1) Light has both particle and wave properties. It can behave as particles called photons, with energy determined by Planck's constant and wavelength or frequency. 2) The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, ordered by decreasing wavelength and increasing energy. 3) Different regions of the EM spectrum, such as visible light, x-rays, and infrared waves, have distinct applications including vision, medical imaging, heating food, and more due to their energy levels and ability to penetrate or be absorbed by matter.

1. Heat Electricity Electromagnetic
irradiation (light)
Many forms ……..
ENERGY

2. Light: Electromagnetic field vibration spreading in quanta
(photons)
Photon: The smallest amount of light carrying energy
LIGHT
Particle nature -photons
Convert light to electric current
Photo-electric effect
Wave nature -EM wave
Interference
Reflection
Refreaction
Plarization etc.
*Light has dual nature (particle as well as wave)

3. Energy of photons
E = c

h h=
h = Planck’s constant
(6.6 · 10-34 Js)
c = speed of light (3 · 108
ms-1)
 = wavelength
 = frequency
Particle nature of light was proposed by Einstein in 1905 to
explain the photo-electric effect. Photo-electric effect
Particles of light are called light quanta or photons.
Energy of a Photon is quantized

4. Einstein’s Equivalency
Principle
One particle of a chemical substance can absorb only
one photon from a light beam:
E = hv
For one mole: E = Nhv
N = Avogadro’s number (6.02 · 1023)

5. The EM spectrum is the ENTIRE range of EM waves in order of increasing
wavelength and decreasing energy

6. The higher the frequency, the more energy the wave has.
EM waves do not require media in which to travel or
move.
EM waves are considered to be transverse waves
because they are made of vibrating electric and magnetic
fields at right angles to each other, and to the direction
the waves are traveling.
Inverse relationship between wave size and frequency:
as wavelengths get smaller, frequencies get higher.

7. Gamma Rays:
Carry the most energy and have the shortes wavelengths,
less than one trillionth of a meter (10-12).
Gamma rays have enough energy to go through most
materials easily; you would need a 3-4 ft thick concrete wall
to stop them.
Gamma rays are released by nuclear reactions in nuclear
power plants, by nuclear bombs, and by naturally occurring
elements on Earth.
Sometimes used in the treatment of cancers.

8. X-Rays
Wavelengths from 10 nm to .001 nm. These rays have enough
energy to penetrate deep into tissues and cause damage to
cells; are stopped by dense materials, such as bone.
Used to look at solid structures, such as bones and
bridges (for cracks), and for treatment of cancer.
Ultraviolet Light:
Wavelengths range from 400 nm to 10 nm; the frequency (and
therefore the energy) is high enough with UV rays to penetrate
living cells and cause them damage.

9. Although humans cannot see UV light, bees, bats, butterflies,
some small birds can see.
UV on our skin produces vitamin D in our bodies. Too much
UV can lead to sunburn and skin cancer. UV rays are easily
blocked by clothing.
Used for sterilization because they kill bacteria
Chemical bond energies:
from 100 – 1000 kJ/mol
Average energy of UV region is 604 kJ/mol-1
So UV region of EMS is expected to induce chemical
reactions.

10. Visible light:
• Wavelengths range from 400-800 nm with
frequencies higher than infrared waves.
• These are the waves in the EM spectrum that humans
can see.
• Visible light waves are a very small part of the EM
spectrum
• 7 sub colors (VIBGYOR)
• (Violet has shorter wave length and red has longer one)

11. INFRA RED :
Just below red in the visible region
Wavelengths usually 2.5-25 mm.
Used for finding people in the dark and in TV remote
control devices
Radio waves:
Have the longest wavelengths and the lowest frequencies;
Used in: RADAR, cooking food, satellite
transmissions etc.