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X ray production
X-ray production can occur via two methods: Bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays. Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when a charged particle like an electron is deflected by an atomic nucleus, losing kinetic energy which is converted to a photon. Characteristic x-rays are emitted when electrons fall from higher to lower orbital shells within an atom. Collimators are used to reduce the size and shape of the x-ray beam, minimizing irradiated tissue volume within a patient and improving image quality by reducing scattered radiation reaching the film. The main interactions between x-rays and matter are coherent scattering, Compton scattering, and photoelectric absorption.
X ray production (Emission and Filtration)
X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons interact with and decelerate in the anode target. This produces both characteristic x-rays from electron shell interactions and bremsstrahlung x-rays from electron deflection by atomic nuclei. The x-ray emission spectrum consists of discrete characteristic lines and a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum ranging from zero to the peak tube voltage. Added and inherent filtration are used to filter out lower energy x-rays, hardening the beam for better tissue penetration and reducing patient dose from less penetrating x-rays. The quality and quantity of the x-ray beam are controlled respectively by adjusting the tube voltage and milliamperes.
Properties of x rays
This document provides an overview of the history and properties of dental radiography. It discusses how Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895 built upon prior work in electricity and magnetism. It then summarizes key developments in dental radiography, including Dr. C. Edmund Kells performing the first dental x-ray in 1899. The document also outlines the electromagnetic spectrum and defines x-rays as weightless energy packets that travel in straight lines. It describes the physical, chemical, and biological properties of x-rays and their interaction with matter, such as their ability to penetrate tissues and induce ionization.
CONTINUOUS X RAY SPECTRUM ITS DEPENDENCE ON VOLTAGE DUANE AND HUNT LAWRohini ...
CONTINUOUS X RAY SPECTRUM ITS DEPENDENCE ON VOLTAGE DUANE AND HUNT LAWRohini ...Rai Saheb Bhanwar Singh College Nasrullaganj
The document discusses the spectrum of X-rays obtained from a Coolidge tube. It can produce either a continuous spectrum or characteristic lines depending on the conditions. A continuous spectrum results from low-energy electrons hitting the target. The shortest wavelength is determined by the tube voltage, not the target material. Higher voltages produce shorter wavelengths and more intense X-rays across all wavelengths. The maximum intensity occurs at a specific wavelength that shifts to shorter wavelengths with increasing voltage.X ray-production
X-ray production involves an electron filament cathode that undergoes thermionic emission to produce electrons. These electrons are accelerated towards a tungsten anode target, where they either produce characteristic x-rays through electron shell interactions or bremsstrahlung x-rays through deceleration. The mAs controls the quantity of electrons and x-rays by determining the current to the x-ray tube filament, while the kVp controls the quality and energy of electrons and x-rays by determining the kinetic energy of electrons traveling from cathode to anode.
X ray production and properties
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while studying cathode rays. He observed that a mysterious type of radiation was produced when electrons interacted with glass that could pass through objects and be detected outside the tube. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons generated by an x-ray tube strike a metal target. They have properties such as being invisible, having no mass, and being able to pass through soft tissue but be absorbed by bone and metal. X-rays are used in medical imaging due to these properties allowing visualization of internal structures.
Fundamentals of x ray imaging i
The document discusses the fundamentals of x-ray imaging. It describes how x-rays are produced using an x-ray tube, which contains a cathode that emits electrons and a metal anode target. When the electrons hit the target, two types of x-ray photons are produced: bremsstrahlung radiation from electron deceleration and characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions. The energy spectrum of the resulting x-ray beam depends on factors like the target material and voltage applied to the tube. Proper filtration is also needed to block low energy photons.
Radiobioogy8
1. The document discusses the interactions of different types of radiation with matter, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and their interactions through processes like the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production.
2. It provides information on dose measures like RAD, REM, and RBE, which depend on factors like linear energy transfer and radiation quality factors related to biological effectiveness.
3. Safety rules of thumb are given for penetration depths of different radiations in air, skin, and tissue based on their energy levels.
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X ray production
X-ray production can occur via two methods: Bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays. Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when a charged particle like an electron is deflected by an atomic nucleus, losing kinetic energy which is converted to a photon. Characteristic x-rays are emitted when electrons fall from higher to lower orbital shells within an atom. Collimators are used to reduce the size and shape of the x-ray beam, minimizing irradiated tissue volume within a patient and improving image quality by reducing scattered radiation reaching the film. The main interactions between x-rays and matter are coherent scattering, Compton scattering, and photoelectric absorption.
X ray production (Emission and Filtration)
X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons interact with and decelerate in the anode target. This produces both characteristic x-rays from electron shell interactions and bremsstrahlung x-rays from electron deflection by atomic nuclei. The x-ray emission spectrum consists of discrete characteristic lines and a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum ranging from zero to the peak tube voltage. Added and inherent filtration are used to filter out lower energy x-rays, hardening the beam for better tissue penetration and reducing patient dose from less penetrating x-rays. The quality and quantity of the x-ray beam are controlled respectively by adjusting the tube voltage and milliamperes.
Properties of x rays
This document provides an overview of the history and properties of dental radiography. It discusses how Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895 built upon prior work in electricity and magnetism. It then summarizes key developments in dental radiography, including Dr. C. Edmund Kells performing the first dental x-ray in 1899. The document also outlines the electromagnetic spectrum and defines x-rays as weightless energy packets that travel in straight lines. It describes the physical, chemical, and biological properties of x-rays and their interaction with matter, such as their ability to penetrate tissues and induce ionization.
CONTINUOUS X RAY SPECTRUM ITS DEPENDENCE ON VOLTAGE DUANE AND HUNT LAWRohini ...
CONTINUOUS X RAY SPECTRUM ITS DEPENDENCE ON VOLTAGE DUANE AND HUNT LAWRohini ...Rai Saheb Bhanwar Singh College Nasrullaganj
The document discusses the spectrum of X-rays obtained from a Coolidge tube. It can produce either a continuous spectrum or characteristic lines depending on the conditions. A continuous spectrum results from low-energy electrons hitting the target. The shortest wavelength is determined by the tube voltage, not the target material. Higher voltages produce shorter wavelengths and more intense X-rays across all wavelengths. The maximum intensity occurs at a specific wavelength that shifts to shorter wavelengths with increasing voltage.X ray-production
X-ray production involves an electron filament cathode that undergoes thermionic emission to produce electrons. These electrons are accelerated towards a tungsten anode target, where they either produce characteristic x-rays through electron shell interactions or bremsstrahlung x-rays through deceleration. The mAs controls the quantity of electrons and x-rays by determining the current to the x-ray tube filament, while the kVp controls the quality and energy of electrons and x-rays by determining the kinetic energy of electrons traveling from cathode to anode.
X ray production and properties
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while studying cathode rays. He observed that a mysterious type of radiation was produced when electrons interacted with glass that could pass through objects and be detected outside the tube. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons generated by an x-ray tube strike a metal target. They have properties such as being invisible, having no mass, and being able to pass through soft tissue but be absorbed by bone and metal. X-rays are used in medical imaging due to these properties allowing visualization of internal structures.
Fundamentals of x ray imaging i
The document discusses the fundamentals of x-ray imaging. It describes how x-rays are produced using an x-ray tube, which contains a cathode that emits electrons and a metal anode target. When the electrons hit the target, two types of x-ray photons are produced: bremsstrahlung radiation from electron deceleration and characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions. The energy spectrum of the resulting x-ray beam depends on factors like the target material and voltage applied to the tube. Proper filtration is also needed to block low energy photons.
Radiobioogy8
1. The document discusses the interactions of different types of radiation with matter, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and their interactions through processes like the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production.
2. It provides information on dose measures like RAD, REM, and RBE, which depend on factors like linear energy transfer and radiation quality factors related to biological effectiveness.
3. Safety rules of thumb are given for penetration depths of different radiations in air, skin, and tissue based on their energy levels.
Production of x ray
An x-ray machine produces x-rays through two processes when high-energy electrons hit a heavy metal target such as tungsten:
1) Bremsstrahlung occurs when the electrons are decelerated upon impact, producing a spectrum of photon wavelengths below the electrons' initial energy.
2) K-shell emission occurs when an electron is ejected from the target atom's inner shell, causing a higher-energy electron to fill the vacancy and emit a photon of a single wavelength unique to each element.
Lect26 handout
The document discusses x-rays and their production. It explains that x-rays have wavelengths between 0.01 to 10 nm and are produced when high energy electrons interact with atoms. Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when electrons are slowed by atoms, while characteristic x-rays are emitted when electrons knock inner shell electrons out of atoms and higher shell electrons fall to fill the vacancy. The document also discusses nuclear physics concepts like atomic and mass numbers.
Photochem basics
1) Light has both particle and wave properties. It can behave as particles called photons, with energy determined by Planck's constant and wavelength or frequency.
2) The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, ordered by decreasing wavelength and increasing energy.
3) Different regions of the EM spectrum, such as visible light, x-rays, and infrared waves, have distinct applications including vision, medical imaging, heating food, and more due to their energy levels and ability to penetrate or be absorbed by matter.
Presentation4, x ray physics
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to but with shorter wavelengths than visible light. They are produced in an x-ray tube, which contains a cathode and anode that are charged oppositely; electrons accelerated by the voltage difference between the electrodes impact the anode, producing x-rays. The x-ray film used to detect x-rays consists of an emulsion containing light-sensitive crystals of silver halides.
Intercation with matter
X-rays can interact with matter through various interactions such as coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, and photodisintegration. The photoelectric effect and Compton scattering are the most important interactions for diagnostic x-rays. The photoelectric effect accounts for about 75% of interactions and results in the emission of characteristic x-rays. Compton scattering accounts for about 20% of interactions and scatters x-rays without energy loss, producing scatter radiation. The interaction that occurs depends on the photon energy and the atomic number of the absorbing material.
X ray production & emission
The document discusses x-ray production in an x-ray tube. Electrons are emitted from a cathode and accelerated towards an anode. When electrons interact with the anode target, most of their energy is released as heat but 1% is released as two types of x-rays: characteristic x-rays of specific energies that are dependent on the target material, and bremsstrahlung x-rays that form a continuous spectrum. The x-ray emission spectrum contains peaks from characteristic x-rays and a curve from bremsstrahlung x-rays, and factors like voltage, current, filtration affect the spectrum's intensity and average energy.
Production of x rays
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped upon impacting a metal target, converting their kinetic energy into X-rays (1%) and heat (>99%). An X-ray tube contains two electrodes sealed in a glass envelope: a cathode with a heated tungsten filament for thermionic emission of electrons, and an anode target of tungsten. Electrons bombard the target at nearly half the speed of light. Increasing the tube voltage or current independently increases the number and energy of X-rays produced via characteristic radiation lines and continuous Bremsstrahlung spectrum, shifting the spectrum to higher energies important for medical imaging.
Production of xray
This document summarizes the production of x-rays. It describes how x-rays are produced when electrons are accelerated toward a metal target in an x-ray tube. The tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and an anode, made of tungsten or similar high atomic number metal, that absorbs the electrons. When electrons strike the target, they cause two types of x-rays to be emitted - bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays. Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when electrons are deflected by the target's nuclei, while characteristic x-rays are emitted when electrons fill vacancies left by ejected inner shell electrons. The document also discusses components of the x-ray
The x ray tube
The x-ray tube is a key component of x-ray imaging systems. It contains a cathode that emits electrons and an anode that produces x-rays. The tube is housed in a protective enclosure to allow positioning while shielding against radiation leakage. Modern tubes use rotating anodes to dissipate heat and produce a line-focused beam from the angled target, forming a small, effective focal spot. This design provides good resolution but can cause non-uniform intensity and extrafocal radiation from electrons missing the target.
Radiation physics
This document provides information about x-rays and x-ray machines. It discusses the production of x-radiation through both braking radiation and characteristic radiation. The properties of x-rays include their physical properties like wavelength and speed of travel, as well as their ability to ionize atoms. The document also describes the components of an x-ray machine including the cathode, anode, collimator and transformers used to generate x-rays.
Phy 310 chapter 6
The document discusses x-rays and their production and spectra. It begins by defining x-rays as electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths than UV produced when high-energy electrons bombard atoms. It then discusses how x-rays are produced in an x-ray tube through two mechanisms: characteristic x-rays produced via electron transitions in atoms, and continuous x-rays produced when electrons are decelerated. The document outlines the key components of an x-ray tube and the factors that influence x-ray spectra such as voltage, current and target material. It also compares x-ray emission spectra to optical atomic emission spectra.
X ray production and construction
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that are produced when fast moving electrons collide with a metal target in an x-ray tube. There are two types of x-rays produced: bremsstrahlung and characteristic. An x-ray tube consists of a cathode, anode, focusing cup, and glass housing within an evacuated envelope. Electrons are emitted from the heated cathode and accelerated towards the anode, where their energy is converted upon impact to produce x-rays. The design and construction of x-ray tubes aims to efficiently produce x-rays for diagnostic imaging while withstanding heavy workload.
Stefan's constant
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the Stefan's constant using an incandescent lamp and photovoltaic cell.
2) An incandescent lamp is used as a blackbody radiator, and its temperature is varied. The open circuit voltage of a photovoltaic cell facing the lamp is measured at different temperatures.
3) These voltage measurements are then used in the Stefan-Boltzmann equation to calculate the Stefan's constant. Precise measurements of the lamp's glow resistance and photovoltaic cell voltage are required.
X ray physics
The document provides an overview of x-ray physics, including a history of x-rays, the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of x-rays, components of an x-ray tube, and interactions between x-rays and matter. It describes how x-rays are produced via thermionic emission in an x-ray tube, where high-speed electrons generated at the cathode strike the tungsten anode, producing bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. It also summarizes the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering that can occur when x-rays interact with matter.
Production of xray
The document discusses the properties and production of x-rays. Some key points:
- Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
- X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerated. They can behave as waves or particles.
- In an x-ray tube, a high voltage is used to accelerate electrons towards a metal target, where x-rays are produced via braking radiation or characteristic radiation.
- X-rays can be absorbed or scattered in matter. Their interaction depends on tissue electron density and thickness and the x-ray energy. These interactions are useful in medical imaging.
Basic principle of x ray
This document provides an overview of x-rays and x-ray tubes. It discusses the history of x-rays starting with their discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It then covers basic x-ray physics and the electromagnetic spectrum. The document focuses on the components and functioning of x-ray tubes, including the cathode, filament, focusing cup, anode, rotating target, and control console. It explains how varying the kVp and mAs settings on the control console controls the x-ray beam properties.
Radiation physics
This document discusses various topics in radiation physics including:
- Atomic structure and the Bohr model of the atom.
- Composition and interactions of x-ray radiation.
- Components and function of x-ray machines including the cathode, anode, and power supply.
- Factors that control the x-ray beam such as milliamperage, kilovoltage, filtration, and collimation.
- Three main interactions of x-rays with matter: photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering.
- Key radiation physics concepts including exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and radioactivity.
X ray
X-ray physics is summarized as follows:
(1) X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are stopped by a target material, with 1% of the electron's kinetic energy converted to X-rays. (2) X-ray generators use a high voltage source to accelerate electrons from a heated cathode filament toward an anode target, producing a bremsstrahlung spectrum of X-rays. (3) Modern X-ray tubes feature a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow longer exposures without damage to the anode.
Laser
This document discusses the basic principles and concepts of lasers. It explains that a laser produces a coherent beam of light through the process of stimulated emission. This involves pumping atoms or molecules to a higher energy level through absorption, which creates a population inversion. When these excited atoms or molecules decay, they emit photons through stimulated emission that are coherent, monochromatic, and collimated. The document outlines the key laser concepts of absorption, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, population inversion, and pumping needed to produce the inversion. It also describes the characteristics of laser beams, including their high directionality, intensity, monochromacity, and coherence.
Photo electric effect and compton
1) The photoelectric effect occurs when light shines on a metal surface and electrons are emitted. Experimental results showed that the kinetic energy of emitted electrons depended on the frequency but not the intensity of light.
2) Einstein proposed that light is quantized into discrete packets called photons. The energy of photons is related to their frequency. If a photon's energy exceeds the metal's work function, it can eject an electron.
3) Einstein's photon theory explained all experimental results, including the dependence of electron kinetic energy on frequency but not intensity and the instantaneous emission. This validated Planck's quantum hypothesis and revolutionized our understanding of the nature of light.
1 interaction of radiation with matter
This document discusses different types of ionizing radiation and their interactions with matter. It begins by introducing different types of ionizing radiation like gamma rays, x-rays, electrons, heavy charged particles, and neutrons. It then explains the interactions of these radiations in matter through processes like Compton scattering, photoelectric effect, pair production etc. It discusses concepts like linear energy transfer and specific ionization. Overall, the document provides an overview of the various types of ionizing radiation and how they interact and deposit energy when passing through matter.
Radiation physics in Dental Radiology...
This document discusses the physics of radiation and x-rays. It defines radiation and describes the electromagnetic spectrum. X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. The document outlines the production of x-rays using an x-ray tube, and describes how factors like tube voltage, current, and filtration control the x-ray beam. It also explains how x-rays interact with and are attenuated by matter, including effects like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering.
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Production of x ray
An x-ray machine produces x-rays through two processes when high-energy electrons hit a heavy metal target such as tungsten:
1) Bremsstrahlung occurs when the electrons are decelerated upon impact, producing a spectrum of photon wavelengths below the electrons' initial energy.
2) K-shell emission occurs when an electron is ejected from the target atom's inner shell, causing a higher-energy electron to fill the vacancy and emit a photon of a single wavelength unique to each element.
Lect26 handout
The document discusses x-rays and their production. It explains that x-rays have wavelengths between 0.01 to 10 nm and are produced when high energy electrons interact with atoms. Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when electrons are slowed by atoms, while characteristic x-rays are emitted when electrons knock inner shell electrons out of atoms and higher shell electrons fall to fill the vacancy. The document also discusses nuclear physics concepts like atomic and mass numbers.
Photochem basics
1) Light has both particle and wave properties. It can behave as particles called photons, with energy determined by Planck's constant and wavelength or frequency.
2) The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, ordered by decreasing wavelength and increasing energy.
3) Different regions of the EM spectrum, such as visible light, x-rays, and infrared waves, have distinct applications including vision, medical imaging, heating food, and more due to their energy levels and ability to penetrate or be absorbed by matter.
Presentation4, x ray physics
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to but with shorter wavelengths than visible light. They are produced in an x-ray tube, which contains a cathode and anode that are charged oppositely; electrons accelerated by the voltage difference between the electrodes impact the anode, producing x-rays. The x-ray film used to detect x-rays consists of an emulsion containing light-sensitive crystals of silver halides.
Intercation with matter
X-rays can interact with matter through various interactions such as coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, and photodisintegration. The photoelectric effect and Compton scattering are the most important interactions for diagnostic x-rays. The photoelectric effect accounts for about 75% of interactions and results in the emission of characteristic x-rays. Compton scattering accounts for about 20% of interactions and scatters x-rays without energy loss, producing scatter radiation. The interaction that occurs depends on the photon energy and the atomic number of the absorbing material.
X ray production & emission
The document discusses x-ray production in an x-ray tube. Electrons are emitted from a cathode and accelerated towards an anode. When electrons interact with the anode target, most of their energy is released as heat but 1% is released as two types of x-rays: characteristic x-rays of specific energies that are dependent on the target material, and bremsstrahlung x-rays that form a continuous spectrum. The x-ray emission spectrum contains peaks from characteristic x-rays and a curve from bremsstrahlung x-rays, and factors like voltage, current, filtration affect the spectrum's intensity and average energy.
Production of x rays
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped upon impacting a metal target, converting their kinetic energy into X-rays (1%) and heat (>99%). An X-ray tube contains two electrodes sealed in a glass envelope: a cathode with a heated tungsten filament for thermionic emission of electrons, and an anode target of tungsten. Electrons bombard the target at nearly half the speed of light. Increasing the tube voltage or current independently increases the number and energy of X-rays produced via characteristic radiation lines and continuous Bremsstrahlung spectrum, shifting the spectrum to higher energies important for medical imaging.
Production of xray
This document summarizes the production of x-rays. It describes how x-rays are produced when electrons are accelerated toward a metal target in an x-ray tube. The tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and an anode, made of tungsten or similar high atomic number metal, that absorbs the electrons. When electrons strike the target, they cause two types of x-rays to be emitted - bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays. Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when electrons are deflected by the target's nuclei, while characteristic x-rays are emitted when electrons fill vacancies left by ejected inner shell electrons. The document also discusses components of the x-ray
The x ray tube
The x-ray tube is a key component of x-ray imaging systems. It contains a cathode that emits electrons and an anode that produces x-rays. The tube is housed in a protective enclosure to allow positioning while shielding against radiation leakage. Modern tubes use rotating anodes to dissipate heat and produce a line-focused beam from the angled target, forming a small, effective focal spot. This design provides good resolution but can cause non-uniform intensity and extrafocal radiation from electrons missing the target.
Radiation physics
This document provides information about x-rays and x-ray machines. It discusses the production of x-radiation through both braking radiation and characteristic radiation. The properties of x-rays include their physical properties like wavelength and speed of travel, as well as their ability to ionize atoms. The document also describes the components of an x-ray machine including the cathode, anode, collimator and transformers used to generate x-rays.
Phy 310 chapter 6
The document discusses x-rays and their production and spectra. It begins by defining x-rays as electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths than UV produced when high-energy electrons bombard atoms. It then discusses how x-rays are produced in an x-ray tube through two mechanisms: characteristic x-rays produced via electron transitions in atoms, and continuous x-rays produced when electrons are decelerated. The document outlines the key components of an x-ray tube and the factors that influence x-ray spectra such as voltage, current and target material. It also compares x-ray emission spectra to optical atomic emission spectra.
X ray production and construction
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that are produced when fast moving electrons collide with a metal target in an x-ray tube. There are two types of x-rays produced: bremsstrahlung and characteristic. An x-ray tube consists of a cathode, anode, focusing cup, and glass housing within an evacuated envelope. Electrons are emitted from the heated cathode and accelerated towards the anode, where their energy is converted upon impact to produce x-rays. The design and construction of x-ray tubes aims to efficiently produce x-rays for diagnostic imaging while withstanding heavy workload.
Stefan's constant
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the Stefan's constant using an incandescent lamp and photovoltaic cell.
2) An incandescent lamp is used as a blackbody radiator, and its temperature is varied. The open circuit voltage of a photovoltaic cell facing the lamp is measured at different temperatures.
3) These voltage measurements are then used in the Stefan-Boltzmann equation to calculate the Stefan's constant. Precise measurements of the lamp's glow resistance and photovoltaic cell voltage are required.
X ray physics
The document provides an overview of x-ray physics, including a history of x-rays, the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of x-rays, components of an x-ray tube, and interactions between x-rays and matter. It describes how x-rays are produced via thermionic emission in an x-ray tube, where high-speed electrons generated at the cathode strike the tungsten anode, producing bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. It also summarizes the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering that can occur when x-rays interact with matter.
Production of xray
The document discusses the properties and production of x-rays. Some key points:
- Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
- X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerated. They can behave as waves or particles.
- In an x-ray tube, a high voltage is used to accelerate electrons towards a metal target, where x-rays are produced via braking radiation or characteristic radiation.
- X-rays can be absorbed or scattered in matter. Their interaction depends on tissue electron density and thickness and the x-ray energy. These interactions are useful in medical imaging.
Basic principle of x ray
This document provides an overview of x-rays and x-ray tubes. It discusses the history of x-rays starting with their discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It then covers basic x-ray physics and the electromagnetic spectrum. The document focuses on the components and functioning of x-ray tubes, including the cathode, filament, focusing cup, anode, rotating target, and control console. It explains how varying the kVp and mAs settings on the control console controls the x-ray beam properties.
Radiation physics
This document discusses various topics in radiation physics including:
- Atomic structure and the Bohr model of the atom.
- Composition and interactions of x-ray radiation.
- Components and function of x-ray machines including the cathode, anode, and power supply.
- Factors that control the x-ray beam such as milliamperage, kilovoltage, filtration, and collimation.
- Three main interactions of x-rays with matter: photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering.
- Key radiation physics concepts including exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and radioactivity.
X ray
X-ray physics is summarized as follows:
(1) X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are stopped by a target material, with 1% of the electron's kinetic energy converted to X-rays. (2) X-ray generators use a high voltage source to accelerate electrons from a heated cathode filament toward an anode target, producing a bremsstrahlung spectrum of X-rays. (3) Modern X-ray tubes feature a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow longer exposures without damage to the anode.
Laser
This document discusses the basic principles and concepts of lasers. It explains that a laser produces a coherent beam of light through the process of stimulated emission. This involves pumping atoms or molecules to a higher energy level through absorption, which creates a population inversion. When these excited atoms or molecules decay, they emit photons through stimulated emission that are coherent, monochromatic, and collimated. The document outlines the key laser concepts of absorption, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, population inversion, and pumping needed to produce the inversion. It also describes the characteristics of laser beams, including their high directionality, intensity, monochromacity, and coherence.
Photo electric effect and compton
1) The photoelectric effect occurs when light shines on a metal surface and electrons are emitted. Experimental results showed that the kinetic energy of emitted electrons depended on the frequency but not the intensity of light.
2) Einstein proposed that light is quantized into discrete packets called photons. The energy of photons is related to their frequency. If a photon's energy exceeds the metal's work function, it can eject an electron.
3) Einstein's photon theory explained all experimental results, including the dependence of electron kinetic energy on frequency but not intensity and the instantaneous emission. This validated Planck's quantum hypothesis and revolutionized our understanding of the nature of light.
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This document discusses different types of ionizing radiation and their interactions with matter. It begins by introducing different types of ionizing radiation like gamma rays, x-rays, electrons, heavy charged particles, and neutrons. It then explains the interactions of these radiations in matter through processes like Compton scattering, photoelectric effect, pair production etc. It discusses concepts like linear energy transfer and specific ionization. Overall, the document provides an overview of the various types of ionizing radiation and how they interact and deposit energy when passing through matter.
Radiation physics in Dental Radiology...
This document discusses the physics of radiation and x-rays. It defines radiation and describes the electromagnetic spectrum. X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. The document outlines the production of x-rays using an x-ray tube, and describes how factors like tube voltage, current, and filtration control the x-ray beam. It also explains how x-rays interact with and are attenuated by matter, including effects like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering.
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Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to cellular DNA damage and increased cancer risk over time depending on dose. Acute radiation sickness occurs above 100 rads while long term effects like cancer have no threshold. Occupational exposure limits aim to keep annual whole body dose below 5 rem (50 mSv) per year. Common sources of natural background radiation include radon gas and cosmic rays.
32531-32541.ppt
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation is measured in units of sieverts which account for the biological effects. Acute exposure can cause immediate effects while long term low dose exposure increases cancer risks. Exposure limits aim to prevent harm from occupational and environmental sources of radiation.
Biological effects of radiation
This document provides an overview of radiobiology and radiation biology. It begins by defining radiobiology as the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. It then discusses the initial interactions of radiation with matter on an atomic level and how this can lead to molecular changes in cells and organisms over time, potentially resulting in injury or death. The document further explores the composition of matter, types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, and concepts such as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. It also examines the sequence of radiation injury and key related terms.
Radiation absorbtion
Energy Absorption in Radiobiology
Ionization vs. Excitation
Ionizing Versus Non-ionizing Radiation
Absorption Mechanisms
Ionization by alpha particle, Xray & neutron
Ionizing Radiation
Deep Shah presented on ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, ionizing them. There are three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles emit helium nuclei, beta particles emit electrons or positrons, and gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to gamma rays but are emitted by electrons rather than the nucleus. While ionizing radiation can be hazardous, it has important medical uses such as radiation therapy to treat cancer.
Interactions of radiation with matter
I do not have enough context to answer these questions. The document provided is a lecture on interactions of radiation with matter and does not contain questions.
Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Analysis and Instrumental Method of Analysis....
This document discusses electronic spectroscopy and molecular spectroscopy. It begins by explaining that electronic spectroscopy relies on quantized energy states of electrons and involves electronic transitions between principal quantum states when electrons absorb enough energy. It then discusses different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and how spectrometers are used to analyze absorption and emission spectra. The rest of the document discusses molecular spectroscopy, deviations from Beer's law, and applications of using spectrophotometry and Beer's law to determine equilibrium constants.
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS)
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy uses the same apparatus as atomic absorption spectroscopy but measures the emitted radiation from excited atomic species rather than absorbed radiation. It can determine the concentration of elements present using either line sources like lasers or hollow cathode lamps, or continuous sources like xenon arc lamps. Interferences can occur from chemical reactions interfering with atomization, ionization of analytes, overlapping spectra from other elements or molecules, and background emission or scattering. These issues can be addressed through techniques like chemical separation, modulation of the detector, and background correction methods.
Fundamentals of spectroscopy
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18 Apr 2 Bg Radiation, Shielding, Inverse Square For Slideshare
The document discusses various topics related to radiation and nuclear physics, including:
1) The inverse-square law and how radiation intensity decreases with distance from the source. An experiment is described to demonstrate this.
2) Different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays and their properties. Experiments with shielding materials like lead are proposed.
3) Natural and medical sources of radiation and how they contribute to typical human annual radiation doses. Most exposure is from natural background sources like radon.
4) Nuclear reactions like alpha decay, neutron capture, and beta decay are explained. Isotopic notation and how the element changes during these reactions is also covered.
32531 32541
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Radiation is quantified by activity (disintegrations per second), exposure (energy deposited in air), absorbed dose (energy absorbed per mass), and biologically equivalent dose. Different types of ionizing radiation interact differently with tissues depending on their mass and charge. Acute radiation exposure can cause sickness and death while long-term effects include increased cancer risks and organ damage.
Radiation health and safet1
This document discusses radiation health and safety. It covers definitions of radiation, sources of radiation exposure including natural background radiation and medical uses, biological effects of radiation exposure, and methods of radiation monitoring, prevention and regulation. Radiation can come from external sources like X-rays or internal sources from ingesting or inhaling radioactive materials. Exposure is measured in units like the rad, rem and sievert which account for different types of radiation and their effects on tissues.
Em radiation x
This document discusses atomic theory and electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays. It provides an overview of the atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different types of ionizing radiation. X-rays are used in diagnostic imaging like radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, and CT scans. Proper protection methods are needed to reduce radiation exposure for patients, staff, and the public.
Radiation Interaction.pdf
Radiation interacts with matter through various mechanisms depending on the type of particle. The most common interaction mechanisms are ionization and scintillation. Particles can interact elastically through scattering or inelastically by exciting the target. Electrons interact via ionization, while photons interact via the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, or pair production depending on their energy. Understanding these interaction mechanisms is necessary for building radiation detectors.
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18 Apr 2 Bg Radiation, Shielding, Inverse Square For Slideshare
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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My ppt slide share version
- 2. Interactions of Radiation with Matter Pair Production Presented by Sehrish Inam Course Title : Medical Radiation
- 4. Introduction Radiations Continuous emission of energy from a source in the form of subatomic particles or electromagnetic radiation. Example Electron Proton Neutron Gamma rays X rays 4
- 5. Classification of Radiation Radiations can be classified on the basis of Origin (nucleus/orbital electron) Nature of radiation (particle/wave) Source (natural/artificial) Chagres (+ve / -ve / no) Ionization potential (uv /x /gamma) 5
- 6. Interacting modes of Radiation Depends upon Atomic no. Z Energy of radiation Modes are Scattering Absorption Mass energy conversion 6
- 8. Rayleigh Scattering(Coherent Scattering) Incident radiation is considered as classical EM wave No loss of energy No phase difference only momentum transfers. Probability increase with low energy EMR and high Z target 8
- 14. Use Diagnostic radiology energy range up to 150kev Absorption in bones P.E.E occur in high Z Differential absorption gives better information regarding various structures in human body. 14 Photoelectric Effect
- 15. 15 Photoelectric Effect Post Photoelectric Effects Characteristic radiation Absorb in same atom & gives auger electron Auger electron Due to local absorption of characteristic x-ray Disturbs image quality of Xray
- 16. Pair Production 16 Presented by Sehrish Inam
- 17. Materialization of EM radiation Energy threshold is 2m0c2 = 1.022 MeV Generates electron and positron pair. Due to nucleus (e-, e+) Due to atomic electron (e- e+, e-) 17 Pair Production Pair Triplet
- 18. Pair & Triplet Production 18
- 19. Pair Production 19 Probability depends upon Energy of incoming photons Z2 of target material π = k Z2 log (E)
- 23. Conclusion 23
- 24. 24