Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Gene mutations – introduction – definition – a brief history – terminology –
classification of mutations – characteristic features of mutations – spontaneous
mutations and induced mutations
Gene mutations – artificial induction of mutations – physical and chemical
mutagens – molecular basis of mutations – detection of sex-linked lethals in
Drosophila by CLB technique – detection of mutations in plants – the importance of
mutation in plant breeding programmes –
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Gene mutations – introduction – definition – a brief history – terminology –
classification of mutations – characteristic features of mutations – spontaneous
mutations and induced mutations
Gene mutations – artificial induction of mutations – physical and chemical
mutagens – molecular basis of mutations – detection of sex-linked lethals in
Drosophila by CLB technique – detection of mutations in plants – the importance of
mutation in plant breeding programmes –
mutations Is a process that produces a gene or chromosome that differs from the wild type.
The mutation may result due to changes either on the gene or the chromosome itself.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Mutation And Its Role In
Crop Improvement
By:-
Ankur Kumar
MSc.
Genetics & Plant Breeding
Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi.
2. INTRODUCTION:-
The current day world scenario is really an alarming one. The whole of
natural cycles are disturbed.
The earth is facing a drastic change in its climatic attributes and yet
another problem is the ever increasing human population.
With the change in climatic cycles ,there are a lot of problems like global
warming, recurrent floods and droughts, disturbed cycles of rainfall,
increase in ambient temperature of earth etc.
These climatic imbalance cause various biotic stress and are also one of
the cause of various pests attack in form of both insects and pathogens
constituting to abiotic stress to the plants.
It’s the task of we agricos to get to the solution and despite these harsh
challenges of the day keep the production and productivity of our crops
High. This can only be achieved through better stable varieties of the
crops who not only give better yields but is also resistant and tolerant to
various biotic and abiotic stresses.
3. The improvement of the crop varieties which can be better yielders along
with a capability of sustaining both biotic and abiotic stress is really
important.
Crop Improvement includes development of new varieties over the pre
existing varieties in terms of absolute yield, stability of yield, improved
quality and market.
In traditional plant breeding technique we have a number of crop
improvement techniques, but they work on selection and segregation
techniques.
While Mutation becomes an important aspect of crop improvement as it
focuses on creation of variations.
Many studies have supported , mutation as one of an important tool to
develop varieties resistant in terms of stress conditions both biotic and
abiotic in nature.
4. Mutation and its Historical background:-
Mutation:- Mutation can be defined as a sudden heritable change in the
character of an organism which is not due to either segregation or
recombination.
This change in the character of the individual is due to change in number
or sequence of nucleotides.
The term mutation was first used by Hugo de Vries to describe the sudden
phenotypic changes which were heritable, while working with Oenothera
lamarckiana. (1900)
But the earliest record of mutations dates back to 1791 when Seth Wright
noticed a male lamb with unusually short legs in his flock of sheep. This
lamb served as a source of short leg trait for the development of Ancon
breed of sheep.
The systematic studies on mutations were started in 1910 by T.H. Morgan
who used Drosophila melanogaster (white eye mutant) for his studies.
5. In 1927, H.J. Muller demonstrated for the first time the
artificial induction of mutations by using x-rays in Drosophila.
Similarly in 1928, L.J. Stadler demonstrated an increase in the
rate of mutations due to x-rays in barley and maize.
Induction of mutations by chemicals in fungus Aspergillus was
demonstrated by R.A. Steinberg in 1939.
C. Auerbach and J.N. Robson in 1946 used chemicals to
induce mutations in Drosophila.
The first plant breeding programme using mutations
(mutation breeding) was initiated in 1929 in Sweden, Germany
and Russia.
In India it was initiated in early 1930s.
6. Important terms related to Mutation:-
Muton: The smallest unit of gene capable of undergoing
mutation and it is represented by a nucleotide.
Mutator Gene: A gene which causes another gene or genes to
undergo spontaneous mutation.
Mutable Genes: Genes which show very high rates of mutation
as compared to other genes.
Mutant: An organism or cell showing a mutant phenotype due
to mutant allele of a gene.
Mutagen: A physical or chemical agent which induces mutation.
Hot Spots: Highly mutable sites with in a gene.
Gene mutations or Point mutations: The changes which alter the
chemical structure of a gene at molecular level.
7. Classification Of Mutation:-
Based on direction of mutations :-
a) Forward mutation : Any change from wild type
allele to mutant allele.
b) Backward mutation or Reverse mutation: A change
from mutant allele to wild type.
Based on source / cause of mutations :-
I. Spontaneous mutation: Mutation that occur
naturally.
II. Induced mutation: Mutation that originates in
response to mutagenic treatment.
8. Based on tissue of origin :-
a) Somatic mutation: A mutation occurs in the somatic tissue of an
organism constitute somatic mutation.
b) Germinal mutation: A mutation in germline cells or in reproductive
tissues of an organism constitute germinal mutation.
Based on trait or character effected :-
a) Morphological mutation: A mutation that alters the morphological
features of an individual are called morphological mutation.
b) Biochemical mutation: A mutation that alters the biochemical function
of an individual is called morphological mutation.
9. Based on effect on survival :-
a) Lethal mutation: Mutation which kills the individual that carries it.
(survival is 0%)
b) Sub-lethal mutation: When mortality is more than 50% of individuals
that carry mutation
c) Sub-vital mutation: When mortality is less than 50% of individual that
carry mutation.
d) Vital mutation: When all the mutant individuals survive (survival-100%)
10. Based on visibility or quantum of morphological effect
produced :-
a) Macro-mutations: The mutations which produce a distinct
morphological change in phenotype (which can be detected easily
with out any confusion due to environmental effects) Generally
found in qualitative characters. Eg : colour of flowers, height of plant
etc. are counted as macro mutations.
b) Micro-mutations: Mutations with invisible phenotypic changes,
(which can be easily confused with effects produced due to
environment). Generally observed in quantitative characters. These
mutations can be distinguished and identified under micro
mutations.
11. Based on the site of mutation or on cytological
basis :-
a) Chromosomal mutations: Mutations associated with detectable
changes in either chromosome number or structure.
b) Gene or point mutations: Mutations produced by alterations in
base sequences of concerned genes.
c) Cytoplasmic mutations: Mutations associated with the changes in
chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
13. Chromosal Mutation:-
An abnormal change in the
structure of all or part of a
chromosome, OR in the number of
chromosomes an organism has
Ex: normal humans have 46
chromosomes
Humans with Down Syndrome
have 47
15. Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Extra 21 chromosome
Effects 1/700
Alters child’s phenotype–
characteristic facial features, short
stature
Usually some degree of mental
retardation
17. Molecular basis of mutations:-
The term mutation is presently used to cover only those changes
which alter the chemical structure of the gene at molecular level.
Such changes are commonly referred to as “point mutations”. Point
mutations involve a change in the base sequence of a gene which
results in the production of a mutant phenotype.
Point mutations can be subdivided into the following three classes
on the basis of molecular change associated with them.
1. Base substitution
2. Base deletion
3. Base addition
18. Base substitution:-
When a single base in a DNA molecule is replaced by another base it
is known as base substitution. This can be of two types.
I. Transition: Replacement of a purine by another purine or a pyrimidine by
another pyrimidine. (or) The substitution of a purine by another purine or
of a pyrimidine by another pyrimidine base in DNA or RNA is known as
transition.
(A G or C T)
I. Transversion: Replacement of a purine by a purimidine and vice versa. (or)
The substitution of a purine by a pyrimidine or of a pyrimidine by a purine
in DNA or RNA is known as transversion.
(A or G C or T or U)
19. Base deletion : In base deletion, one or more bases
are altogether deleted
Base addition: There is insertion of one or more
bases.
If the number of bases added or deleted is not a multiple of
three, a frameshift mutation is obtained, as the reading frame
in such case is shifted from the point of addition or deletion
onwards. Hence, in a frameshift mutation, all the amino acids of
a polypeptide chain located beyond the site of mutation are
substituted / altered.
20. Frameshift mutations: The mutations which arise
due to addition or deletion of nucleotides in mRNA
are known as frameshift mutations, because the
reading frame of base triplets (codons) beyond the
point of addition or deletion is altered as a
consequence of such mutations.
21. Normal Transcription:-
DNA (antisense strand)
mRNA
Polypeptide
Normal gene
GGTCTCCTCACGCCA
↓
CCAGAGGAGUGCGGU
Codons
↓
Pro-Glu-Glu-Cys-Gly
Amino acids
The antisense strand is the DNA strand which acts as the
template for mRNA transcription.
29. Characteristic features of mutations:-
Mutations are mostly recessive and very rarely dominant.
Most mutations have harmful effects and very few (less than 0.1 %) are
beneficial.
Mutations may be due to a change in a gene, a group of genes or in
entire chromosome.
If gene mutations are not lethal, the mutant individuals may survive.
However, chromosomal mutations are generally lethal and such mutants
do not survive.
If mutation occur at both loci simultaneously, the mutants can be
identified in M1 generation. However, if it is restricted to one locus only,
the effect can be seen only in M2 generation.
Macro-mutations are visible and can be easily identified, while micro-
mutations can not be seen with naked eye and need special statistical
tests (or statistical analysis).
30. Many of the mutants show sterility.
Most mutants are of negative selection value.
Mutation for altogether new character generally does not occur.
Mutations are random i.e. they can occur in any tissue or cell of an
organism. However some genes show higher mutation rate than others.
Mutations are recurrent i.e. the same mutation may occur again and again.
Induced mutations commonly show pleiotropy often due mutation in
closely linked genes.
32. Mutations of useful in case of Crop Improvement:-
Spontaneous mutations: Spontaneous mutations occur naturally without
any apparent cause. There are two possible sources of origin of these
mutations.
1. Due to error during DNA replication.
2. Due to mutagenic effect of natural environment Eg : UV rays from sunlight
The rate of spontaneous mutations is very low. 1 in 10 lakhs i.e. 10−6 But
different genes may show considerably different mutation rates. In crop plants
some varieties were developed through spontaneous mutations. They are-
Crop Variety
1. Rice GEB-24, Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen
2. Wheat Norin
3. Groundnut TMV-10
4. Sorghum Co-4 (coimbatore 4)
33. Induced Mutation:-
Mutations can be induced artificially through treatment with either physical
or chemical mutagens. The exploitation of induced mutations for crop
improvement is called mutation breeding. The rate of induced mutations is
very high. The induced mutations did not differ from spontaneous
mutations in expression.
34. Artificial induction of mutations: Mutations can be induced
artificially using
1. Physical mutagens or radiations
2. Chemical agents
35. 1. Physical mutagens:-
Include various types of radiations, viz., x-rays, g-rays, a-rays, ß-rays, fast
neutrons, thermal or slow neutrons, UV rays etc. The physical mutagens are
classified into
Ionizing radiations: They work through the release of ions. They have
deep penetrating capacity. Eg : x-rays, g-rays, a -particles etc. For
irradiation special units are used. With an aid of a powerful source of a
short-duration gamma rays for short duration radiation. A much weaker
radiation but operating continuously (gamma field).
Non-ionizing radiations : They function through excitation and have a
very low penetrating capacity. Eg : UV rays.(U V Rays works on the
principal of formation of Pyrimidine dimers and Pyrimidisation.
36. 2. Chemical mutagens :-
1. Alkylating agents: This is the most powerful group of mutagens. These
are the chemicals which are mainly used to induce mutations in
cultivated plants. They induce mutations especially transitions and
transversions by adding an alkyl group (either ethyl or methyl) at various
positions in DNA. Alkylation produces mutation by changing hydrogen
bonding in various ways. Eg: Dimethyl sulphonate (DMS), Ethyl methane
sulphonate (EMS),Nitrosomethyl Urea (NMU), Nitrosoethyl Urea (NEU),
Methyl methane sulphonate (MMS).
37. Base analogues: These are
chemicals which are very similar to
DNA bases, such chemicals are
sometimes incorporated in DNA in
place of normal bases during
replication. Thus they can cause
mutation by wrong base pairing. An
incorrect base pairing results in
transitions or transversions after
DNA replication. Eg: 5–
bromouracil, 3-bromodeoxy uridine,
2 -amino purine.
38. Antibiotics: A number of antibiotics like mitomycin and streptomycin have
been found to possess chromosome breaking properties. Their
usefulness for practical purposes is very limited.
Acridine dyes: Acridine dyes Eg: proflavin, acriflavin, acridine orange, etc.
are very effective mutagens. These are positively charged and they insert
themselves between two base pairs of DNA. This is known as
intercalation. Replication of intercalated DNA molecules results in
addition or deletion of one or few base pairs which produces frame shift
mutations.
Intercalating Agents: These are the compounds that can slide between
the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule.This tends to cause a greater
likelihood for slippage during replication, resulting in an increase in
frameshift mutations. Example (Sodium Azide)
39. Procedures of Mutation Breeding
Choice of material
Choice of mutagen
Part of the Plant to be Treated
Dose of mutagen
Handling of segregating generations
40. Choice of material : It should be the best variety available in crop and
seed should be pure.
Choice of mutagen : Generally chemical mutagens are more preferred
for seed treatment and radiations for the treatment of vegetative parts.
Part of the Plant to be Treated :
Seeds
Pollen grains
Vegetative propagules
Corns
Bulbs
Complete plant
41. Dose of mutagen
Mutagens generally induce a high frequency of chromosomal changes
meiotic and mitotic irregularities.
Optimum mutagen dose is one, which produces maximum frequency of
mutations and causes the minimum killing.
Close to LD50 dose is optimum. LD50 is the dose of mutagen that kills
50% of the treated individuals.
Varies with mutagens eg:- EMS – 0.3-1.5 %, for 2-6 hours
Handling of treated Materials.
43. M1. A good number of seeds are treated with a mutagen and are spece
planted. In general, the number of treated seeds is so adjusted as to give
to good lot of fertile M1 plants at the harvest. Care should be taken to avoid
outcrossing. M1 plants will be chimeras for the mutations present in
heterozygous state. About 20 to 25 seeds from each M1 spike are harvested
separately to raise the M2 progeny rows.
M2. Careful and regular observations are made on the M2 rows. But only
distinct mutations are detected in M2 because the observations are based
single plants. All the plants in M2 rows suspected of containing new
mutations are harvested separately to raise individual plant progenies in M3.
if the mutant is distinct, it is selected for multiplication and testing. However,
most of the mutations will be useless for crop improvement. Only 1-3 per
cent of M2 rows may be expected to have beneficial mutations.
Alternatively, M2 may be grown as a bulk produced by compositing one or
more, but equal number of, seeds from each M1 spike/fruit/branch.
plants are then selected in M2 and individual plant progenies are grown in
M3.
44. M3. Progeny rows from individual selected plants are grown in M3. Poor
and inferior mutant rows are eliminated. If the mutant progenies are
homogeneous, two or more M3 progenies containing the same mutation
may be bulked. Mutant M3 rows are harvested in bulk for a preliminary
trial in M4.
M4. A preliminary yield trial is conducted with a suitable check, and
promising mutant lines are selected for replicated multilocation trials.
M5-M7. Replicated multilocation yield trials are conducted. The out-
standing line may be released as a new variety. The low yielding mutant
lines, however, should be retained for use in hybridization programmes.
45. Mutation breeding for polygenic traits:-
Mutagenesis does produce genetic variation in polygenic traits; this variation is
usually as much as 50% of that generated in F2 generation, but sometimes it
may be as much as or even greater than the latter.
M1 and M2. M1 and M2 are grown in the same way as in the case of oligogenic traits.
In M2, vigorous, fertile and normal looking plants that do not exhibit a mutant
phenotype are selected and their seeds are harvested separately to raise individual
plant progeny rows in M3.
M3. Progeny rows from individual selected plants are grown. Careful observations are
made on M3 rows for small deviations in phenotype from the parent variety. Inferior
rows are discarded. Few rows may be homogeneous and would be harvested in bulk.
Selection in done in M3 rows showing segregation; a majority of M3 rows would show
segregation. Intensive and careful evaluation of a large number of M3 progeny rows
allows identification of mutants with altered quantitative traits, e. g., partial or
horizontal disease resistance. Such mutants occur in high frequencies that approach
1% or even high, so that their isolation becomes quite cost effective.
46. M4. Bulked seed from homogeneous M3 rows may be planted in a
preliminary yield trial with a suitable check; superior progenies are selected
for replicated multilocation yield trials. Individual plant progenies from M3
are critically observed. Progenies showing segregation may be subjected to
selection only if they are promising. Superior homogeneous progenies are
harvested in bulk for preliminary yield tests in M5.
M5-M8. Preliminary yield trials and / or multi-location trials are conducted
depending upon the stage when the progenies become homogeneous.
Outstanding progenies may be released as new varieties.
47. Screening/selection
Mainly two types screening/selection techniques in M2 and subsequent
generation.
Visual
most effective and efficient method for identifying mutant phenotypes.
Visual selection often is the prime basis for selecting for disease
resistance, earliness, plant height, colour changes, adaptation to soil,
climate, growing period etc.
Mechanical/Physical
Very efficient for seed size, shape, weight, density etc., using appropriate
sieving machinery
52. Herbicide Resistance and Tolerance:-
Resistance: able to break-down or metabolize the herbicide – introduce a
new enzyme to metabolize the herbicide
Tolerance: able to grow in the presence of the herbicide – either increase
the target enzyme or altered form of enzyme.
This aspect is useful as we can grow weed free plots, as the herbicide
tolerant and resistant plants of ours don’t get affected by the applied
herbicides, while the weeds get killed.
Glyphosate resistant tomato, tobacco, soybean (GOX enzyme)
Glyphosate tolerant petunia, carrot, tobacco and tomato (elevated
EPSP (enolpyruvyl shikimate phosphate synthase))
Imazaquin (Sceptor) tolerant maize
53. Advantages:-
Mutation breeding is a cheap and rapid method of developing new
varieties.
Induction of desirable mutant alleles, which is not present in germplasm.
Induced mutagens is used for the induction of CMS. Ethidium bromide
(EB) has been used for induction of CMS in barley (Minocha et al., 1983)
and pearlmillet (Burton and Hanna, 1976).
Mutation breeding is more effective for the improvement of oligogenic
characters such as disease resistance.
Mutation Breeding is very important if we wish to transfer desirable
recessive characters from wild type or for characters which are linked
with undesirable characters.
54. Limitations:-
The frequency of desirable mutants is very low.
The process is generally random and unpredictable.
Identification of micro mutation, which are more useful to a plant breeder
is usually very difficult.
Mutants have strong negative pleiotropic effects on other traits.
Health risks: handling, chemical mutagens; radiations, fast neutrons
treatments.
Ways to Mitigate These Limitations:-
We can mitigate these problems of unpredictable fate of mutations by
increasing the size of population so as to get a good number of mutants.
Efficient handling of the mutagens should we focused on to eradicate
any health hazards if any.
55. Conclusion:-
At present genetic variability is narrowed using conventional breeding
approaches for a long period, induced mutagenesis are one of the most
important approaches for broadening the genetic variation and diversity
in crops.
It has many comparative advantages: it is cost effective, quick, proven
and robust. It is also transferrable and environmentally friendly.
Crop varieties generated through the exploitations of mutation breeding
are significantly contributing to global food and nutritional security and
improved livelihoods.