Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to cellular DNA damage and increased cancer risk over time depending on dose. Acute radiation sickness occurs above 100 rads while long term effects like cancer have no threshold. Occupational exposure limits aim to keep annual whole body dose below 5 rem (50 mSv) per year. Common sources of natural background radiation include radon gas and cosmic rays.
This document provides an overview of radiation and ionizing radiation. It defines radiation as energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particulate matter that travels through the air. It describes the basic particles that make up atoms - protons, neutrons, and electrons - and how atoms are composed. Unstable atoms emit radiation as they seek stability. There are various types of ionizing radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Radiation exposure and dose are quantified, and biological effects of radiation at both the cellular level and for the human body are discussed. Controls for radiation include time, distance, and shielding to reduce exposure. Monitoring programs are also outlined.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Radiation is quantified by activity (disintegrations per second), exposure (energy deposited in air), absorbed dose (energy absorbed per mass), and biologically equivalent dose. Different types of ionizing radiation interact differently with tissues depending on their mass and charge. Acute radiation exposure can cause sickness and death while long-term effects include increased cancer risks and organ damage.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing, with ionizing radiation capable of damaging biological tissues. Absorbed radiation dose is measured in units like rads and grays, while biological effectiveness is measured using quality factors ranging from 1 to 20 depending on radiation type. Exposure levels are regulated to limit health risks like cancer, with annual limits of 0.5 rem for the public and 5 rem for radiation workers.
This document summarizes key concepts in radiology and radiation physics. It describes the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1898 and defines x-rays as gamma rays of electromagnetic radiation. It explains that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to wavelength and that radiation with energy greater than 15 eV can cause ionization within cells. It also outlines the units used to quantify radiation exposure, dose, and dose equivalency, and discusses the interaction of radiation with matter through processes like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering.
This document provides an overview of radiobiology and radiation biology. It begins by defining radiobiology as the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. It then discusses the initial interactions of radiation with matter on an atomic level and how this can lead to molecular changes in cells and organisms over time, potentially resulting in injury or death. The document further explores the composition of matter, types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, and concepts such as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. It also examines the sequence of radiation injury and key related terms.
This document outlines key principles of radiation safety, including definitions of common terms like exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. It describes different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays and their properties. Background radiation sources are identified. Recommended dose limits for occupational and public exposures are provided. The ALARA principle of maintaining radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable is introduced. Common radiation safety equipment and signage are depicted.
Radiation comes in many forms, both natural and man-made. While some types like ionizing radiation can be harmful if exposed in high doses over long periods, radiation is also all around us in everyday life from sources like wifi, microwaves, visible light, and more. The document discusses the different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and their varying abilities to penetrate materials. Overall, radiation is a natural phenomenon and in moderation the risks are quite low compared to other common causes of death.
This document provides an overview of radiation and ionizing radiation. It defines radiation as energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particulate matter that travels through the air. It describes the basic particles that make up atoms - protons, neutrons, and electrons - and how atoms are composed. Unstable atoms emit radiation as they seek stability. There are various types of ionizing radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Radiation exposure and dose are quantified, and biological effects of radiation at both the cellular level and for the human body are discussed. Controls for radiation include time, distance, and shielding to reduce exposure. Monitoring programs are also outlined.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Radiation is quantified by activity (disintegrations per second), exposure (energy deposited in air), absorbed dose (energy absorbed per mass), and biologically equivalent dose. Different types of ionizing radiation interact differently with tissues depending on their mass and charge. Acute radiation exposure can cause sickness and death while long-term effects include increased cancer risks and organ damage.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing, with ionizing radiation capable of damaging biological tissues. Absorbed radiation dose is measured in units like rads and grays, while biological effectiveness is measured using quality factors ranging from 1 to 20 depending on radiation type. Exposure levels are regulated to limit health risks like cancer, with annual limits of 0.5 rem for the public and 5 rem for radiation workers.
This document summarizes key concepts in radiology and radiation physics. It describes the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1898 and defines x-rays as gamma rays of electromagnetic radiation. It explains that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to wavelength and that radiation with energy greater than 15 eV can cause ionization within cells. It also outlines the units used to quantify radiation exposure, dose, and dose equivalency, and discusses the interaction of radiation with matter through processes like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering.
This document provides an overview of radiobiology and radiation biology. It begins by defining radiobiology as the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. It then discusses the initial interactions of radiation with matter on an atomic level and how this can lead to molecular changes in cells and organisms over time, potentially resulting in injury or death. The document further explores the composition of matter, types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, and concepts such as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. It also examines the sequence of radiation injury and key related terms.
This document outlines key principles of radiation safety, including definitions of common terms like exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. It describes different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays and their properties. Background radiation sources are identified. Recommended dose limits for occupational and public exposures are provided. The ALARA principle of maintaining radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable is introduced. Common radiation safety equipment and signage are depicted.
Radiation comes in many forms, both natural and man-made. While some types like ionizing radiation can be harmful if exposed in high doses over long periods, radiation is also all around us in everyday life from sources like wifi, microwaves, visible light, and more. The document discusses the different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and their varying abilities to penetrate materials. Overall, radiation is a natural phenomenon and in moderation the risks are quite low compared to other common causes of death.
The document provides an overview of radiation safety training, defining radiation and ionizing radiation, describing different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, and outlining key radiation safety concepts such as ALARA, dose limits, shielding, and protecting pregnant patients and personnel.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnosis and treatment that contain a radionuclide attached to a pharmaceutical agent and have a short effective half-life. Common radionuclides used are technetium-99m and iodine-131 which decay by isomeric transition or electron capture emitting gamma rays ideal for detection. The rate of radioactive decay follows an exponential curve defined by the physical half-life of the radionuclide and biological half-life within the body determining the effective half-life.
This document discusses atomic theory and electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays. It provides an overview of the atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different types of ionizing radiation. X-rays are used in diagnostic imaging like radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, and CT scans. Proper protection methods are needed to reduce radiation exposure for patients, staff, and the public.
Lecture (1) understanding radiation therapy.Zyad Ahmed
1. Radiation therapy involves using high-energy radiation to treat cancer. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells to destroy their ability to reproduce.
2. Radiation is usually given in fractions with healthy cells able to recover between treatments. The full dose is divided into smaller doses to minimize damage to normal tissues.
3. The radiation oncology team includes a radiation oncologist, medical physicist, dosimetrist, radiation therapist, and radiation oncology nurse. They work together to develop customized treatment plans and safely deliver radiation treatments.
This document provides an introduction to clinical radiology. It discusses the types of electromagnetic waves and radiation used in medical imaging, including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It describes different medical imaging modalities like x-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear imaging and their basic principles. It also covers topics like radiation measurements, dose, exposure, shielding and prevention of radiation exposure for both patients and staff. The document provides a high-level overview of the key concepts in clinical radiology.
Ppt. on Radiation Hazards by Dr. Brajesh K. Bendr brajesh Ben
This document discusses radiation hazards and provides information about radiation basics. It defines radiation as energy in transit that can be electromagnetic waves or high-speed particles. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms, causing ionization. There are two main types of biological effects from radiation exposure - deterministic effects that occur above a threshold dose and increase in severity with increasing dose, and stochastic effects which have no safe threshold and the probability of damage increases with increasing dose. Some key radiation hazards discussed are acute radiation syndrome, radiation-induced cancer risks particularly for leukemia and thyroid cancer, and fetal radiation risks which are most significant during early stages of pregnancy.
Radiation can kill or change living cells. The biological effects of radiation depend on the type of radiation, the absorbing tissue, and the total absorbed energy. Different types of radiation have different effects on cells due to their varying abilities to ionize atoms. While natural background radiation exposes people to around 2 millisieverts per year, high doses from events like nuclear accidents or weapons can cause immediate illness and death due to damage to skin, blood, and other tissues. Long-term effects include increased cancer risk believed to be caused by radiation damaging DNA and altering cell reproduction.
The document discusses radiation hazards in orthopedic trauma care, including definitions of different types of radiation, how x-rays are produced, measurements of radiation exposure, effects of radiation like cancer and genetic mutations, and methods for radiation protection. Radiation can cause both stochastic effects like cancer that depend on probability as well as deterministic effects above a threshold that increase in severity with dose. Protecting patients and medical staff requires understanding radiation measurements, injuries, and factors that determine biological impacts.
This document discusses radiation and radiation protection. It defines key terms like radiation dosimetry, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. It describes different types of natural and man-made radiation sources, including cosmic rays, terrestrial sources like radon and potassium-40, medical sources, tobacco smoke, and fallout from nuclear weapons testing. It provides estimates of average annual effective radiation doses to humans from various natural and man-made sources.
This document discusses various units used to measure radiation and its effects. It introduces electromagnetic radiation and defines ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It then explains the importance of measurement units and defines common units like becquerels, curies, grays, rads, sieverts and rems used to quantify radioactivity, radiation dose, and biological dose equivalents. The document also discusses concepts like kerma, equivalent dose and effective dose which account for different tissue sensitivities to different radiation types.
The document discusses the structure of atoms including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes atomic number and mass number, isotopes, radioactive decay, and different types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma). It explains how radiation can be detected and some uses and biological effects of radiation including cancer risks from ionizing radiation. The concept of half-life is introduced with examples of how radioactive materials decay over time in a predictable pattern.
This document discusses radiation health and safety. It covers definitions of radiation, sources of radiation exposure including natural background radiation and medical uses, biological effects of radiation exposure, and methods of radiation monitoring, prevention and regulation. Radiation can come from external sources like X-rays or internal sources from ingesting or inhaling radioactive materials. Exposure is measured in units like the rad, rem and sievert which account for different types of radiation and their effects on tissues.
This document discusses ionizing radiation and its health effects. It defines ionizing radiation as radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or ionize them. Sources of ionizing radiation include alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause both acute effects like radiation sickness and chronic effects like cancer. The risk depends on the type of radiation, dose amount and exposure duration. Units used to measure radiation include the sievert (health effect), gray (energy absorbed), rem and rad. Natural and medical sources contribute most to human radiation exposure.
1) 1,000 Rem x 70 kg person = 70,000 Rem
1 Rem = 100 rads
So 70,000 Rem = 7,000,000 rads
1 rad = 100 ergs of energy absorbed per gram of tissue
Person's mass is 70,000 g
So energy absorbed = 7,000,000 rads x 100 ergs/rad x 70,000 g = 4.9 x 10^13 ergs
2) Energy to raise 1 g of water by 1°C is 41,600,000 ergs
Person absorbed 4.9 x 10^13 ergs
Mass of person is 70,000 g (mostly water)
So temperature change = (4.9 x
This document discusses principles of radiobiology including types of radiation, how radiation causes biological effects, and factors that affect radiobiological outcomes. It covers topics like linear energy transfer, relative biological effectiveness, oxygen enhancement ratio, and how tissue factors like the cell cycle, chromatin structure, and regeneration influence radiation responses in normal and tumor tissues. The key aims are to understand how radiation damages cells and tissues at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels and how these principles apply clinically in areas like radiation therapy fractionation schedules and the risks of reirradiation.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in radiation protection including:
- Types of radiation such as ionizing (alpha, beta, gamma) and non-ionizing radiation.
- Units used to measure radiation dose including absorbed dose (Gy, rad), dose equivalent (Sv, rem), and effective dose (Sv).
- Properties and interactions of different types of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons) in matter.
- Concepts of radioactivity, activity, decay constant, half-life, and radioactive decay laws.
- Tissue weighting factors and radiation weighting factors used to calculate equivalent and effective radiation doses.
Deep Shah presented on ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, ionizing them. There are three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles emit helium nuclei, beta particles emit electrons or positrons, and gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to gamma rays but are emitted by electrons rather than the nucleus. While ionizing radiation can be hazardous, it has important medical uses such as radiation therapy to treat cancer.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Aqsa Ilyas (plastic eating bacteria in a chemical perspective).pptxZainSial4
This document discusses plastic-eating bacteria Ideonella sakaiensis. It was discovered in 2016 in Japan and secretes two enzymes, PETase and MHETase, that allow it to break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. PETase attacks PET plastic to form an intermediate complex, then water breaks this down into mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MHET) and terephthalic acid (TPA). Subsequently, MHETase acts on MHET to produce ethylene glycol and TPA. While I. sakaiensis shows promise in plastic biodegradation, it requires genetic engineering to optimize its potential as it currently only degrades plastic
(Seminar )Metabolic pathway of Desulphurization of Dibenzothiophenne ppt.pptxZainSial4
This document discusses desulphurization and the use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze samples. It introduces hydrodesulphurization and biodesulphurization as two types of desulphurization processes. Biodesulphurization uses aerobic bacteria like Rhodococcus erythropolis to selectively remove sulfur from compounds like dibenzothiophene through enzymatic pathways without degrading hydrocarbons. Raman spectroscopy is presented as a rapid, non-invasive technique to analyze bacterial culture samples and metabolites without expensive preparation methods. It can identify compounds by their unique spectral fingerprints.
The document provides an overview of radiation safety training, defining radiation and ionizing radiation, describing different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, and outlining key radiation safety concepts such as ALARA, dose limits, shielding, and protecting pregnant patients and personnel.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnosis and treatment that contain a radionuclide attached to a pharmaceutical agent and have a short effective half-life. Common radionuclides used are technetium-99m and iodine-131 which decay by isomeric transition or electron capture emitting gamma rays ideal for detection. The rate of radioactive decay follows an exponential curve defined by the physical half-life of the radionuclide and biological half-life within the body determining the effective half-life.
This document discusses atomic theory and electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays. It provides an overview of the atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different types of ionizing radiation. X-rays are used in diagnostic imaging like radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, and CT scans. Proper protection methods are needed to reduce radiation exposure for patients, staff, and the public.
Lecture (1) understanding radiation therapy.Zyad Ahmed
1. Radiation therapy involves using high-energy radiation to treat cancer. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells to destroy their ability to reproduce.
2. Radiation is usually given in fractions with healthy cells able to recover between treatments. The full dose is divided into smaller doses to minimize damage to normal tissues.
3. The radiation oncology team includes a radiation oncologist, medical physicist, dosimetrist, radiation therapist, and radiation oncology nurse. They work together to develop customized treatment plans and safely deliver radiation treatments.
This document provides an introduction to clinical radiology. It discusses the types of electromagnetic waves and radiation used in medical imaging, including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It describes different medical imaging modalities like x-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear imaging and their basic principles. It also covers topics like radiation measurements, dose, exposure, shielding and prevention of radiation exposure for both patients and staff. The document provides a high-level overview of the key concepts in clinical radiology.
Ppt. on Radiation Hazards by Dr. Brajesh K. Bendr brajesh Ben
This document discusses radiation hazards and provides information about radiation basics. It defines radiation as energy in transit that can be electromagnetic waves or high-speed particles. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms, causing ionization. There are two main types of biological effects from radiation exposure - deterministic effects that occur above a threshold dose and increase in severity with increasing dose, and stochastic effects which have no safe threshold and the probability of damage increases with increasing dose. Some key radiation hazards discussed are acute radiation syndrome, radiation-induced cancer risks particularly for leukemia and thyroid cancer, and fetal radiation risks which are most significant during early stages of pregnancy.
Radiation can kill or change living cells. The biological effects of radiation depend on the type of radiation, the absorbing tissue, and the total absorbed energy. Different types of radiation have different effects on cells due to their varying abilities to ionize atoms. While natural background radiation exposes people to around 2 millisieverts per year, high doses from events like nuclear accidents or weapons can cause immediate illness and death due to damage to skin, blood, and other tissues. Long-term effects include increased cancer risk believed to be caused by radiation damaging DNA and altering cell reproduction.
The document discusses radiation hazards in orthopedic trauma care, including definitions of different types of radiation, how x-rays are produced, measurements of radiation exposure, effects of radiation like cancer and genetic mutations, and methods for radiation protection. Radiation can cause both stochastic effects like cancer that depend on probability as well as deterministic effects above a threshold that increase in severity with dose. Protecting patients and medical staff requires understanding radiation measurements, injuries, and factors that determine biological impacts.
This document discusses radiation and radiation protection. It defines key terms like radiation dosimetry, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. It describes different types of natural and man-made radiation sources, including cosmic rays, terrestrial sources like radon and potassium-40, medical sources, tobacco smoke, and fallout from nuclear weapons testing. It provides estimates of average annual effective radiation doses to humans from various natural and man-made sources.
This document discusses various units used to measure radiation and its effects. It introduces electromagnetic radiation and defines ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It then explains the importance of measurement units and defines common units like becquerels, curies, grays, rads, sieverts and rems used to quantify radioactivity, radiation dose, and biological dose equivalents. The document also discusses concepts like kerma, equivalent dose and effective dose which account for different tissue sensitivities to different radiation types.
The document discusses the structure of atoms including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes atomic number and mass number, isotopes, radioactive decay, and different types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma). It explains how radiation can be detected and some uses and biological effects of radiation including cancer risks from ionizing radiation. The concept of half-life is introduced with examples of how radioactive materials decay over time in a predictable pattern.
This document discusses radiation health and safety. It covers definitions of radiation, sources of radiation exposure including natural background radiation and medical uses, biological effects of radiation exposure, and methods of radiation monitoring, prevention and regulation. Radiation can come from external sources like X-rays or internal sources from ingesting or inhaling radioactive materials. Exposure is measured in units like the rad, rem and sievert which account for different types of radiation and their effects on tissues.
This document discusses ionizing radiation and its health effects. It defines ionizing radiation as radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or ionize them. Sources of ionizing radiation include alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause both acute effects like radiation sickness and chronic effects like cancer. The risk depends on the type of radiation, dose amount and exposure duration. Units used to measure radiation include the sievert (health effect), gray (energy absorbed), rem and rad. Natural and medical sources contribute most to human radiation exposure.
1) 1,000 Rem x 70 kg person = 70,000 Rem
1 Rem = 100 rads
So 70,000 Rem = 7,000,000 rads
1 rad = 100 ergs of energy absorbed per gram of tissue
Person's mass is 70,000 g
So energy absorbed = 7,000,000 rads x 100 ergs/rad x 70,000 g = 4.9 x 10^13 ergs
2) Energy to raise 1 g of water by 1°C is 41,600,000 ergs
Person absorbed 4.9 x 10^13 ergs
Mass of person is 70,000 g (mostly water)
So temperature change = (4.9 x
This document discusses principles of radiobiology including types of radiation, how radiation causes biological effects, and factors that affect radiobiological outcomes. It covers topics like linear energy transfer, relative biological effectiveness, oxygen enhancement ratio, and how tissue factors like the cell cycle, chromatin structure, and regeneration influence radiation responses in normal and tumor tissues. The key aims are to understand how radiation damages cells and tissues at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels and how these principles apply clinically in areas like radiation therapy fractionation schedules and the risks of reirradiation.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in radiation protection including:
- Types of radiation such as ionizing (alpha, beta, gamma) and non-ionizing radiation.
- Units used to measure radiation dose including absorbed dose (Gy, rad), dose equivalent (Sv, rem), and effective dose (Sv).
- Properties and interactions of different types of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons) in matter.
- Concepts of radioactivity, activity, decay constant, half-life, and radioactive decay laws.
- Tissue weighting factors and radiation weighting factors used to calculate equivalent and effective radiation doses.
Deep Shah presented on ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, ionizing them. There are three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles emit helium nuclei, beta particles emit electrons or positrons, and gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to gamma rays but are emitted by electrons rather than the nucleus. While ionizing radiation can be hazardous, it has important medical uses such as radiation therapy to treat cancer.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Aqsa Ilyas (plastic eating bacteria in a chemical perspective).pptxZainSial4
This document discusses plastic-eating bacteria Ideonella sakaiensis. It was discovered in 2016 in Japan and secretes two enzymes, PETase and MHETase, that allow it to break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. PETase attacks PET plastic to form an intermediate complex, then water breaks this down into mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MHET) and terephthalic acid (TPA). Subsequently, MHETase acts on MHET to produce ethylene glycol and TPA. While I. sakaiensis shows promise in plastic biodegradation, it requires genetic engineering to optimize its potential as it currently only degrades plastic
(Seminar )Metabolic pathway of Desulphurization of Dibenzothiophenne ppt.pptxZainSial4
This document discusses desulphurization and the use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze samples. It introduces hydrodesulphurization and biodesulphurization as two types of desulphurization processes. Biodesulphurization uses aerobic bacteria like Rhodococcus erythropolis to selectively remove sulfur from compounds like dibenzothiophene through enzymatic pathways without degrading hydrocarbons. Raman spectroscopy is presented as a rapid, non-invasive technique to analyze bacterial culture samples and metabolites without expensive preparation methods. It can identify compounds by their unique spectral fingerprints.
The document repeatedly mentions the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF) nine times without providing any other details. It appears to be about the University of Agriculture Faisalabad but does not give any information about the university besides listing its name.
This document discusses using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to analyze the action of antibiotics and essential oils against bacteria. It tests several antibiotics and essential oils against three bacterial strains - Enterococcus durans and two Aeromonas species - using disk diffusion and SERS. The SERS analysis finds that the antibiotics target and alter the bacterial cell wall structure. It collects the SERS signature of the bacterial cell wall and finds the effect of the drugs is reflected by changes in peak intensities, indicating disruption to the cell wall and ability of bacteria to replicate.
This document discusses sulfur-containing agrochemicals. It begins by defining agrochemicals and their purpose of protecting crops and enhancing yields. It then focuses on sulfur-containing agrochemicals, explaining that they contain sulfur as a main ingredient. The document discusses the effects of these chemicals on soybean growth, yield and protein content. It also covers the classification, synthesis and applications of various sulfur-containing compounds used as pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. In conclusion, it emphasizes the role of sulfur-containing agrochemicals in modern sustainable agriculture.
This document discusses the stages of formation, composition, and structure of microbial biofilms. It defines a biofilm as a group of microorganisms like bacteria that stick to surfaces and each other, embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance. The stages of biofilm formation include initial attachment, irreversible attachment, development, and maturation. The structure of a biofilm includes bacteria, polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and water. The composition includes microbial cells, polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, RNA, and ions. Bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from environmental stresses and antimicrobial agents.
This document discusses applications of radiation chemistry. It begins with an introduction to radiation chemistry and its principles and working. Some key applications discussed include medicine like radiation therapy and diagnostic radiology, industry like textile treatment, agriculture like mutation breeding, food irradiation, sterilization, and environmental applications like water treatment and flue gas treatment. The document provides examples and details for several of these applications. It concludes with references for further information.
This document discusses applications of radioisotopes and radiation technology in various fields. It describes how radioisotopes are produced in reactors and accelerators and through chemical separation. It also discusses the properties and types of radiation. Applications discussed include using isotopes to determine the age of water sources, measure thickness in industry, and diagnose medical conditions. Radioisotopes are used as tracers in agriculture to study fertilizer uptake and in medicine for imaging brain tumors. The document also covers radiation sterilization, chemical synthesis using radiation, and genetic engineering applications. Radiation therapy for cancer treatment is also summarized. Associated radiological safety aspects are discussed.
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing energy crisis. It began in 2007 due to a shortage of electricity and natural resources like oil. This huge gap between energy demand and supply has led to economic and political instability, industry closures, unemployment, and social issues. To overcome the crisis, Pakistan needs short-term solutions like increasing private power producers and importing electricity, as well as long-term measures such as building dams, developing coal power plants, and exploring more oil, gas, and coal reserves.
Affinity chromatography is a technique used to separate biochemical compounds based on a reversible interaction between a compound and a ligand coupled to a chromatography matrix. It offers selectivity and can purify compounds that may be difficult to separate by other techniques. Key aspects of affinity chromatography include the matrix, ligand, ligand immobilization through various coupling methods, and elution techniques to reverse binding. Biomimetic dyes designed to mimic natural ligands can function as ligands in affinity chromatography.
The document repeatedly mentions the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF) in Pakistan. In a concise manner, the document focuses solely on identifying the institution as the University of Agriculture Faisalabad.
This document discusses x-rays, including their production via decelerating electrons in an x-ray tube, their wavelength spectrum, and common sources like sealed tubes and synchrotrons. It also covers beam conditioning techniques like collimation, monochromatization using filters or crystal monochromators, and issues affecting resolution and intensity.
The document discusses radioactivity and nuclear chemistry concepts. It defines radioactivity as the spontaneous decay of unstable atomic nuclei. There are three main types of decay: alpha particles which are helium nuclei, beta particles which are electrons, and gamma rays which are electromagnetic waves. Alpha particles have a low penetrating power but strongly ionize atoms, while gamma rays have a high penetrating power but do not directly ionize atoms. Isotope notation includes extra information about an isotope's nucleus. Unstable atoms undergo alpha or beta decay to become more stable elements in decay chains. Nuclear fission and fusion are also discussed, as well as the concept of half-life which determines the rate of radioactive decay.
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing energy crisis. It began in 2007 due to a shortage of electricity and natural resources like oil. This large gap between supply and demand has led to economic and political instability, industry closures, unemployment, and social issues for Pakistan over the past 15 years. The document recommends short-term solutions like increasing private power producers and importing electricity, as well as long-term plans such as building more dams, developing coal power plants, and exploring more oil, gas, and coal reserves.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
3. Forces: There are many interactions
among nuclei. It turns out that there are
forces other than the electromagnetic
force and the gravitational force which
govern the interactions among nuclei.
Einstein in 1905m showed 2 more laws:
energy/mass, and binding energy
4. Radioactivity: Elements & Atoms
Atoms are composed of smaller
particles referred to as:
– Protons
– Neutrons
– Electrons
5. Basic Model of a Neutral Atom.
Electrons (-) orbiting nucleus of protons (+)
and neutrons. Same number of electrons
as protons; net charge = 0.
Atomic number (number of protons)
determines element.
Mass number (protons + neutrons)
6.
7. Radioactivity
If a nucleus is unstable for any reason, it
will emit and absorb particles. There are
many types of radiation and they are all
pertinent to everyday life and health as
well as nuclear physical applications.
8. Ionization
Ionizing radiation is produced by unstable
atoms. Unstable atoms differ from stable
atoms because they have an excess of
energy or mass or both.
Unstable atoms are said to be radioactive. In
order to reach stability, these atoms give off,
or emit, the excess energy or mass. These
emissions are called radiation.
20. Ionizing Versus Non-ionizing
Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
– Higher energy electromagnetic waves
(gamma) or heavy particles (beta and alpha).
– High enough energy to pull electron from orbit.
Non-ionizing Radiation
– Lower energy electromagnetic waves.
– Not enough energy to pull electron from orbit,
but can excite the electron.
21. Ionizing Radiation
Definition:
“ It is a type of radiation that is able to
disrupt atoms and molecules on which
they pass through, giving rise to ions and
free radicals”.
22. Another Definition
Ionizing radiation
A radiation is said to be ionizing when it has enough
energy to eject one or more electrons from the atoms
or molecules in the irradiated medium. This is the
case of a and b radiations, as well as of
electromagnetic radiations such as gamma
radiations, X-rays and some ultra-violet rays. Visible
or infrared light are not, nor are microwaves or radio
waves.
24. Alpha Particles: 2 neutrons and 2 protons
They travel short distances, have large mass
Only a hazard when inhaled
Types and Characteristics of
Ionizing Radiation
Alpha Particles
25. Alpha Particles (or Alpha Radiation):
Helium nucleus (2 neutrons and 2
protons); +2 charge; heavy (4
AMU). Typical Energy = 4-8 MeV;
Limited range (<10cm in air; 60µm in
tissue); High LET (QF=20) causing heavy
damage (4K-9K ion pairs/µm in tissue).
Easily shielded (e.g., paper, skin) so an
internal radiation hazard. Eventually lose
too much energy to ionize; become He.
26. Beta Particles
Beta Particles: Electrons or positrons having small mass and
variable energy. Electrons form when a neutron transforms
into a proton and an electron or:
27. Beta Particles: High speed electron ejected from
nucleus; -1 charge, light 0.00055 AMU; Typical
Energy = several KeV to 5 MeV; Range approx.
12'/MeV in air, a few mm in tissue; Low LET (QF=1)
causing light damage (6-8 ion pairs/µm in tissue).
Primarily an internal hazard, but high beta can be an
external hazard to skin. In addition, the high speed
electrons may lose energy in the form of X-rays when
they quickly decelerate upon striking a heavy
material. This is called Bremsstralung (or Breaking)
Radiation. Aluminum and other light (<14)
materials are used for shielding.
28.
29. Gamma Rays
Gamma Rays (or photons): Result when the
nucleus releases energy, usually after an alpha,
beta or positron transition
30. X-Rays
X-Rays: Occur whenever an inner shell
orbital electron is removed and
rearrangement of the atomic electrons
results with the release of the elements
characteristic X-Ray energy
31. X- and Gamma Rays: X-rays are photons
(Electromagnetic radiations) emitted from
electron orbits. Gamma rays are
photons emitted from the nucleus, often
as part of radioactive decay. Gamma rays
typically have higher energy (Mev's) than
X-rays (KeV's), but both are unlimited.
36. A. Quantifying Radioactive Decay
Measurement of Activity in disintegrations
per second (dps);
1 Becquerel (Bq) = 1 dps;
1 Curie (Ci) = 3.7 x 1010 dps;
Activity of substances are expressed as
activity per weight or volume (e.g., Bq/gm
or Ci/l).
37. B. Quantifying Exposure and Dose
Exposure: Roentgen 1 Roentgen (R) = amount of X or
gamma radiation that produces ionization resulting in 1
electrostatic unit of charge in 1 cm3 of dry
air. Instruments often measure exposure rate in mR/hr.
Absorbed Dose: rad (Roentgen absorbed dose) =
absorption of 100 ergs of energy from any radiation in 1
gram of any material; 1 Gray (Gy) = 100 rads = 1
Joule/kg; Exposure to 1 Roentgen approximates 0.9 rad
in air.
Biologically Equivalent Dose: Rem (Roentgen
equivalent man) = dose in rads x QF, where QF =
quality factor. 1 Sievert (Sv) = 100 rems.
39. Ionizing Radiation at the
Cellular Level
Causes breaks in
one or both DNA
strands or;
Causes Free
Radical formation
40. Exposure Limits
OSHA Limits: Whole body limit = 1.25
rem/qtr or 5 rem (50 mSv) per year.
Hands and feet limit = 18.75 rem/qtr.
Skin of whole body limit = 7.5 rem/qtr.
Total life accumulation = 5 x (N-18) rem
where N = age. Can have 3 rem/qtr if total
life accumulation not exceeded.
Note: New recommendations reduce the 5
rem to 2 rem.
42. Maximum Permissible Dos Equivalent for Occupational Exposure
Combined whole body occupational
exposure
Prospective annual limit 5 rems in any 1 yr
Retrospective annual limit 10-15 rems in any 1 yr
Long-term accumulation
(N-18) x5 rems. where N is age in
yr
Skin 15 rems in any 1 yr
Hands 75 rems in any 1 yr (25/qtr)
Forearms 30 rems in any 1 yr (10/qtr)
Other organs, tissues and organ
systems
Fertile women (with respect to fetus) 0.5 rem in gestation period
Population dose limits 0.17 rem average per yr
(Reprinted from NCRP Publication No. 43, Review of the Current
State of Radiation Protection Philosophy, 1975)
43. Community Emergency Radiation
Hazardous Waste Sites:
Radiation above background (0.01-0.02 m
rem/hr) signifies possible presence which
must be monitored. Radiation above 2 m
rem/hr indicates potential hazard.
Evacuate site until controlled.
44. Your Annual Exposure
Activity Typical Dose
Smoking 280 millirem/year
Radioactive materials use
in a UM lab
<10 millirem/year
Dental x-ray
10 millirem per x-
ray
Chest x-ray
8 millirem per x-
ray
Drinking water 5 millirem/year
Cross country round trip by
air
5 millirem per trip
Coal Burning power plant
0.165
millirem/year
45. HEALTH EFFECTS
Generalizations: Biological effects are due to the
ionization process that destroys the capacity for cell
reproduction or division or causes cell mutation. A given
total dose will cause more damage if received in a
shorter time period. A fatal dose is (600 R)
Acute Somatic Effects: Relatively immediate effects to a
person acutely exposed. Severity depends on dose.
Death usually results from damage to bone marrow or
intestinal wall. Acute radio-dermatitis is common in
radiotherapy; chronic cases occur mostly in industry.
46. 0-25 No observable effect.
25-50 Minor temporary blood changes.
50-100 Possible nausea and vomiting and
reduced WBC.
150-300 Increased severity of above and diarrhea,
malaise, loss of appetite.
300-500 Increased severity of above and
hemorrhaging, depilation. Death may
occur
> 500 Symptoms appear immediately, then
death has to occur.
ACUTE DOSE(RAD) EFFECT
47. Delayed Somatic Effects: Delayed effects to exposed
person include: Cancer, leukemia, cataracts, life
shortening from organ failure, and abortion.
Probability of an effect is proportional to dose (no
threshold). Severity is independent of dose. Doubling
dose for cancer is approximately 10-100 rems.
Genetic Effects: Genetic effects to off-spring of
exposed persons are irreversible and nearly always
harmful. Doubling dose for mutation rate is
approximately 50-80 rems. (Spontaneous mutation
rate is approx. 10-100 mutations per million
population per generation.)
48. Critical Organs: Organs generally most
susceptible to radiation damage include:
Lymphocytes, bone marrow, gastro-intestinal,
gonads, and other fast-growing cells. The
central nervous system is relatively resistant.
Many nuclides concentrate in certain organs
rather than being uniformly distributed over the
body, and the organs may be particularly
sensitive to radiation damage, e.g., isotopes of
iodine concentrate in the thyroid gland. These
organs are considered "critical" for the specific
nuclide.
50. – All earth surface system components emit radiation---
the sun and the earth are the components we are
most interested in
– The sun emits radiation composed of high energy
infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation
collectively known as shortwave radiation (SW)
– The earth emits radiation composed of lower energy
infrared radiation collectively known as long-wave
radiation (LW)
54. Examples on Non-ionizing
Radiation Sources
Visible light
Microwaves
Radios
Video Display Terminals
Power lines
Radiofrequency Diathermy (Physical
Therapy)
Lasers
MICROWAVE
GAMMA
ULTRA V
VISIBLE
INFRARED
TV
AM
RF
58. Effects
Radiofrequency Ranges (10 kHz to 300 GHz)
– Effects only possible at ten times the permissible
exposure limit
– Heating of the body (thermal effect)
– Cataracts
– Some studies show effects of teratoginicity and
carcinogenicity.
59. RADIATION CONTROLS
A. Basic Control Methods for External
Radiation
Decrease Time
Increase Distance
Increase Shielding
60. Time: Minimize time of exposure to minimize
total dose. Rotate employees to restrict
individual dose.
Distance: Maximize distance to source to
maximize attenuation in air. The effect of
distance can be estimated from equations.
Shielding: Minimize exposure by placing
absorbing shield between worker and source.
61.
62. B. Monitoring
Personal Dosimeters: Normally they do
not prevent exposures (no alarm), just
record it. They can provide a record of
accumulated exposure for an individual
worker over extended periods of time
(hours, days or weeks), and are small
enough for measuring localized exposures
Common types: Film badges;
Thermoluminescence detectors (TLD);
and pocket dosimeters.
63.
64.
65.
66. Direct Reading Survey Meters and Counters: Useful in
identifying source of exposures recorded by personal
dosimeters, and in evaluating potential sources, such as
surface or sample contamination, source leakage,
inadequate decontamination procedures, background
radiation.
Common types:
Alpha Proportional or Scintillation counters
Beta, gamma Geiger-Mueller or Proportional
counters
X-ray, Gamma Ionization chambers
Neutrons Proportional counters
67.
68. Continuous Monitors: Continuous direct reading
ionization detectors (same detectors as above)
can provide read-out and/or alarm to monitor
hazardous locations and alert workers to
leakage, thereby preventing exposures.
Long-Term Samplers: Used to measure average
exposures over a longer time period. For
example, charcoal canisters or electrets are set
out for days to months to measure radon in
basements (should be <4 pCi/L).
69. Elements of Radiation Protection Program
Monitoring of exposures: Personal, area, and screening
measurements; Medical/biologic monitoring.
Task-Specific Procedures and Controls: Initial, periodic,
and post-maintenance or other non-scheduled events.
Engineering (shielding) vs. PPE vs. administrative
controls. Including management and employee
commitment and authority to enforce procedures and
controls.
Emergency procedures: Response, "clean-up", post
clean-up testing and spill control.
Training and Hazard Communications including signs,
warning lights, lockout/tagout, etc. Criteria for need,
design, and information given.
Material Handling: Receiving, inventory control, storage,
and disposal.