nano materials
Nano powders - building blocks of nano materials
(particles less than 100 nm in size)
Porous metallic
‘nanocubes’
store large amounts of H2
Nanoparticles of gold for
new catalysts
The scale of
nanopowders
www.cordis.lu/nanotechnology

34. Carbon
nanotubes
(sensors, fuel cells,
computers
and televisions)
Nano membrane
filtration systems
(safe, clean,

35. Molecular electronic
‘cross bar latches’
(tiny Nano devices)
Quantum
dots and
artificial atoms
(small devices that contain a tiny

36. Nanotechnology applications
Medicine
Ex. Nano biotechnology
Energy
ex. Renewable
energy
Electronics and
information
technologies

37. Chemistry and
Environment
Consumer goods
Military and
security
applications

38. Nanotechnology in Agriculture
Plant
production
Ex: Delivery of DNA
to plants
Animal
Production
Ex: Nano tube sensors
to detect hormone
level changes
Animal or
Plant Health
Ex: Detect
pathogens

39. Agrochemical
Ex: Nanoparticles
in pesticides
In food
industry
Convergence
Nano-Geo-(Bio)-
Info technology
Sensing
Ex: Detect
chemicals or food
borne pathogen
Safety
Packaging
Ex: Prevent or
respond to
spoilage

40. Future Predictions of
Nanotechnology
•Earrings that become your cell phone by allowing
listening amplification and location-focused
microphones to interface with voice-activated
technology.
•Chips in your jacket, shirt, blouse, or pants that can
be downloaded with your ID, allowing fast access to
secure items.
•Holographic lenses in eyeglasses that work like
bifocals. While one hemisphere of the lens is
unaffected, the other is connected to networks of
information, providing the ultimate in virtual reality
for users.

41. Research Challenges
Nano technology brings on new challenges
•Existing tools for investigations at the atomic level
are expensive to acquire and maintain
•New research tools need to be developed to explore
the nano real time applications
•Specialized facilities are required to maintain the
cleanliness need for nano technology
•A new infrastructure might be required for the
equipment yet-to-be-developed

42. Education Challenges
Nano technology requires education and training in
multiple fields for successful collaboration
•Combinations of chemistry, physics, engineering,
biology, computer science, and many related
disciplines are needed to fully understand the
development of nano technology
•The development of the nano technology industry
will require well educated technicians
•Scientific education needs to begin early in the
learning process

43. CONCLUSION
 As a conclusion to this topic I would like to say that Nanotechnology is
a brand new technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary
science that will change all what we knew before.
 The future that we were watching just in science fiction movies will in
the near future be real.
 This new technology will first of all, keep us healthy because of Nano
robots that will repair every damage that we have in our body.
 Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy because it will
transform energy more effectively.
 Nanotechnology covers a lot of domains today and will cover a lot more
in the near future, it is infinitely big and will make a lot of inventions
come true like teleportation for example which scientists are working on
today.

44. "The next big thing is really small”