Mosso’s ergography by Pandian M
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Ergography is the recording of an ergogram, which records the voluntary contractions of skeletal muscles during exercise on a moving paper. It is used to assess work done by flexing fingers and to study muscle fatigue. The subject contracts their fingers against resistance using an ergography device until fatigued. Various factors like weight lifted, contraction frequency, motivation, and blood supply to the exercising muscle can influence the degree and duration of work performed as well as the onset of fatigue. Fatigue results from the depletion of nutrients and accumulation of metabolites in the muscles.
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Ergography by Pandian M. Tutor in Dept, of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, This PPT for...
Introduction
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Factors that affect performance
Factors that affect FATIGUE
In Mosso’s ergography, fatigue is affected by
Factors that causes muscle fatigue
Calculation
Precautions
Observation
Discussion
Mosso's ergography
This document describes Mosso's ergography experiment to study human fatigue. The experiment uses Mosso's ergograph apparatus to measure the work done by lifting weights with the middle finger over time. Various factors are tested like increasing weight, venous occlusion, and arterial occlusion. Calculations are provided to determine work done in kg-meters and time to fatigue in minutes under different conditions. The results show fatigue occurs sooner with venous occlusion due to metabolite buildup and earliest with arterial occlusion due to lack of nutrients and oxygen to the muscle. The experiment demonstrates the physiological significance of factors affecting fatigue and work done.
isotonic and isometric
There are three main types of muscle contractions: isotonic, isometric, and eccentric/concentric contractions. Isotonic contractions involve constant tension as the muscle length changes, and can be concentric (shortening) or eccentric (lengthening). Isometric contractions do not involve a change in muscle length, as tension is generated without movement. Proper understanding of contraction types is important for exercise and injury prevention.
Stethograph- Recording Respiratory Movements
Stethography is a process that records respiratory movements in humans using a stethograph instrument. The stethograph is a corrugated rubber tube connected to a tambour, which is connected to a pen that writes on a moving drum. When the stethograph is applied to a person's chest, it can record their chest movements during respiration. The stethogram produced provides information about respiratory physiology by recording things like normal breathing, the effects of swallowing, hyperventilation, exercise, breath holding, and other respiratory actions.
Reflexes
This document discusses the physiology of reflexes. It defines a reflex as a coordinated involuntary motor response initiated by a stimulus to peripheral receptors. Reflexes are classified based on their clinical presentation, anatomical pathway, number of synapses involved, and functional purpose. Monosynaptic reflexes like the stretch reflex involve only one synapse, while polysynaptic reflexes have multiple synapses. Characteristics of reflexes like summation, irradiation, and fatigue are also described.
skeletal Muscle atrophy
presentation about muscle atrophy
made by first year medical students
faculty of medicine k.f.s university
Respiratory movement
1. The document describes the mechanics of respiratory movement during breathing.
2. There are two main types of movement during breathing - alterations in the capacity of the thorax brought about by movement of the thoracic wall, and elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall during expiration.
3. The ribs act as levers during breathing, and their upward movement causes the thoracic cavity to expand in the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical directions.
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Recommended
Ergography by Pandian M. Tutor in Dept, of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, This PPT for...
Introduction
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Factors that affect performance
Factors that affect FATIGUE
In Mosso’s ergography, fatigue is affected by
Factors that causes muscle fatigue
Calculation
Precautions
Observation
Discussion
Mosso's ergography
This document describes Mosso's ergography experiment to study human fatigue. The experiment uses Mosso's ergograph apparatus to measure the work done by lifting weights with the middle finger over time. Various factors are tested like increasing weight, venous occlusion, and arterial occlusion. Calculations are provided to determine work done in kg-meters and time to fatigue in minutes under different conditions. The results show fatigue occurs sooner with venous occlusion due to metabolite buildup and earliest with arterial occlusion due to lack of nutrients and oxygen to the muscle. The experiment demonstrates the physiological significance of factors affecting fatigue and work done.
isotonic and isometric
There are three main types of muscle contractions: isotonic, isometric, and eccentric/concentric contractions. Isotonic contractions involve constant tension as the muscle length changes, and can be concentric (shortening) or eccentric (lengthening). Isometric contractions do not involve a change in muscle length, as tension is generated without movement. Proper understanding of contraction types is important for exercise and injury prevention.
Stethograph- Recording Respiratory Movements
Stethography is a process that records respiratory movements in humans using a stethograph instrument. The stethograph is a corrugated rubber tube connected to a tambour, which is connected to a pen that writes on a moving drum. When the stethograph is applied to a person's chest, it can record their chest movements during respiration. The stethogram produced provides information about respiratory physiology by recording things like normal breathing, the effects of swallowing, hyperventilation, exercise, breath holding, and other respiratory actions.
Reflexes
This document discusses the physiology of reflexes. It defines a reflex as a coordinated involuntary motor response initiated by a stimulus to peripheral receptors. Reflexes are classified based on their clinical presentation, anatomical pathway, number of synapses involved, and functional purpose. Monosynaptic reflexes like the stretch reflex involve only one synapse, while polysynaptic reflexes have multiple synapses. Characteristics of reflexes like summation, irradiation, and fatigue are also described.
skeletal Muscle atrophy
presentation about muscle atrophy
made by first year medical students
faculty of medicine k.f.s university
Respiratory movement
1. The document describes the mechanics of respiratory movement during breathing.
2. There are two main types of movement during breathing - alterations in the capacity of the thorax brought about by movement of the thoracic wall, and elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall during expiration.
3. The ribs act as levers during breathing, and their upward movement causes the thoracic cavity to expand in the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical directions.
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
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Nerve conduction study
Nerve conduction studies test the function of motor and sensory nerves by measuring nerve conduction velocity. Small electrical stimuli are applied to nerves while recordings are made from muscles. Abnormalities may indicate conditions like peripheral neuropathy or radiculopathy. The test evaluates nerves like the median and ulnar nerves and can help diagnose disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system.
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Isotonic & isometric contraction
1) Muscle contraction requires energy supplied by ATP, which is generated through several metabolic pathways in the muscle cell, including phosphocreatine, glycogen breakdown, and oxidative metabolism.
2) As muscle contracts, it produces heat from various sources like activation, shortening, maintenance, relaxation, and recovery.
3) The different metabolic pathways sustain muscle contraction for varying durations, with phosphocreatine and glycolysis sustaining maximal contraction for only a few seconds to a minute, while oxidative metabolism provides energy for sustained, long-term contraction.
thermoregulatory machanism
The human body maintains a constant internal temperature of around 37°C through thermoregulation. The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat, monitoring internal temperature and triggering physiological responses like sweating or shivering to increase or decrease heat loss from the skin. When body heat production exceeds heat loss to the environment through conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation, core temperature rises, while imbalance in the other direction causes core temperature to fall. Strenuous exercise can challenge this system by greatly increasing heat production, requiring enhanced cooling to prevent overheating.
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Is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
It is a type of protective mechanism.
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This document discusses the examination of reflexes. It begins by defining a reflex and describing the components of a reflex arc. It then describes different types of reflexes, including superficial (cranial and spinal) reflexes and deep tendon reflexes (also cranial and spinal). For each type of reflex, it provides details on the neurological pathway and instructions for eliciting the reflex during an examination. The purpose of examining reflexes and potential abnormalities are also outlined. The document primarily serves to inform physicians on how to properly examine the various reflexes and interpret the results.
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2. There are different types of epiphysis including pressure, traction, and aberrant epiphysis that develop in response to stresses on the bone.
3. Epiphysis develop through enchondral ossification from secondary ossification centers and injuries involving the epiphyseal growth plate are classified using the Salter-Harris classification system.
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Cvs changes during exercise BY PANDIAN M # MBBS#BDS#BPTH#ALLIED SCIENCES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF EXERCISE - Dynamic exercise, static exercise
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
METABOLISM IN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
SEVERITY OF EXERCISE- Mild exercise, moderate exercise, severe exercise
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE- On blood, on blood volume, on heart rate, on cardiac output, on venous return, on blood flow to skeletal muscles, on blood pressure
Lung volume and capacities
The apparatus used to measure
Volume of air exchanged during breathing
Respiratory rate
The record is called a spirogram
Upward deflection inhalation
Downward deflection exhalation
Ergography by Pandian M. Tutor in Dept, of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, This PPT for...
Introduction
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Factors that affect performance
Factors that affect FATIGUE
In Mosso’s ergography, fatigue is affected by
Factors that causes muscle fatigue
Calculation
Precautions
Observation
Discussion
Types of muscle contraction ushnish
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
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1) Muscle contraction requires energy supplied by ATP, which is generated through several metabolic pathways in the muscle cell, including phosphocreatine, glycogen breakdown, and oxidative metabolism.
2) As muscle contracts, it produces heat from various sources like activation, shortening, maintenance, relaxation, and recovery.
3) The different metabolic pathways sustain muscle contraction for varying durations, with phosphocreatine and glycolysis sustaining maximal contraction for only a few seconds to a minute, while oxidative metabolism provides energy for sustained, long-term contraction.
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The human body maintains a constant internal temperature of around 37°C through thermoregulation. The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat, monitoring internal temperature and triggering physiological responses like sweating or shivering to increase or decrease heat loss from the skin. When body heat production exceeds heat loss to the environment through conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation, core temperature rises, while imbalance in the other direction causes core temperature to fall. Strenuous exercise can challenge this system by greatly increasing heat production, requiring enhanced cooling to prevent overheating.
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The document discusses the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that lies in the neck and axilla, formed by the ventral rami of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves C5-T1. It gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb. The document describes the various parts of the brachial plexus including the roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. It discusses the locations of these parts and lists the main nerves that arise from the cords. The document also summarizes some clinical lesions of the brachial plexus including Erb's palsy and Klumpke's palsy.
Superficial and deep reflexes!
Reflex activity is the response to a peripheral stimulation that occurs without our consciousness.
Is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
It is a type of protective mechanism.
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The document summarizes the mechanisms of human ventilation and breathing. It describes how inspiration and expiration occurs through contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which increase and decrease the thoracic cavity volume. This causes changes in lung pressure that draw air in and push it out. Other topics covered include lung capacities such as tidal volume and vital capacity, and how spirometry can measure these.
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2. Six key determinants that minimize the displacement of the center of gravity during gait are described: pelvic rotation, pelvic tilt, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, step width, and arm swinging.
3. Methods for analyzing gait such as observational, photographic, force plate, electromyography, and energetics studies are outlined. Common pathological gaits and their causes are also listed.
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This document describes experiments performed on frog skeletal muscle to study muscle physiology. It involves dissecting the gastrocnemius muscle and sciatic nerve of a frog. Simple muscle twitches are recorded in response to nerve stimulation. The effects of various factors like temperature, stimulus strength and frequency on the muscle contraction are investigated. Muscle fatigue is also studied. Determination of conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve is described. The document provides details of the procedures, appliances used, and observations made in these amphibian experiments.
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This document describes a procedure to record normal and modified respiratory movements using a stethograph, Marey's or Brodie's tambour, and kymograph. The stethograph is placed on the chest to detect respiratory sounds which are amplified by the tambour and recorded on the kymograph. The procedure allows observation of normal respiration as well as the effects of deglutition, modified respiration, breath holding, breaking point, voluntary hyperventilation, and muscular exercise on respiration. Clinical significance includes studying eupnea, apnea, tachypnea, exercise physiology, hyperventilation, deglutition, and periodic breathing patterns.
Reflexes
This document discusses the examination of reflexes. It begins by defining a reflex and describing the components of a reflex arc. It then describes different types of reflexes, including superficial (cranial and spinal) reflexes and deep tendon reflexes (also cranial and spinal). For each type of reflex, it provides details on the neurological pathway and instructions for eliciting the reflex during an examination. The purpose of examining reflexes and potential abnormalities are also outlined. The document primarily serves to inform physicians on how to properly examine the various reflexes and interpret the results.
Vo2max what does it really mean
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This PPT en lights about the muscle function & factors affecting it. In short everything about biomechanics of muscle.
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1. The epiphysis are the cartilaginous ends of growing bones that consist of spongy bone with a thin outer wall of compact bone.
2. There are different types of epiphysis including pressure, traction, and aberrant epiphysis that develop in response to stresses on the bone.
3. Epiphysis develop through enchondral ossification from secondary ossification centers and injuries involving the epiphyseal growth plate are classified using the Salter-Harris classification system.
Cardio-Pulmonary Changes during Exercise
Here are the key ways pulmonary ventilation increases during different levels of exercise:
Cvs changes during exercise BY PANDIAN M # MBBS#BDS#BPTH#ALLIED SCIENCES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF EXERCISE - Dynamic exercise, static exercise
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
METABOLISM IN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
SEVERITY OF EXERCISE- Mild exercise, moderate exercise, severe exercise
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE- On blood, on blood volume, on heart rate, on cardiac output, on venous return, on blood flow to skeletal muscles, on blood pressure
Lung volume and capacities
The apparatus used to measure
Volume of air exchanged during breathing
Respiratory rate
The record is called a spirogram
Upward deflection inhalation
Downward deflection exhalation
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Cvs changes during exercise BY PANDIAN M # MBBS#BDS#BPTH#ALLIED SCIENCES
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Similar to Mosso’s ergography by Pandian M
Ergography by Pandian M. Tutor in Dept, of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, This PPT for...
Introduction
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Factors that affect performance
Factors that affect FATIGUE
In Mosso’s ergography, fatigue is affected by
Factors that causes muscle fatigue
Calculation
Precautions
Observation
Discussion
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The document discusses key concepts related to patients and illness. It defines a patient as someone suffering from an illness and receiving medical treatment. It describes acute illnesses as short-term and severe, while chronic illnesses persist for over 6 months and may cause disability. The stages of illness behavior are discussed, from initially experiencing symptoms, to assuming the sick role and seeking medical care, becoming dependent on treatment, and recovering. Emotional responses like fear and anxiety are also reviewed.
WBC formation and regulation.pptx
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Introduction to CVS ZMCh.pptx
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Properties of CM, Plateau Potential & Pacemaker.pptx
Cardiac muscle has unique properties that allow the heart to function as a syncytium.
1) Cardiac cells are branched and joined by intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions, allowing action potentials to spread between cells.
2) The heart has specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node that generate action potentials spontaneously due to unstable membrane potentials and funny channels.
3) Cardiac action potentials have a plateau phase due to calcium influx through L-type calcium channels, allowing the heart to contract forcefully for over 200ms.
Urine formation 2 zydus.pptx
The document discusses renal tubular reabsorption and secretion. It covers:
1. The proximal tubule reabsorbs about 65% of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, and essentially all filtered glucose and amino acids. It also secretes organic acids, bases, and hydrogen ions.
2. In the loop of Henle, the descending limb reabsorbs water by passive diffusion. The thick ascending limb actively reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and potassium.
3. The distal tubules and collecting ducts reabsorb approximately 7% of filtered NaCl and 8-17% of water. They secrete potassium and hydrogen ions. The medullary collecting duct is perme
Urine formation -1 zydus.pptx
The document summarizes the three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. It describes glomerular filtration in detail, including the characteristics of the filtration membrane that allow it to be highly selective. The normal glomerular filtration rate is 125 mL/minute, with the kidneys producing a total of about 180 L of filtrate per day. Glomerular filtration rate is regulated by several factors that influence the net filtration pressure across the glomerular membrane.
Bladder, Micturition and Applied 2023.pptx
1. The document discusses the physiology of micturition and bladder dysfunctions.
2. It describes the anatomy and innervation of the urinary bladder, as well as the mechanism of micturition and how micturition is controlled.
3. Various bladder dysfunctions that can occur due to lesions at different levels of the neuraxis are also discussed.
THE COUNTERCURRENT.pptx
The countercurrent mechanism involves the loops of Henle and vasa recta working together to create and maintain an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. The loops of Henle function as countercurrent multipliers, actively transporting ions from the thick ascending limb to increase the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid. The vasa recta parallel the loops of Henle and function as countercurrent exchangers, rapidly exchanging fluids between ascending and descending limbs to minimize washing out solutes and preserve the osmotic gradient as blood flows through the medulla. This countercurrent system allows urine to be concentrated as water is reabsorbed along the nephron according to the osmotic gradient in the
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY , DIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANT.ppt
This document discusses dialysis, artificial kidneys, and renal transplantation. It begins by outlining the objectives and providing definitions of dialysis and indications for when it is needed, both acutely and chronically. It then describes the two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which uses an artificial kidney machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum. The principles, procedures, requirements, compositions and potential complications of each type of dialysis are explained in detail. Finally, the document covers renal transplantation as the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease, outlining the benefits, risks, types of donors, compatibility testing, immunosuppressant drugs used, and the transplantation procedure and potential
Applied aspects of Kidney and RFT by Dr. MP.pptx
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Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ).pptx
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Degeneration & regeneration of nerve fiber.ppt by Dr. PANDIAN M.
This document discusses the degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers following injury. It describes the various types of nerve injuries classified based on severity from first to fifth degree. When an axon is injured, degenerative changes occur in the distal segment, proximal segment, and nerve cell body. The distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration where the axon breaks down. Regeneration is possible if the nerve cell body and nucleus remain intact and the cut ends are within 3mm and aligned. Peripheral nerves can regenerate guided by Schwann cells, while regeneration is more limited in the central nervous system.
Haemoglobin.pptx
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of globin and heme, with the heme portion containing iron that binds to oxygen. Hemoglobin allows for the efficient transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
composition of blood - BPTH 2022.pptx
COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA
SERUM
FUNCTIONS
NUTRITIVE FUNCTION
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
EXCRETORY FUNCTION
TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
STORAGE FUNCTION
DEFENSIVE FUNCTION
composition of blood.pptx
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and cellular elements. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, nutrients, gases, and electrolytes. Cellular elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help with blood clotting. Blood has many functions including nutrient transport, waste removal, temperature regulation, hormone transport, and immune defense. Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, increased cell destruction, or decreased cell production.
Determination of WBC count by Dr. Pandian M..pptx
The document describes the calculation method for determining white blood cell (WBC) count per cubic millimeter of blood. It involves dividing a central square under the microscope into 25 smaller squares and counting the WBCs in 5 of those squares. This number is then used to calculate the number of WBCs in 1/50 cubic millimeter, and through multiplication, the number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of undiluted blood is determined based on the dilution used during sample preparation.
PLATELET COUNT by Dr. Pandian M .pptx
Dr. Pandian M describes the procedure for performing a platelet count. Platelets serve important hemostatic functions and their normal range is 1.5-4 lakhs/cumm. The procedure involves mixing blood with a diluting fluid in a Neubauer chamber, then counting platelets in grid squares under a microscope. For the sample, 40 platelets were counted in 1/50 mm3, indicating a platelet count of 2 lakhs/mm3 of blood, within the normal range. Abnormally high or low platelet counts can occur due to various bone marrow and other disorders.
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Mosso’s ergography by Pandian M
- 1. Pandian M Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP
- 2. Ergography is the recording of an ergogram. 1st described by Mosso, and therefore is called Mosso’s Ergography. Ergogram is the recording of the voluntary contractions of skeletal muscles of a human being on a moving kymograph or manual or Auto movement of the paper. Ergography is done to asses the work by flexor of the fingers of the hand. This is also performed to study the phenomenon of fatigue in human skeletal muscle.
- 3. The subject contract the flexors of the fingers against resistance, using Mosso’s Ergogram, till the figure is FATIGUED. The work done is calculated to study the effect of various factors on the performance.
- 4. Mosso’s ergography Metronome Electrical kymograph ( if needed) Sphygmomanometer A set of weights
- 9. Age Sex Height Physical build Training Race Motivation
- 10. THE DEGREE OF WORK. THE DURATION OF WORK.
- 11. The weight to be lifted ◦ ↑ses the weight lifting, fatigue occurs early The frequency of contractions ◦ Fatigue occurs early when the frequency of contraction ↑ses. Motivation ◦ Encouragement delays fatigue. Blood supply to the exercising muscle ◦ Venous and arterial occlusion accelerate fatigue.
- 12. These are : ◦ Depletion of nutrients ( O2, Creatine P, ATP) ◦ Depletion of NEUROTRANSMITTERS ◦ Accumulation of metabolites.
- 13. W= F x S ◦ W is the Work done ( in kg m) ◦ F is the load (kg) ◦ S is the total distance ( in meters) through which the load is lifted.
- 14. Venous occlusion Arterial occlusion Precautions Observation Discussion
- 15. G.K.Pal MUHS Journal C.L. Ghai A.K.Jain
- 16. THANK YOU . . .