Mutation.
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This document discusses mutations, which are heritable changes in an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication due to errors, or can be induced by mutagens like UV radiation or chemicals. Mutations provide genetic variation and are the raw material for evolution, though they are generally harmful. They can result in the formation of new alleles and allow organisms to evolve and adapt to their environments. The document covers different types of mutations and their molecular basis.
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The document discusses the Ac-Ds transposable element system in maize and complementation testing. It notes that Ac is an autonomous transposable element that enables the movement of Ds elements. McClintock discovered that Ac, Ds, and the C gene are responsible for color instability in maize seeds. Complementation testing determines if two recessive mutations represent alleles of the same gene or different genes.
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Variation exists between individuals of the same species and can be continuous or discontinuous. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic variation results from genetic recombination during meiosis and cell division, as well as from mutations which are sudden changes in genes or chromosomes that can cause genetic disorders or death in humans. Environmental factors can also interact with genetic traits to produce variation important for a species' survival in a changing environment.
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This document discusses different types of mutations including:
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Mutations, natural selection, and speciation were the topics covered. The key points discussed include:
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This document discusses different types of genetic mutations. It defines mutations as changes in DNA sequences and describes two main types - spontaneous mutations that occur naturally and induced mutations caused by external mutagens. The document then describes several specific types of mutations: transition and transversion base substitutions, missense and nonsense point mutations, frameshift mutations, neutral mutations, and silent mutations. It explains the molecular mechanisms and consequences of each type.
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This document discusses mutations, which are sudden changes in genetic material or organism characteristics. Mutations can be spontaneous or induced by mutagens like radiation or chemicals. There are many types of mutations classified by size, origin, direction of change, and other factors. Spontaneous mutations occur naturally while induced mutations are caused by external factors. Mutations have led to the development of useful traits in crop plants through breeding, like disease resistance, increased yields, and altered growth properties. However, most mutations are deleterious or recessive and have no practical value.
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1. Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that may occur in somatic or germ cells. Most mutations are neutral or harmful, but some may provide benefits.
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Mutations.pdf
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can be caused by errors in replication or exposure to mutagens like UV light. Mutations can be helpful by creating genetic variation for evolution, or harmful by changing gene function. The term mutation was coined in 1890 and early studies found it could induce changes in organisms. Mutations occur spontaneously due to errors or can be induced by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or climate changes. They can have different effects on genes from silent changes to premature stop codons, and may be inherited or have immediate effects on the organism.
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Mutation breeding is a process of exposing plants or seeds to chemical or radiation to generate mutants with desirable traits. It has been used since the 1920s to develop over 3200 new crop varieties. There are two types of mutations - spontaneous and induced. Induced mutations are caused by physical mutagens like radiation or chemical mutagens like EMS. The process involves selecting plants with desired mutations, breeding them with other varieties, and screening offspring for traits like increased yield, drought tolerance, or disease resistance. While it can develop useful traits quickly, mutation breeding also has disadvantages like unpredictability and potential health risks from mutagens. Several research centers in India have used it to develop higher yielding varieties of crops like rice, barley, and ground
Mutations
Mutations refer to heritable changes in DNA base sequences. There are different types of mutations including substitutions, additions, and deletions of DNA bases. Mutations can occur spontaneously in nature or can be induced by mutagens like radiation and chemicals. Key classifications of mutations include spontaneous vs induced, recessive vs dominant, somatic vs germline, forward vs back vs suppressor, and chromosomal vs genomic vs point mutations. Mutations can affect DNA at the chromosome, genome, or point levels and can have varying effects on organisms.
GENE MUTATION
This document discusses gene mutation and provides definitions and examples of different types of mutations. It covers somatic and germinal mutations, different mutant types like morphological, lethal, conditional, biochemical and resistance mutations. It also discusses how mutations occur spontaneously through errors in DNA replication or frameshifts, and can also be induced through exposure to mutagens. Mutation is described as an important phenomenon for generating genetic variation and driving evolution, but must occur at a low rate to maintain genetic information transfer between generations.
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Mutation.
- 1. MUTATION Submitted by: Karishma Shaw M.Sc 1st year, Semester 2. Department of biochemistry and molecular biology. Reg no. – 17368015. Submitted to : Dr. K . Jeevaratnam. Department of biochemistry and molecular biology.
- 2. INTRODUCTION. WHAT IS MUTATION? Genome is not a static entity. It is subject to different typesof heritable changes. A sudden and heritable change in the sequence of an organism’s genome that gives rise to alternate forms of any gene is called mutation. It does not result from recombination.
- 3. The process by which mutations are produced is called mutagenesis. An organism exhibiting a novel phenotype as a result of presence of mutation is referred to as a mutant. General characteristics of mutation: Generally recessive, but dominant mutations also occur. Generally harmful to organisms. Are random,occur at anytime and in any cell of an organism. Are recurrent.
- 4. ROLE OF MUTATION. Ultimate source of all genetic variation and it provides raw materials for evolution. Results in formation of alleles. Organisms are able to evolve and adapt.
- 5. MOLECULAR BASIS OF GENE MUTATION. Mutations occur in two ways: A) Spontaneous mutation- occurs without an eogenous mutagen. B)Induced mutation- arise because a mutagen has reacted with parental DNA.
- 6. ERRORS IN DNA REPLICATION. Tautomeric shift
- 7. TAUTOMERISATIONS THAT TAKE PLACE.
- 8. ERRORS DURING REPLICATION RESULTS IN: A) Spontaneous mutation Substitution of on base pair by the other. 1. transition :- Purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine substitution. 2. tranvwersion :- Purine to pyrimidine or vice versa.
- 10. B) Frameshift mutation: Addition or deletion of a base pair that occurs within a protein coding region of a gene have the effect of shifting the translatioanal reading frame
- 11. WHAT IS MUTAGEN? They are physical or chemical agents that increases the occurrence of mutations. They can be both physical and chemical mutagens. A) Physical mutagens: UV radiations, heat,ioniing radiations. B) chemical mutagens: Act as base analogues, acts directly on DNA or indirectly on DNA.
- 12. TYPES OF MUTATIONS. 1) Somatic mutations: genes mutating in somatic tissues. 2) germinal mutations: mutation arises in specific tissues set aside during development for the formation of gametes.
- 14. 2) Heriditary versus acquired mutations:
- 15. 3) Forward and backward mutations:
- 16. 4)Missense and nonsense mutations:
- 18. 4) Silent and neutral mutation:
- 19. Neutral mutations: Codon specifies different but functionally equivalent amino acids and not alter protein function is called neutral mutation. 5) CONDITIONAL MUTATIONS:
- 20. CONCLUSION. Mutations have allowed humans to adapt to their environment. For instance, lactose tolerance is a specific external mutation that was advantageous in societies that raised cows and goats. Mutations have been responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacteria, sickle cell resistance to malaria, and immunity to HIV. In 2008, Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology stated, “Originally, we all had brown eyes but a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a 'switch,' which literally 'turned off' the ability to produce brown eyes.”
- 21. As much as mutations have helped humans, mutations are also the cause of certain diseases. For instance, E! Science News 2008 explains how a particular mutation relatively common on the Indian subcontinent predisposes people to heart disease. Many other diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and asthma, are linked to genetic mutations.