The x-ray tube is a key component of x-ray imaging systems. It contains a cathode that emits electrons and an anode that produces x-rays. The tube is housed in a protective enclosure to allow positioning while shielding against radiation leakage. Modern tubes use rotating anodes to dissipate heat and produce a line-focused beam from the angled target, forming a small, effective focal spot. This design provides good resolution but can cause non-uniform intensity and extrafocal radiation from electrons missing the target.
Intensifying screens are major component of the image receptor used in conventional radiography.Its function is to convert the X-rays into visible light through the process of fluorescence.
X- Ray physics- X-Ray Tube, Transformer, Generator and Rectifiers by kajalsra...DrKajalLimbad
X-Ray physics including x-ray tube, transformer, generator, and rectifiers. physics made an easy
Note: this ppt has many animations that may not be appreciated over here. Request original ppt at kajalsradiology@gmail.com
Recent advancements in modern x ray tubeSantosh Ojha
All the advancements in X-ray tubes till date are done to increase the Tube heat storage capacity thus increasing the lifetime of x -ray tubes. This slide explains about these recent advancements in x-ray tubes.
Intensifying screens are major component of the image receptor used in conventional radiography.Its function is to convert the X-rays into visible light through the process of fluorescence.
X- Ray physics- X-Ray Tube, Transformer, Generator and Rectifiers by kajalsra...DrKajalLimbad
X-Ray physics including x-ray tube, transformer, generator, and rectifiers. physics made an easy
Note: this ppt has many animations that may not be appreciated over here. Request original ppt at kajalsradiology@gmail.com
Recent advancements in modern x ray tubeSantosh Ojha
All the advancements in X-ray tubes till date are done to increase the Tube heat storage capacity thus increasing the lifetime of x -ray tubes. This slide explains about these recent advancements in x-ray tubes.
Training Material inherited form Philips Basics of Ultrasonography. Covers the fundamentals of Ultrasound Waveform, Piezoelectric Effect, Phased Echo Concept, Goal of Ultrasound, Ultrasound Image Construction process, Types of Resolution, Probe Internals, The Doppler Effect, Spectrum Waveform and concept, Color Doppler, Components of Ultrasound.
In this pdf you will learn how the x ray machines work and how x rays produce, to enhance your knowledge about x rays machine then you have read this. You will get every knowledge about xrays in short and easy language.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. X-ray tube is a component of x-rayX-ray tube is a component of x-ray
imaging system, it is contained in aimaging system, it is contained in a
protective housing and therefore isprotective housing and therefore is
inaccessibleinaccessible..
3. The eternal structure ofThe eternal structure of
xray tube consists of 3xray tube consists of 3
parts.parts.
The support structureThe support structure
The protective housingThe protective housing
Glass or metal enclosureGlass or metal enclosure
4. The xray tube and housing assemblyThe xray tube and housing assembly
are quite heavy therefore they requireare quite heavy therefore they require
a support mechanism so thea support mechanism so the
radiologist technologist can positionradiologist technologist can position
them.them.
5. Three main methods ofThree main methods of
xray tube suppotxray tube suppot
Ceiling support systemCeiling support system
Floor to ceiling support systemFloor to ceiling support system
C-arm support systemC-arm support system
6. X-RAY TUBEX-RAY TUBE
MADE OF THIN PYREX GLASS ORMADE OF THIN PYREX GLASS OR
METAL ENCLOSURE TOMETAL ENCLOSURE TO
WITHSTAND HIGH HEAT LOAD ANDWITHSTAND HIGH HEAT LOAD AND
MINIMIZE X-RAY ABSORPTONMINIMIZE X-RAY ABSORPTON
IS GAS EVAUCUATEDIS GAS EVAUCUATED
so electrons won’t collide with the airso electrons won’t collide with the air
molecules in the tubemolecules in the tube
7. THE X-RAYTHE X-RAY TUBETUBE
The X-Ray tubeThe X-Ray tube
is theis the singlesingle
mostmost importantimportant
component ofcomponent of
the radiographicthe radiographic
system. It is thesystem. It is the
part thatpart that
produces the X-produces the X-
raysrays
8. Protective housingProtective housing
Made of lead & steelMade of lead & steel
When x-rays are produced, they areWhen x-rays are produced, they are
emittedemitted isotropicallyisotropically
– Equal intensity in all directions
We only use x-rays emitted through
the window or port
– Called the useful or primary beam
9. Protective housing reduces theProtective housing reduces the
intensity of leakage radiation to lessintensity of leakage radiation to less
than 100mR/hr at 1m.than 100mR/hr at 1m.
10.
11.
12. Protective housingProtective housing
X-rays that escape through theX-rays that escape through the
protective housing areprotective housing are leakageleakage
radiationradiation
Provides mechanical support for theProvides mechanical support for the
tube and protects from rough handlingtube and protects from rough handling
13. Protective housingProtective housing
Some tubes contain oil that serves asSome tubes contain oil that serves as
an insulator against electric shock andan insulator against electric shock and
as a thermal cushionas a thermal cushion
– Dissipate heatDissipate heat
Some protective housing has coolingSome protective housing has cooling
fan to air-cool the tube and oilfan to air-cool the tube and oil
14. Internal componentsInternal components
CathodeCathode
The negative side of the tube and hasThe negative side of the tube and has
two primary partstwo primary parts
– A filament and focusing cupA filament and focusing cup
Filament = a coil of wire about 2mm inFilament = a coil of wire about 2mm in
diameter and 1 or 2 cm long.diameter and 1 or 2 cm long.
17. TungstenTungsten
Filaments are usually made ofFilaments are usually made of
tungstentungsten
Tungsten providesTungsten provides higher thermionichigher thermionic
emission than other metalsemission than other metals
Tungsten has a very high melting pointTungsten has a very high melting point
18. FilamentFilament
When current (mA) is applied to theWhen current (mA) is applied to the
coil of wire electron are ejectedcoil of wire electron are ejected
The outer-shell electrons of theThe outer-shell electrons of the
filament atom are “boiled off”.filament atom are “boiled off”.
– This is known as thermionicThis is known as thermionic
emissionemission
19.
20. Focusing cupFocusing cup
The filament is embedded in a metalThe filament is embedded in a metal
cup that has a negative chargecup that has a negative charge
Boiled off e- tend to spread out due toBoiled off e- tend to spread out due to
electrostatic repulsion. The focusingelectrostatic repulsion. The focusing
cup confines the e- cloud to a smallcup confines the e- cloud to a small
areaarea
21.
22.
23. Filament CurrentFilament Current
When the x-ray imaging system is firstWhen the x-ray imaging system is first
turned on, a low current passesturned on, a low current passes
through the filament to warm it andthrough the filament to warm it and
prepare it for the thermal joltprepare it for the thermal jolt
necessary for x-ray productionnecessary for x-ray production
The current is not enough to energizeThe current is not enough to energize
the tube, just warm the wire of thethe tube, just warm the wire of the
filamentfilament
24. Space-charge effectSpace-charge effect
The cloud of e- = space chargeThe cloud of e- = space charge
As the space charge becomes moreAs the space charge becomes more
negative by the boiling off of morenegative by the boiling off of more
electrons it makes it difficult for moreelectrons it makes it difficult for more
e- to be emittede- to be emitted
– Electrostatic repulsionElectrostatic repulsion
– Space-charge effectSpace-charge effect
– Space-charge limiting at low kVp & high mASpace-charge limiting at low kVp & high mA
25.
26. Dual-focus tubesDual-focus tubes
Most diagnostic tubes have two focalMost diagnostic tubes have two focal
spots; large & smallspots; large & small
Large is used when large body partsLarge is used when large body parts
are imagedare imaged
Small is used when better spatialSmall is used when better spatial
resolution is desired – better detailresolution is desired – better detail
Filament sizeFilament size
29. AnodeAnode
Anode is the positive side of the x-rayAnode is the positive side of the x-ray
tubetube
The anode conducts electricity,The anode conducts electricity,
radiates heat and contains the targetradiates heat and contains the target
Two types of anodesTwo types of anodes
– Stationary & RotatingStationary & Rotating
30. Stationary AnodeStationary Anode
Used for dental x-rays, some portableUsed for dental x-rays, some portable
imagingimaging
Used when high tube current andUsed when high tube current and
power are not required because theypower are not required because they
are not capable of producing high-are not capable of producing high-
intensity x-ray beams in a short timeintensity x-ray beams in a short time
31.
32. Anode FunctionAnode Function
An electrical conductorAn electrical conductor – the anode– the anode
receives electrons emitted by thereceives electrons emitted by the
cathode and conducts them throughcathode and conducts them through
the tube to the connecting cables andthe tube to the connecting cables and
back to the high-voltage generator.back to the high-voltage generator.
33. Anode FunctionAnode Function
Mechanical support for the targetMechanical support for the target
Dissipates heatDissipates heat
– 99% of the kinetic energy from the e- is99% of the kinetic energy from the e- is
converted into heat; 1% is converted intoconverted into heat; 1% is converted into
x-raysx-rays
– Copper, molybdenum and graphite areCopper, molybdenum and graphite are
common anode materialcommon anode material
35. TargetTarget
Is the area of the anode struck by theIs the area of the anode struck by the
e-from the cathodee-from the cathode
Tungsten is the material of choice forTungsten is the material of choice for
the target in general radiographythe target in general radiography
36.
37.
38.
39. Rotating AnodeRotating Anode
Is powered by an induction motorIs powered by an induction motor
The stator is on the outside of theThe stator is on the outside of the
glass, consist of a series ofglass, consist of a series of
electromagnetselectromagnets
The rotor is a shaft made of bars ofThe rotor is a shaft made of bars of
copper and soft iron built into onecopper and soft iron built into one
massmass
40. ElectromagneticElectromagnetic
inductioninduction
As current is applied to the statorAs current is applied to the stator
sequentially so the magnetic fieldsequentially so the magnetic field
rotates on the axis of the statorrotates on the axis of the stator
This magnetic field interacts with theThis magnetic field interacts with the
metal (ferromagnetic rotor) causing itmetal (ferromagnetic rotor) causing it
to rotate in unison with the magneticto rotate in unison with the magnetic
field of the statorfield of the stator
41.
42. Focal spotFocal spot
The area of the anode’s target whereThe area of the anode’s target where
x-rays are emittedx-rays are emitted
The smaller the focal spot the betterThe smaller the focal spot the better
the resolution of the resultant imagethe resolution of the resultant image
43. Focal spotFocal spot
Unfortunately, as the size of the focalUnfortunately, as the size of the focal
spot decreases, the heat of the targetspot decreases, the heat of the target
is concentrated into a smaller areais concentrated into a smaller area
This is the limiting factor to focal spotThis is the limiting factor to focal spot
sizesize
44. Line-focus principleLine-focus principle
By angling the target, the effectiveBy angling the target, the effective
area of the target is much smaller thanarea of the target is much smaller than
the actual area of electron interactionthe actual area of electron interaction
46. Target angleTarget angle
The smaller the target angle theThe smaller the target angle the
smaller the effective focal spotsmaller the effective focal spot
Angles from 5 degrees to 15 degreesAngles from 5 degrees to 15 degrees
Biangular targets are available thatBiangular targets are available that
produce two focal spot sizesproduce two focal spot sizes
48. The second factor of effectiveThe second factor of effective
focal spot is the incoming sizefocal spot is the incoming size
of e- streamof e- stream
49. Focal spot size of the cathodeFocal spot size of the cathode
50. Anode Heel EffectAnode Heel Effect
Because of the use of line-focusBecause of the use of line-focus
principle the consequence is that theprinciple the consequence is that the
radiation intensity on the cathode sideradiation intensity on the cathode side
of the x-ray field is higher than that onof the x-ray field is higher than that on
the anode sidethe anode side
51. Heel EffectHeel Effect
Because the e- on the anode sideBecause the e- on the anode side
must travel further than the e- that aremust travel further than the e- that are
close to the cathode side of the target,close to the cathode side of the target,
the anode side x-rays have slightlythe anode side x-rays have slightly
lower energy than the cathode side x-lower energy than the cathode side x-
raysrays
52. Anode Heel AffectAnode Heel Affect
The smallerThe smaller
the anodethe anode
angle, theangle, the
larger thelarger the
heel affectheel affect
53. Extrafocal RadiationExtrafocal Radiation
X-ray tubes are designed so that theX-ray tubes are designed so that the
projectile e- interacts with the target.projectile e- interacts with the target.
However, some of the e- bounce offHowever, some of the e- bounce off
the target and land on other areasthe target and land on other areas
This caused x-rays to be produced outThis caused x-rays to be produced out
side the focal spotside the focal spot
54. Extrafocal RadiationExtrafocal Radiation
These rays can also be called off-These rays can also be called off-
focus radiationfocus radiation
Extrafocal radiation is undesirableExtrafocal radiation is undesirable
because it extends the size of thebecause it extends the size of the
focal spot, increases patient skin dosefocal spot, increases patient skin dose
& reduces image contrast& reduces image contrast
57. Another solution is the metalAnother solution is the metal
enclosure x ray tube so that reflectedenclosure x ray tube so that reflected
electrons are extracted and conductedelectrons are extracted and conducted
awayaway