Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord.
it affect the myelin and by damaging the the myelin producing cell -Oligodendrocytes, which leads to sensory, motor and cognitive problems.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord.
it affect the myelin and by damaging the the myelin producing cell -Oligodendrocytes, which leads to sensory, motor and cognitive problems.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement
Ataxia is a medical condition which results in the lack of muscle coordination that usually affects voluntary movements such as walking, eye movements, speech, and the patient’s ability to swallow.
Bell’s palsy
Trigeminal Neuralgia ( Tic Douloreux)
Cranial & spinal neuropathies
Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) is due to unilateral inflammation of the ( CN VII Facial nerve) seventh cranial nerve, which results in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy nerve cells in your peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement
Ataxia is a medical condition which results in the lack of muscle coordination that usually affects voluntary movements such as walking, eye movements, speech, and the patient’s ability to swallow.
Bell’s palsy
Trigeminal Neuralgia ( Tic Douloreux)
Cranial & spinal neuropathies
Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) is due to unilateral inflammation of the ( CN VII Facial nerve) seventh cranial nerve, which results in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy nerve cells in your peripheral nervous system (PNS).
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.
Nurse Managers are required to be aware of the techniques that can help them ensure effective management of educational/service unit. Communication is one of the most important activities in the nursing management. It is the foundation upon which the manager achieves organizational objectives.
Communication is a process of change. In order to achieve the desired result, the communication necessarily is effective and purposive.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) is the pre-eminent resuscitation course for the recognition and intervention of cardiopulmonary arrest or other cardiovascular emergencies.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath the liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that's released into the small intestine.
Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person's skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet.
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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3. NORMAL NEUROMUSCULAR
JUNCTION: TEXT:
Axon of motor neuron divides
as they enter skeletal muscles,
& each axonal ending form a
neuromuscular junction. the
transmission of nerve
impulses from the nerve to the
muscles occurs at the
neuromuscular junctions. The
neurotransmitter acetylcholine
is released from the axonal
endings, crosses the synaptic
cleft, attaches to acetylcholine
receptors on the muscle fiber
& stimulate the muscle
4. It is a chronic autoimmune disorder
characterized by fatigue & severe weakness of
skeletal muscles that worsens with exercise &
improves with rest.
Incidences:
Women are affected three times more
frequently than men.
The age for onset for most clients is between
ages 20-30 yrs.
5. Idiopathic
80% of people with generalized form of disease
have elevated titers of antibodies to the Ach
receptor in their serum.
6. Due to etiological factors
Destruction & blockage of neuromuscular junction
receptor site by antibodies
Decreased number of acetylcholine receptors &
structural changes
Diminished acetylcholine uptake
Decrease in muscle ability to contract despite of
sufficient amount of acetylcholine
7. Ocular & facial:
Ptosis (drooping of eyelid)
Diplopia (double vision)
Facial weakness
Dysphagia
Dysarthria
Complications- difficulty closing eye, aspiration, impaired
communication
Musculoskeletal:
Weakness & fatigue
Decreased function of hand & arms, legs, & neck muscles
8.
9. Respiratory :
Weakening & of intercostals muscles
Decrease in diaphragm movement
Breathless & dyspnea
Poor gas exchange
Nutritional:
Inability to chew and swallow
Decreasing ability to move tongue
Impairment of fine motor movements-Inability to
feed self
Complications: Wt loss, Dehydration, malnutrition
10. Myasthenic crisis- It is a sudden exacerbation
of motor weakness, putting the client at risk of
respiratory failure and aspiration. It is most
often due to under medication , missed doses
of medication or infection.
Manifestations:
Tachycardia, Tachypnea, severe respiratory distress,
dysphagia and impaired speech.
11. Cholinergic crisis:
It is result of overdose with the
anticholinesterase ( cholinergic) medications
used to treat MG.
Manifestations: Severe muscle weakness,
vertigo, respiratory distress.
Treatment: client frequently requires
ventilatory assistants.
12. History
Physical Examination
Anticolinesterase (tensilon or prostigmin) test
Single fiber electro myeography
Can detect delayed or failed neuro muscular
transmission in muscle fibers supplied by a
single muscle fibre.
13.
14. Medical management:
Medications:
Anticholinesterase Eg. pyridostigmine
(mestinon)- It act at the neuromuscular
junction and allow acetylcholine to
concentrate at the receptor sites, thus
promoting muscle contraction.
Glucocorticoids - Eg. Prednisone
Immunosuppressive agents- Eg.
Cyclosporine or azathioprine (immuran)
15. Plasmapheresis: It is procedure used to
separate blood cellular components from
plasma. About 50ml per minute is withdrawn
to the centrifuge in the plasmapheresis
machine. The plasma is replaced with donor
plasma or colloids(albumin, normal saline &
electrolytes) and return to the client.
Goal: To remove the acetylcholine receptor
antibodies thus improving severe muscle
weakness and fatigue.
16. Thymectomy: Removal of thymus gland may
cause 75% of clients with MG have dysplasia of
the thymus gland.
17. Ineffective airway clearance related to poor
cough mechanism decreased ribcage expansion
and diminished diaphragm movement.
Impaired swallowing related to weakness of
laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles involved
with swallowing.
Imbalanced nutrition less than body
requirement related to less intake of food as
evidenced by dysphagia & muscle weakness.
18. Schedule periods of rest and avoid stress;
conserve energy when possible.
Avoid cigarette smoke, alcohol and beverages
with quinine .
Take medications as prescribed. If
manifestation changes consult the physician;
the dose may need to be adjusted.
Avoid extremes of temperature; an
environment that is too hot or too cold.
Avoid people with upper respiratory
infections.