Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Radiation is quantified by activity (disintegrations per second), exposure (energy deposited in air), absorbed dose (energy absorbed per mass), and biologically equivalent dose. Different types of ionizing radiation interact differently with tissues depending on their mass and charge. Acute radiation exposure can cause sickness and death while long-term effects include increased cancer risks and organ damage.
Deep Shah presented on ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, ionizing them. There are three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles emit helium nuclei, beta particles emit electrons or positrons, and gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to gamma rays but are emitted by electrons rather than the nucleus. While ionizing radiation can be hazardous, it has important medical uses such as radiation therapy to treat cancer.
This document discusses the biological effects of radiation at the molecular and cellular level. It describes how ionizing radiation can directly damage molecules like DNA through ionization or indirectly through reactive oxygen species. Double strand breaks in DNA are particularly harmful as they can lead to cell death if unrepaired or mutations if incorrectly repaired. Radiation is also capable of damaging cell membranes and inducing chromosome abnormalities. The cell cycle is disrupted and cells may die during or after attempted cell division. A variety of radiation types are discussed along with their properties and medical applications.
Non-ionizing radiation refers to electromagnetic radiation that does not have enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules. It includes optical radiation such as ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light, as well as radiofrequency/microwave radiation. Sources include natural sources like sunlight as well as man-made sources used in communications, industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Biological effects depend on the type of non-ionizing radiation and can include skin damage, eye damage, heating tissues, and are being studied for long-term health effects.
Ionising radiation comes from radioactive materials and can damage human cells. There are three main types: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Alpha particles are the largest but easiest to stop, while gamma rays are smallest but hardest to stop. Radioactive decay occurs as unstable atoms emit radiation and become more stable. Each type of decay changes the atom in a different way. Ionising radiation is dangerous as it can damage DNA in human cells and lead to cancer or genetic defects.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to radiation. It defines common terminology like frequency, wavelength, and electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the structure of atoms and different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays. It explains the relationships between wavelength, frequency, and energy. Measurement units for radiation, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent are also outlined. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing depending on its ability to ionize atoms.
This document discusses types of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, their properties and units of measurement used in radiation protection. It describes the different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays and X-rays, and their penetrating abilities. It also covers non-ionizing radiations like UV, visible light, infrared and microwaves. The key units discussed are becquerel (Bq) for activity, roentgen (R) for exposure, gray (Gy) and rad for absorbed dose, and sievert (Sv) and rem for dose equivalent. The principles of radiation protection- justification, limitation and optimization are also summarized.
Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
* Original amount: 64 g
* Amount after t hours: 2 g
* Half-life: 1/2 hours
* To find t, we set up the half-life equation: N = N0 * (1/2)^(t/T1/2)
* Plug in the values: 2 = 64 * (1/2)^(t/0.5)
* Take the log of both sides: log(2) = log(64) - (t/0.5)log(2)
* Solve for t: t = 1 hour
Therefore, the time for the amount to reduce to 2
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Radiation is quantified by activity (disintegrations per second), exposure (energy deposited in air), absorbed dose (energy absorbed per mass), and biologically equivalent dose. Different types of ionizing radiation interact differently with tissues depending on their mass and charge. Acute radiation exposure can cause sickness and death while long-term effects include increased cancer risks and organ damage.
Deep Shah presented on ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, ionizing them. There are three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles emit helium nuclei, beta particles emit electrons or positrons, and gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to gamma rays but are emitted by electrons rather than the nucleus. While ionizing radiation can be hazardous, it has important medical uses such as radiation therapy to treat cancer.
This document discusses the biological effects of radiation at the molecular and cellular level. It describes how ionizing radiation can directly damage molecules like DNA through ionization or indirectly through reactive oxygen species. Double strand breaks in DNA are particularly harmful as they can lead to cell death if unrepaired or mutations if incorrectly repaired. Radiation is also capable of damaging cell membranes and inducing chromosome abnormalities. The cell cycle is disrupted and cells may die during or after attempted cell division. A variety of radiation types are discussed along with their properties and medical applications.
Non-ionizing radiation refers to electromagnetic radiation that does not have enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules. It includes optical radiation such as ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light, as well as radiofrequency/microwave radiation. Sources include natural sources like sunlight as well as man-made sources used in communications, industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Biological effects depend on the type of non-ionizing radiation and can include skin damage, eye damage, heating tissues, and are being studied for long-term health effects.
Ionising radiation comes from radioactive materials and can damage human cells. There are three main types: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Alpha particles are the largest but easiest to stop, while gamma rays are smallest but hardest to stop. Radioactive decay occurs as unstable atoms emit radiation and become more stable. Each type of decay changes the atom in a different way. Ionising radiation is dangerous as it can damage DNA in human cells and lead to cancer or genetic defects.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to radiation. It defines common terminology like frequency, wavelength, and electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the structure of atoms and different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays. It explains the relationships between wavelength, frequency, and energy. Measurement units for radiation, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent are also outlined. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing depending on its ability to ionize atoms.
This document discusses types of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, their properties and units of measurement used in radiation protection. It describes the different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays and X-rays, and their penetrating abilities. It also covers non-ionizing radiations like UV, visible light, infrared and microwaves. The key units discussed are becquerel (Bq) for activity, roentgen (R) for exposure, gray (Gy) and rad for absorbed dose, and sievert (Sv) and rem for dose equivalent. The principles of radiation protection- justification, limitation and optimization are also summarized.
Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
* Original amount: 64 g
* Amount after t hours: 2 g
* Half-life: 1/2 hours
* To find t, we set up the half-life equation: N = N0 * (1/2)^(t/T1/2)
* Plug in the values: 2 = 64 * (1/2)^(t/0.5)
* Take the log of both sides: log(2) = log(64) - (t/0.5)log(2)
* Solve for t: t = 1 hour
Therefore, the time for the amount to reduce to 2
The document provides an overview of radiation physics, beginning with the composition of matter and basic atomic structure. It describes the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom and the development of the quantum mechanical model. Key concepts covered include atomic number, mass number, ionization, electrostatic and centrifugal forces, electron binding energy, and the nature of radiation.
The document then focuses on the history and properties of x-rays, the components and functioning of an x-ray machine, including the x-ray tube, cathode, anode, target, transformers, and power supply. Factors that control the x-ray beam such as exposure time, current and voltage are also summarized.
1) Ionizing radiation includes x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, and charged nuclei that are capable of producing ion pairs by interacting with matter.
2) Different types of ionizing radiation have varying penetration depths and biological impacts depending on their energy and linear energy transfer. Alpha particles can be stopped by paper but are very damaging if inside the body, while x-rays and gamma rays can penetrate further.
3) Radioactive materials decay from unstable to stable states and in the process may emit various combinations of ionizing radiation particles like alpha and beta particles as well as gamma rays. Decay chains occur when a parent decays to a daughter isotope that is also radioactive.
Radiation is energy emitted from unstable atomic nuclei during radioactive decay. There are two types: particulate radiation consisting of alpha, beta, neutron particles; and electromagnetic radiation like gamma rays and X-rays. Different units are used to measure exposure to radiation, absorbed dose in tissue, and biological effect, with sieverts and grays being the current standard units.
Ionising Radiations and Radiologic Equipments
Understanding the various types of ionising radiations. radiation measuring instruments and units of measurements
The document discusses various units used to measure radiation. It begins by explaining that ionizing radiation removes electrons from atoms, causing ionization. It then discusses the early unit of exposure (SED), before introducing the roentgen (R) as the unit adopted in 1928. The roentgen measures ionization in air. Exposure is defined as charge per unit mass. Relationships between the SI unit of coulomb/kg and the roentgen are provided. Different types of ionization chambers used to measure exposure, such as free air chambers and thimble chambers, are described. Limitations of the roentgen are noted. Various units used to measure radiation energy, exposure, dose, and dose equivalents are defined.
Energy Absorption in Radiobiology
Ionization vs. Excitation
Ionizing Versus Non-ionizing Radiation
Absorption Mechanisms
Ionization by alpha particle, Xray & neutron
Ionizing radiation comes from the decay of unstable atoms and includes alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, gamma rays, and x-rays. It is measured in units of activity, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent, and can be used for power generation, research, medical procedures, and other applications. Prolonged or repeated exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to both acute and long-term health effects like cellular damage, radiation sickness, and increased cancer risk. Methods of radiation protection include containment, shielding, increasing distance, and limiting exposure time and frequency.
Radiation is energy transmitted through space or matter in the form of waves or particles. It includes visible light, ultraviolet light from the sun, and radio/TV signals. Nuclear radiation comes from unstable atoms undergoing radioactive decay, emitting particles like alpha and beta or electromagnetic waves like gamma rays. Exposure to ionizing radiation can damage living tissue. Natural sources of radiation include cosmic rays, radioactive elements in the earth's crust like radon, and some food/drink. Medical procedures and occupational exposures also contribute. In materials, radiation can cause impurities from nuclear reactions, ionization by charged particles, and displacement of atoms from their normal positions in the crystal structure.
This document provides an overview of radiation, radioisotopes, and their applications in medicine. It discusses the structure of atoms and isotopes, including definitions of radioisotopes and their three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma decay. It also covers half-life, and the direct and indirect actions of radiation. The document outlines the different types of radiation damage and effects, as well as methods of repairing radiation-induced DNA damage, including direct damage reversal and four types of excision repair.
This document provides an overview of basic radiation concepts including:
1) It describes different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation and how they interact with matter.
2) It discusses radiation safety principles such as minimizing time, distance, and using shielding to reduce radiation exposure.
3) It explains why we need to measure radiation today including uses in medicine, industry, and to detect potential radiological threats from lost radioactive sources or radiological dispersion devices.
Different forms of radiation, including alpha, beta, and gamma, are emitted during radioactive decay as the unstable nucleus transforms into a more stable form. Alpha particles are helium nuclei, beta particles are electrons, and gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation similar to x-rays. Ernest Rutherford discovered alpha particles in 1899 while studying uranium. The inverse square law states that the intensity of radiation decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. This law can be used to calculate intensity at different distances from a radioactive source.
This document discusses various topics related to radiation and its units of measurement. It defines (1) radiation oncology as the field concerned with treating cancer and other diseases using ionizing radiation, (2) the two main types of radiation as ionizing and non-ionizing, and (3) some key units used to measure radiation exposure and its effects on living tissue, including the becquerel, curie, gray, sievert, and rem. It also provides background on the scientists who discovered various types of radiation and developed these units, such as Becquerel, Curie, Roentgen, and Gray.
Radiation comes in many forms, both natural and man-made. While some types like ionizing radiation can be harmful if exposed in high doses over long periods, radiation is also all around us in everyday life from sources like wifi, microwaves, visible light, and more. The document discusses the different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and their varying abilities to penetrate materials. Overall, radiation is a natural phenomenon and in moderation the risks are quite low compared to other common causes of death.
This document provides an introduction to ionizing radiation and the structure of matter. It defines elements, atoms, isotopes, and compounds. Atoms are made up of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element, while the number of neutrons determines the isotope. Unstable isotopes undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma rays, or neutrons. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing, with ionizing radiation capable of altering matter.
Lesson 4 Ionizing Radiation | The Harnessed Atom (2016)ORAU
The document provides information about different types of radiation, including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It discusses radioactive decay and half-life. It also addresses natural and human-made sources of radiation exposure and averages about 6 mSv of annual exposure for Americans. Radiation can potentially cause cell damage but low levels are generally harmless due to body's ability to repair itself.
01.07.09(a): Introduction to Radiation Oncology, Pre-ClinicalOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M2 Hematology / Oncology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan: openmi.ch/med-M2Hematology
Radiation: Effects and Dose Calculationsrowelganzon
Radiation can cause both acute and chronic effects depending on the exposure level. Acute radiation poisoning occurs with high, short-term exposure and can cause gastrointestinal issues, falling blood counts, and even rapid death. Chronic radiation syndrome occurs after long-term, low-level exposure and may result in blood problems and neurological issues over time. Radiation dose is measured in grays or sieverts, and exposure can be reduced through increasing distance from the source, limiting exposure time, and using appropriate shielding materials like lead or concrete.
This document summarizes the key types and properties of radiation. It begins by defining radiation and radioactivity, then classifies radiation as either non-ionizing or ionizing. Alpha, beta, gamma, and x-ray radiations are ionizing and described in detail, including their characteristics and common uses. Non-ionizing radiation is also briefly discussed. The document aims to provide an overview of physics concepts relating to different forms of radiation.
Basic concept of radiation, radioactivity, radiation dosemahbubul hassan
This document provides information about a radiation protection training course taking place from October 24-28, 2021 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It covers basic concepts in radiation, radioactivity, radiation dose units, types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and neutrons. It also discusses units of radioactivity, absorbed dose, dose equivalent, radiation weighting factors, and tissue weighting factors which are important concepts in radiation protection.
This document provides an overview of radiation and ionizing radiation. It defines radiation as energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particulate matter that travels through the air. It describes the basic particles that make up atoms - protons, neutrons, and electrons - and how atoms are composed. Unstable atoms emit radiation as they seek stability. There are various types of ionizing radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Radiation exposure and dose are quantified, and biological effects of radiation at both the cellular level and for the human body are discussed. Controls for radiation include time, distance, and shielding to reduce exposure. Monitoring programs are also outlined.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to cellular DNA damage and increased cancer risk over time depending on dose. Acute radiation sickness occurs above 100 rads while long term effects like cancer have no threshold. Occupational exposure limits aim to keep annual whole body dose below 5 rem (50 mSv) per year. Common sources of natural background radiation include radon gas and cosmic rays.
The document provides an overview of radiation physics, beginning with the composition of matter and basic atomic structure. It describes the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom and the development of the quantum mechanical model. Key concepts covered include atomic number, mass number, ionization, electrostatic and centrifugal forces, electron binding energy, and the nature of radiation.
The document then focuses on the history and properties of x-rays, the components and functioning of an x-ray machine, including the x-ray tube, cathode, anode, target, transformers, and power supply. Factors that control the x-ray beam such as exposure time, current and voltage are also summarized.
1) Ionizing radiation includes x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, and charged nuclei that are capable of producing ion pairs by interacting with matter.
2) Different types of ionizing radiation have varying penetration depths and biological impacts depending on their energy and linear energy transfer. Alpha particles can be stopped by paper but are very damaging if inside the body, while x-rays and gamma rays can penetrate further.
3) Radioactive materials decay from unstable to stable states and in the process may emit various combinations of ionizing radiation particles like alpha and beta particles as well as gamma rays. Decay chains occur when a parent decays to a daughter isotope that is also radioactive.
Radiation is energy emitted from unstable atomic nuclei during radioactive decay. There are two types: particulate radiation consisting of alpha, beta, neutron particles; and electromagnetic radiation like gamma rays and X-rays. Different units are used to measure exposure to radiation, absorbed dose in tissue, and biological effect, with sieverts and grays being the current standard units.
Ionising Radiations and Radiologic Equipments
Understanding the various types of ionising radiations. radiation measuring instruments and units of measurements
The document discusses various units used to measure radiation. It begins by explaining that ionizing radiation removes electrons from atoms, causing ionization. It then discusses the early unit of exposure (SED), before introducing the roentgen (R) as the unit adopted in 1928. The roentgen measures ionization in air. Exposure is defined as charge per unit mass. Relationships between the SI unit of coulomb/kg and the roentgen are provided. Different types of ionization chambers used to measure exposure, such as free air chambers and thimble chambers, are described. Limitations of the roentgen are noted. Various units used to measure radiation energy, exposure, dose, and dose equivalents are defined.
Energy Absorption in Radiobiology
Ionization vs. Excitation
Ionizing Versus Non-ionizing Radiation
Absorption Mechanisms
Ionization by alpha particle, Xray & neutron
Ionizing radiation comes from the decay of unstable atoms and includes alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, gamma rays, and x-rays. It is measured in units of activity, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent, and can be used for power generation, research, medical procedures, and other applications. Prolonged or repeated exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to both acute and long-term health effects like cellular damage, radiation sickness, and increased cancer risk. Methods of radiation protection include containment, shielding, increasing distance, and limiting exposure time and frequency.
Radiation is energy transmitted through space or matter in the form of waves or particles. It includes visible light, ultraviolet light from the sun, and radio/TV signals. Nuclear radiation comes from unstable atoms undergoing radioactive decay, emitting particles like alpha and beta or electromagnetic waves like gamma rays. Exposure to ionizing radiation can damage living tissue. Natural sources of radiation include cosmic rays, radioactive elements in the earth's crust like radon, and some food/drink. Medical procedures and occupational exposures also contribute. In materials, radiation can cause impurities from nuclear reactions, ionization by charged particles, and displacement of atoms from their normal positions in the crystal structure.
This document provides an overview of radiation, radioisotopes, and their applications in medicine. It discusses the structure of atoms and isotopes, including definitions of radioisotopes and their three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma decay. It also covers half-life, and the direct and indirect actions of radiation. The document outlines the different types of radiation damage and effects, as well as methods of repairing radiation-induced DNA damage, including direct damage reversal and four types of excision repair.
This document provides an overview of basic radiation concepts including:
1) It describes different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation and how they interact with matter.
2) It discusses radiation safety principles such as minimizing time, distance, and using shielding to reduce radiation exposure.
3) It explains why we need to measure radiation today including uses in medicine, industry, and to detect potential radiological threats from lost radioactive sources or radiological dispersion devices.
Different forms of radiation, including alpha, beta, and gamma, are emitted during radioactive decay as the unstable nucleus transforms into a more stable form. Alpha particles are helium nuclei, beta particles are electrons, and gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation similar to x-rays. Ernest Rutherford discovered alpha particles in 1899 while studying uranium. The inverse square law states that the intensity of radiation decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. This law can be used to calculate intensity at different distances from a radioactive source.
This document discusses various topics related to radiation and its units of measurement. It defines (1) radiation oncology as the field concerned with treating cancer and other diseases using ionizing radiation, (2) the two main types of radiation as ionizing and non-ionizing, and (3) some key units used to measure radiation exposure and its effects on living tissue, including the becquerel, curie, gray, sievert, and rem. It also provides background on the scientists who discovered various types of radiation and developed these units, such as Becquerel, Curie, Roentgen, and Gray.
Radiation comes in many forms, both natural and man-made. While some types like ionizing radiation can be harmful if exposed in high doses over long periods, radiation is also all around us in everyday life from sources like wifi, microwaves, visible light, and more. The document discusses the different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and their varying abilities to penetrate materials. Overall, radiation is a natural phenomenon and in moderation the risks are quite low compared to other common causes of death.
This document provides an introduction to ionizing radiation and the structure of matter. It defines elements, atoms, isotopes, and compounds. Atoms are made up of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element, while the number of neutrons determines the isotope. Unstable isotopes undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma rays, or neutrons. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing, with ionizing radiation capable of altering matter.
Lesson 4 Ionizing Radiation | The Harnessed Atom (2016)ORAU
The document provides information about different types of radiation, including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It discusses radioactive decay and half-life. It also addresses natural and human-made sources of radiation exposure and averages about 6 mSv of annual exposure for Americans. Radiation can potentially cause cell damage but low levels are generally harmless due to body's ability to repair itself.
01.07.09(a): Introduction to Radiation Oncology, Pre-ClinicalOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M2 Hematology / Oncology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan: openmi.ch/med-M2Hematology
Radiation: Effects and Dose Calculationsrowelganzon
Radiation can cause both acute and chronic effects depending on the exposure level. Acute radiation poisoning occurs with high, short-term exposure and can cause gastrointestinal issues, falling blood counts, and even rapid death. Chronic radiation syndrome occurs after long-term, low-level exposure and may result in blood problems and neurological issues over time. Radiation dose is measured in grays or sieverts, and exposure can be reduced through increasing distance from the source, limiting exposure time, and using appropriate shielding materials like lead or concrete.
This document summarizes the key types and properties of radiation. It begins by defining radiation and radioactivity, then classifies radiation as either non-ionizing or ionizing. Alpha, beta, gamma, and x-ray radiations are ionizing and described in detail, including their characteristics and common uses. Non-ionizing radiation is also briefly discussed. The document aims to provide an overview of physics concepts relating to different forms of radiation.
Basic concept of radiation, radioactivity, radiation dosemahbubul hassan
This document provides information about a radiation protection training course taking place from October 24-28, 2021 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It covers basic concepts in radiation, radioactivity, radiation dose units, types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and neutrons. It also discusses units of radioactivity, absorbed dose, dose equivalent, radiation weighting factors, and tissue weighting factors which are important concepts in radiation protection.
This document provides an overview of radiation and ionizing radiation. It defines radiation as energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particulate matter that travels through the air. It describes the basic particles that make up atoms - protons, neutrons, and electrons - and how atoms are composed. Unstable atoms emit radiation as they seek stability. There are various types of ionizing radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Radiation exposure and dose are quantified, and biological effects of radiation at both the cellular level and for the human body are discussed. Controls for radiation include time, distance, and shielding to reduce exposure. Monitoring programs are also outlined.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to cellular DNA damage and increased cancer risk over time depending on dose. Acute radiation sickness occurs above 100 rads while long term effects like cancer have no threshold. Occupational exposure limits aim to keep annual whole body dose below 5 rem (50 mSv) per year. Common sources of natural background radiation include radon gas and cosmic rays.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation is measured in units of sieverts which account for the biological effects. Acute exposure can cause immediate effects while long term low dose exposure increases cancer risks. Exposure limits aim to prevent harm from occupational and environmental sources of radiation.
This document provides an overview of radiobiology and radiation biology. It begins by defining radiobiology as the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. It then discusses the initial interactions of radiation with matter on an atomic level and how this can lead to molecular changes in cells and organisms over time, potentially resulting in injury or death. The document further explores the composition of matter, types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, and concepts such as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. It also examines the sequence of radiation injury and key related terms.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing, with ionizing radiation capable of damaging biological tissues. Absorbed radiation dose is measured in units like rads and grays, while biological effectiveness is measured using quality factors ranging from 1 to 20 depending on radiation type. Exposure levels are regulated to limit health risks like cancer, with annual limits of 0.5 rem for the public and 5 rem for radiation workers.
This document summarizes key concepts in radiology and radiation physics. It describes the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1898 and defines x-rays as gamma rays of electromagnetic radiation. It explains that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to wavelength and that radiation with energy greater than 15 eV can cause ionization within cells. It also outlines the units used to quantify radiation exposure, dose, and dose equivalency, and discusses the interaction of radiation with matter through processes like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering.
The document discusses radiation hazards in orthopedic trauma care, including definitions of different types of radiation, how x-rays are produced, measurements of radiation exposure, effects of radiation like cancer and genetic mutations, and methods for radiation protection. Radiation can cause both stochastic effects like cancer that depend on probability as well as deterministic effects above a threshold that increase in severity with dose. Protecting patients and medical staff requires understanding radiation measurements, injuries, and factors that determine biological impacts.
This document discusses atomic theory and electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays. It provides an overview of the atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different types of ionizing radiation. X-rays are used in diagnostic imaging like radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, and CT scans. Proper protection methods are needed to reduce radiation exposure for patients, staff, and the public.
Radiation comes in many forms and can be classified as ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and includes gamma rays, X-rays, and alpha/beta particles. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize atoms and includes visible light, microwaves, and radio waves. Radiation is measured in units like the curie and becquerel that represent radioactive decays, while exposure is measured in rads and grays representing absorbed energy doses. Radiation finds many uses in fields like medical imaging and treatment.
Radiopharmaceuticals and all about radioactivitym.pdfsy6000217
The document provides information about radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals. It discusses radioisotopes and defines them as elements with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Some key radioisotopes used in medicine like calcium-44 and calcium-45 are mentioned. The document then covers various topics related to radioactivity including radioactive decay modes (alpha, beta, gamma emissions), units of radioactivity like curie and becquerel, half-life, and methods of detecting and measuring radiation like ionization chambers and Geiger-Müller counters.
This document discusses radiation health and safety. It covers definitions of radiation, sources of radiation exposure including natural background radiation and medical uses, biological effects of radiation exposure, and methods of radiation monitoring, prevention and regulation. Radiation can come from external sources like X-rays or internal sources from ingesting or inhaling radioactive materials. Exposure is measured in units like the rad, rem and sievert which account for different types of radiation and their effects on tissues.
Radiobiology for Clinical Oncologists, IntroductionDina Barakat
Radiobiology is the study of how ionizing radiation interacts with living things. This document provides an overview of different types of ionizing radiation including electromagnetic radiation like x-rays and gamma rays, and particulate radiation like electrons, protons, alpha particles, and heavy ions. It describes the physics of how this radiation is absorbed and can cause excitation or ionization in biological materials. Specifically, it notes that x-rays and gamma rays are indirectly ionizing since they produce fast-moving electrons upon absorption, while particulate radiations can directly ionize materials. Around 10,000 to 20,000 cases of lung cancer per year in the US are attributed to alpha particles from radon gas in homes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document outlines key principles of radiation safety, including definitions of common terms like exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. It describes different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays and their properties. Background radiation sources are identified. Recommended dose limits for occupational and public exposures are provided. The ALARA principle of maintaining radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable is introduced. Common radiation safety equipment and signage are depicted.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnosis and treatment that contain a radionuclide attached to a pharmaceutical agent and have a short effective half-life. Common radionuclides used are technetium-99m and iodine-131 which decay by isomeric transition or electron capture emitting gamma rays ideal for detection. The rate of radioactive decay follows an exponential curve defined by the physical half-life of the radionuclide and biological half-life within the body determining the effective half-life.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RADIATION ABSORPTION 1.pptxDr Monica P
Radiobiology is the study of the action of Ionizing radiations on the living things.
The absorption of energy from the radiation in biologic material leads to either of the following two processes: EXCITATION, IONIZATION
This document discusses various topics related to nuclear radiation, including:
- Types of nuclear radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons.
- How nuclear radiation is produced through nuclear decay, fission, or fusion.
- Units used to measure radiation exposure, dose, and radioactivity such as sieverts, grays, becquerels, and curies.
- Natural and artificial sources of routine radiation exposure such as radon gas, rocks, medical procedures, and electricity generation.
The document discusses different types of electromagnetic radiation and particle radiation, including their properties and sources. It covers the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays. It also discusses ionizing radiation that can remove electrons from atoms, such as x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles, and their ability to cause biological effects. Low levels of naturally occurring and man-made radioactive materials are present in our environment.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to damage atoms by ionizing them or breaking chemical bonds. It includes x-rays, gamma rays, and radiation from nuclear explosions and weapons. Exposure to large amounts of ionizing radiation can be fatal by damaging DNA and cells. The main effects are breaking of DNA and increased cancer risk. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize atoms but overexposure can still cause health issues like burns or cancer. Radiation exposure is measured using dosage, quality factor Q, and exposure in rems.
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Understanding Ionising Radiations and Radiologic Equipments, MDIRT St. Louis Bamenda Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
1. IONISING RADIATIONS AND
RADIOLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS 1
Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
B.TECH/HPD MDIRT
kennchanji@yahoo.com/excellence660@gmail.com
Radiology Department
St Louis UNIHEBS, Mile 3 Nkwen Bamenda
2016/2017 Academic Year
With Materials from Medical Physics.org, IAEA and Dr. Rasha Salama
PhD Community Medicine
Suez Canal University
Egypt
2. Course outline
General introduction to Ionising Radiations
Definition and classification of Ionising
Radiations
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Sources of ionising Radiations
Interactions of ionising rads with matter
Ionising rads used in diagnostic and
therapeutic radiology
4. OVERVIEW OF RADIATION
“Radiation is an energy in the form of
electro-magnetic waves or particulate
matter, traveling in the air.”
5. Forces: There are many interactions
among nuclei. It turns out that there are
forces other than the electromagnetic
force and the gravitational force which
govern the interactions among nuclei.
Einstein in 1905m showed 2 more laws:
energy/mass, and binding energy
6. Radioactivity: Elements & Atoms
Atoms are composed of smaller
particles referred to as:
– Protons
– Neutrons
– Electrons
Atoms are composed of smaller
particles referred to as:
– Protons
– Neutrons
– Electrons
7. Basic Model of a Neutral Atom.
Electrons (-) orbiting nucleus of protons (+)
and neutrons. Same number of electrons
as protons; net charge = 0.
Atomic number (number of protons)
determines element.
Mass number (protons + neutrons)
8.
9. Radioactivity
If a nucleus is unstable for any reason, it
will emit and absorb particles. There are
many types of radiation and they are all
pertinent to everyday life and health as
well as nuclear physical applications.
10. IonizationIonization
Ionizing radiation is produced by unstable
atoms. Unstable atoms differ from stable
atoms because they have an excess of
energy or mass or both.
Unstable atoms are said to be radioactive. In
order to reach stability, these atoms give off,
or emit, the excess energy or mass. These
emissions are called radiation.
Ionizing radiation is produced by unstable
atoms. Unstable atoms differ from stable
atoms because they have an excess of
energy or mass or both.
Unstable atoms are said to be radioactive. In
order to reach stability, these atoms give off,
or emit, the excess energy or mass. These
emissions are called radiation.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Types or Products of Ionizing
Radiation
Types or Products of Ionizing
Radiation
or X-rayneutron
22. Ionizing Versus Non-ionizing
Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
– Higher energy electromagnetic waves
(gamma) or heavy particles (beta and alpha).
– High enough energy to pull electron from orbit.
Non-ionizing Radiation
– Lower energy electromagnetic waves.
– Not enough energy to pull electron from orbit,
but can excite the electron.
23. Ionizing Radiation
Definition:
“ It is a type of radiation that is able to
disrupt atoms and molecules on which
they pass through, giving rise to ions and
free radicals”.
24. Another Definition
Ionizing radiation
A radiation is said to be ionizing when it has enough
energy to eject one or more electrons from the atoms
or molecules in the irradiated medium. This is the
case of a and b radiations, as well as of
electromagnetic radiations such as gamma
radiations, X-rays and some ultra-violet rays. Visible
or infrared light are not, nor are microwaves or radio
waves.
26. Alpha Particles: 2 neutrons and 2 protons
They travel short distances, have large mass
Only a hazard when inhaled
Types and Characteristics of
Ionizing Radiation
Alpha Particles
27. Alpha Particles (or Alpha Radiation):
Helium nucleus (2 neutrons and 2
protons); +2 charge; heavy (4
AMU). Typical Energy = 4-8 MeV;
Limited range (<10cm in air; 60µm in
tissue); High LET (QF=20) causing heavy
damage (4K-9K ion pairs/µm in tissue).
Easily shielded (e.g., paper, skin) so an
internal radiation hazard. Eventually lose
too much energy to ionize; become He.
28. Beta Particles
Beta Particles: Electrons or positrons having small mass and
variable energy. Electrons form when a neutron transforms
into a proton and an electron or:
29. Beta Particles: High speed electron ejected from
nucleus; -1 charge, light 0.00055 AMU; Typical
Energy = several KeV to 5 MeV; Range approx.
12'/MeV in air, a few mm in tissue; Low LET (QF=1)
causing light damage (6-8 ion pairs/µm in tissue).
Primarily an internal hazard, but high beta can be an
external hazard to skin. In addition, the high speed
electrons may lose energy in the form of X-rays when
they quickly decelerate upon striking a heavy
material. This is called Bremsstralung (or Breaking)
Radiation. Aluminum and other light (<14)
materials are used for shielding.
30.
31. Gamma Rays
Gamma Rays (or photons): Result when the
nucleus releases energy, usually after an alpha,
beta or positron transition
32. X-Rays
X-Rays: Occur whenever an inner shell
orbital electron is removed and
rearrangement of the atomic electrons
results with the release of the elements
characteristic X-Ray energy
33. X- and Gamma Rays: X-rays are photons
(Electromagnetic radiations) emitted from
electron orbits. Gamma rays are
photons emitted from the nucleus, often
as part of radioactive decay. Gamma rays
typically have higher energy (Mev's) than
X-rays (KeV's), but both are unlimited.
38. A. Quantifying Radioactive Decay
Measurement of Activity in disintegrations
per second (dps);
1 Becquerel (Bq) = 1 dps;
1 Curie (Ci) = 3.7 x 1010 dps;
Activity of substances are expressed as
activity per weight or volume (e.g., Bq/gm
or Ci/l).
39. B. Quantifying Exposure and Dose
Exposure: Roentgen 1 Roentgen (R) = amount of X or
gamma radiation that produces ionization resulting in 1
electrostatic unit of charge in 1 cm3 of dry
air. Instruments often measure exposure rate in mR/hr.
Absorbed Dose: rad (Roentgen absorbed dose) =
absorption of 100 ergs of energy from any radiation in 1
gram of any material; 1 Gray (Gy) = 100 rads = 1
Joule/kg; Exposure to 1 Roentgen approximates 0.9 rad
in air.
Biologically Equivalent Dose: Rem (Roentgen
equivalent man) = dose in rads x QF, where QF =
quality factor. 1 Sievert (Sv) = 100 rems.
41. Ionizing Radiation at the
Cellular Level
Causes breaks in
one or both DNA
strands or;
Causes Free
Radical formation
42. Exposure Limits
OSHA Limits: Whole body limit = 1.25
rem/qtr or 5 rem (50 mSv) per year.
Hands and feet limit = 18.75 rem/qtr.
Skin of whole body limit = 7.5 rem/qtr.
Total life accumulation = 5 x (N-18) rem
where N = age. Can have 3 rem/qtr if total
life accumulation not exceeded.
Note: New recommendations reduce the 5
rem to 2 rem.
44. Maximum Permissible Dos Equivalent for Occupational Exposure
Combined whole body occupational
exposure
Prospective annual limit 5 rems in any 1 yr
Retrospective annual limit 10-15 rems in any 1 yr
Long-term accumulation
(N-18) x5 rems. where N is age in
yr
Skin 15 rems in any 1 yr
Hands 75 rems in any 1 yr (25/qtr)
Forearms 30 rems in any 1 yr (10/qtr)
Other organs, tissues and organ
systems
Fertile women (with respect to fetus) 0.5 rem in gestation period
Population dose limits 0.17 rem average per yr
(Reprinted from NCRP Publication No. 43, Review of the Current
State of Radiation Protection Philosophy, 1975)
45. Community Emergency Radiation
Hazardous Waste Sites:
Radiation above background (0.01-0.02 m
rem/hr) signifies possible presence which
must be monitored. Radiation above 2 m
rem/hr indicates potential hazard.
Evacuate site until controlled.
46. Your Annual Exposure
Activity Typical Dose
Smoking 280 millirem/year
Radioactive materials use
in a UM lab
<10 millirem/year
Dental x-ray
10 millirem per x-
ray
Chest x-ray
8 millirem per x-
ray
Drinking water 5 millirem/year
Cross country round trip by
air
5 millirem per trip
Coal Burning power plant
0.165
millirem/year
47. HEALTH EFFECTS
Generalizations: Biological effects are due to the
ionization process that destroys the capacity for cell
reproduction or division or causes cell mutation. A given
total dose will cause more damage if received in a
shorter time period. A fatal dose is (600 R)
Acute Somatic Effects: Relatively immediate effects to a
person acutely exposed. Severity depends on dose.
Death usually results from damage to bone marrow or
intestinal wall. Acute radio-dermatitis is common in
radiotherapy; chronic cases occur mostly in industry.
48. 0-25 No observable effect.
25-50 Minor temporary blood changes.
50-100 Possible nausea and vomiting and
reduced WBC.
150-300 Increased severity of above and diarrhea,
malaise, loss of appetite.
300-500 Increased severity of above and
hemorrhaging, depilation. Death may
occur
> 500 Symptoms appear immediately, then
death has to occur.
ACUTE DOSE(RAD) EFFECT
49. Delayed Somatic Effects: Delayed effects to exposed
person include: Cancer, leukemia, cataracts, life
shortening from organ failure, and abortion.
Probability of an effect is proportional to dose (no
threshold). Severity is independent of dose. Doubling
dose for cancer is approximately 10-100 rems.
Genetic Effects: Genetic effects to off-spring of
exposed persons are irreversible and nearly always
harmful. Doubling dose for mutation rate is
approximately 50-80 rems. (Spontaneous mutation
rate is approx. 10-100 mutations per million
population per generation.)
50. Critical Organs: Organs generally most
susceptible to radiation damage include:
Lymphocytes, bone marrow, gastro-intestinal,
gonads, and other fast-growing cells. The
central nervous system is relatively resistant.
Many nuclides concentrate in certain organs
rather than being uniformly distributed over the
body, and the organs may be particularly
sensitive to radiation damage, e.g., isotopes of
iodine concentrate in the thyroid gland. These
organs are considered "critical" for the specific
nuclide.
52. – All earth surface system components emit radiation---
the sun and the earth are the components we are
most interested in
– The sun emits radiation composed of high energy
infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation
collectively known as shortwave radiation (SW)
– The earth emits radiation composed of lower energy
infrared radiation collectively known as long-wave
radiation (LW)
56. Examples on Non-ionizing
Radiation Sources
Visible light
Microwaves
Radios
Video Display Terminals
Power lines
Radiofrequency Diathermy (Physical
Therapy)
Lasers
MICROWAVE
GAMMA
ULTRA V
VISIBLE
INFRARED
TV
AM
RF
60. Effects
Radiofrequency Ranges (10 kHz to 300 GHz)
– Effects only possible at ten times the permissible
exposure limit
– Heating of the body (thermal effect)
– Cataracts
– Some studies show effects of teratoginicity and
carcinogenicity.
61. RADIATION CONTROLS
A. Basic Control Methods for External
Radiation
Decrease Time
Increase Distance
Increase Shielding
62. Time: Minimize time of exposure to minimize
total dose. Rotate employees to restrict
individual dose.
Distance: Maximize distance to source to
maximize attenuation in air. The effect of
distance can be estimated from equations.
Shielding: Minimize exposure by placing
absorbing shield between worker and source.
63.
64. B. Monitoring
Personal Dosimeters: Normally they do
not prevent exposures (no alarm), just
record it. They can provide a record of
accumulated exposure for an individual
worker over extended periods of time
(hours, days or weeks), and are small
enough for measuring localized exposures
Common types: Film badges;
Thermoluminescence detectors (TLD);
and pocket dosimeters.
65.
66.
67.
68. Direct Reading Survey Meters and Counters: Useful in
identifying source of exposures recorded by personal
dosimeters, and in evaluating potential sources, such as
surface or sample contamination, source leakage,
inadequate decontamination procedures, background
radiation.
Common types:
Alpha Proportional or Scintillation counters
Beta, gamma Geiger-Mueller or Proportional
counters
X-ray, Gamma Ionization chambers
Neutrons Proportional counters
69.
70. Continuous Monitors: Continuous direct reading
ionization detectors (same detectors as above)
can provide read-out and/or alarm to monitor
hazardous locations and alert workers to
leakage, thereby preventing exposures.
Long-Term Samplers: Used to measure average
exposures over a longer time period. For
example, charcoal canisters or electrets are set
out for days to months to measure radon in
basements (should be <4 pCi/L).
71. Elements of Radiation Protection Program
Monitoring of exposures: Personal, area, and screening
measurements; Medical/biologic monitoring.
Task-Specific Procedures and Controls: Initial, periodic,
and post-maintenance or other non-scheduled events.
Engineering (shielding) vs. PPE vs. administrative
controls. Including management and employee
commitment and authority to enforce procedures and
controls.
Emergency procedures: Response, "clean-up", post
clean-up testing and spill control.
Training and Hazard Communications including signs,
warning lights, lockout/tagout, etc. Criteria for need,
design, and information given.
Material Handling: Receiving, inventory control, storage,
and disposal.