Analysis of the English Word and Sentence Structure

1. Analysis of the
English Word and
Sentence Structure
1

2. Objectives
1. Recognize different types of
morphemes and their functions
2. State the form, meaning and rule of
combination for the morphemes
3. Analyze the internal structure of the
English words in order to know their
formations and meanings.
4. Specify each unit within words
correctly.
2

3. Morphology
3

4. Morphology
• Morph (form) + ology (science of)
• -- > Morphology (the science of word
forms)
• The study of the internal structure of words,
and
• The rules by which words are formed
4

5. Morphemes
• Look at the following words
• Likely unlikely
• developed undeveloped
• un- is a prefix means No.
• -ly in ‘likely’ is a adverbial suffix.
• -ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix
morpheme.
5

6. What is morpheme?
6

7. What is morpheme?
• Dictionary:
Morpheme (môr'fēm') n.
• A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word,
such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in
walked, that cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful parts.
• morphemic mor·phem'ic adj.
• morphemically mor·phem'i·cal·ly adv.
http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme
7

8. • Definitions:
A morpheme is the minimal unit of
meaning.
• Example: un+system+atic+al+ly
• Note: morphemes ≠ words
What is morpheme?
8

9. Examples of Morphemes
• One morpheme boy (one syllable)
desire, lady, water (two syllables)
crocodile (three syllables)
salamander (four syllables), or more
syllables
• Two morpheme boy + ish
desire + able
• Three morpheme boy + ish + ness
desire + able + ity
• Four morpheme gentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ity
• More than four un + gentle + man + li + ness
anti + dis + establish + ment + ari +
an + ism
9

10. In all languages, discrete linguistic
units combine --rule-governed-- ways
to form larger units
• Sound units combine to form
morphemes,
• morphemes combine to form from
words
• word combine to form phrases
• phrases combine to form sentences
10

11. What is the relationship
between morphemes
and words?
11

12. • Humans can understand words that
have never been heard before
• Human can also create new words
• For example, a writable CD
a rewritable CD
an unrewritable CD
Relationship Between
Morphemes And Words?
12

13. Types of morphemes
1. Bound morphemes
2. Free morphemes
3. Root morphemes
4. Stem morphemes
5. Derivational morphemes
6. Inflectional morphemes
7. Affixes: prefixes and suffixes
8. Grammatical morphemes
13

14. Classification Of
Some (English) Morphemes
(English) Morphemes
Bound Free
Affix Root Open Class Closed Class
Derivational Inflectional
Prefix Suffix Suffix gruntle Nouns (girl) Determiners
(the,a(n))
pre- -ly -ing -en mit Verbs (kick) Conjunctions (and)
un- -ist -er -est fer Adjectives (happy) Prepositions (of ,in )
con-
-ment -ed Adverbs (quickly)Pronouns (I, he, you )
Auxiliary Verbs (is)14

15. 15

16. Bound morphemes
• Bound morphemes (affixes) must be
attached to the word.
• They are
1. prefixes,
2. infixes,
3. Suffixes
4. and circumfixes
• Such as {clude} as in include, exclude,
preclude) or they may be grammatical
(such as {PLU} = plural as in boys,
girls, and cats).
16

17. Free morphemes
• Free morphemes are those that can
stand alone as words.
• Example: girl, system, desire,
hope, act, phone, happy
17

18. Root morphemes
• A root is a morphemes that cannot be
analyzed into smaller parts.
• Example: cran (as in cranberry), act,
beauty, system, etc..
• Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone, etc.
• Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,
uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
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19. • A stem is formed when a root
morphemes is combined with an
affix.
• Other affixes can be added to a
stem to form a more complex
stem.
Stem morphemes
19

20. Example of word formation
• Root believe (verb)
• Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)
• Word un + believe + able
(prefix +verb + suffix)
20

21. Example of word formation
1. Root system
2. Stem system + atic
3. Stem un + system + atic
4. Stem un + system + atic + al
5. Word un + system + atic + al + ly
21

22. Derivational morphemes
• Root + Derivational Morpheme --> a new
word with a new meaning. (usually
change grammatical class)
• N + Derivational Morpheme --> Adj.
Example. Boy + ish,
• Verb + Derivational Morpheme --> Noun
Ex. Acquitt + al, clear + ance
• Adj. + Derivational Morpheme -->
Adverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + ly
22

23. Inflectional morphemes
• Inflectional morphemes have
grammatical meaning or function in the
sentence.
• They never change part of speech.
For example,
• Bound Morpheme : Ex. ‘to’ in connection
with a verb (‘ an infinitive with to’)
• Bound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -ed
• He sails the ocean blue.
• He sailed the ocean blue.
23

24. 8 English Inflectional
Morphemes
1. -s third-person
singular present
2. -ed past tense
3. -ing progressive
4. -en past participle
5. -s plural
6. -’s possessive
7. -er comparative
8. -est superlative
1. She waits at home.
2. She waited at home.
3. She is eating the donuts.
4. Maryam has eaten the donuts.
5. She ate the donuts.
6. Lubna’s hair is short.
7. Lubna has short hair than Kiran.
8. Lubna has the shortest hair.
24

25. The major differences between
derivational and inflectional
morphology
Derivational Inflectional
position closer to stem further from stem
addable on to? yes not in English
changes stem? yes no
productive? (often) no (usually) yes
meaning?
(often)
unpredictable
predictable
25

26. 26

27. Affixes: prefixes and suffixes
• Affix: a morpheme that comes at the
beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix)
of a base morpheme.
• Note: An affix usually is a morpheme
that cannot stand alone.
• Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few
exceptions are able, like, and less.
27

28. Affixes: prefixes and suffixes
• Prefix: an affix that comes before a
base morpheme. The ‘in’ in the word
inspect is a prefix.
• Suffix: an affix that comes after a
base morpheme. The s in cats is a
suffix.
28

29. Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix and
circumfix) are all bound morphemes.
Prefixes Suffixes Infixes Circumfixes
Bound
morphemes
which occur
only before
other
morphemes.
Examples:
un- (uncover,
undo)
dis-
(displeased,
disconnect),
pre-
(predetermine
, prejudge)
Bound
morphemes
which occur
following
other
morphemes.
Examples:
-er (singer,
performer)
-ist (typist,
pianist)
-ly (manly,
friendly)
Bound
morphemes
which are
inserted into
other
morphemes.
Example:
Fikas "strong"
fumikas "to be
strong"
(Bontoc
Language)
Bound
morphemes
that are
attached to a
root or stem
morpheme
both initially
and finally.
Example:
chokma "he is
good"
ik + chokm +
o "he isn’t?
good"
(Chickasaw
Language)
29

30. Grammatical morphemes
• What is the difference in meaning
between apple and apples?
• What is the difference in form?
• What does this tell you about these
two words?
30

31. Grammatical morphemes
• Words can have an internal structure much
like the syntax of phrases.
• Morphemes such as the, -s, and re- near the
grammatical end of the continuum are called
grammatical morphemes.
• Note that grammatical morphemes include
forms that we can consider to be words like
the, a, and, and of and others that make up
parts of words like –s and -ed.
• Examples.
pencils walked
31

32. What are the differences
between each type
of morphemes?
32

33. What is the function
of each type of
morphemes?
33

34. What is the relationship
among each type of
morphemes?
34

35. What is the difference
between content/lexical
words and
function/grammatical
words?
35

36. Content Words
• Content words denote concepts such
as subjects, actions, and ideas (noun,
verb, adjective, adverb)
• Content words are open class words
(new words can be added)
• Example of new words :
Steganography (the art of hiding
information in electronic text)
36

37. Function Words
• Function words express Grammatical
Functions (e.g., preposition, article,
conjunctions, pronouns)
• Function words connect the content
words to the larger grammatical context.
• Functions words are also called
‘closed class’ words (no new words
assed to this class.)
37

38. Exercise
“I know you can do it”
38

39. "First say to yourself what
you would be, and then do
what
you have to do."
39

40. How are English words
formed?
40

41. Different types of words
from different formations
1. Derived words
2. Lexical gaps
3. Compounds: also how to differentiate
compounds from noun phrases
4. Acronyms
5. Back formations
6. Abbreviations/Truncation/Clipping
7. Eponyms
8. Blends
41

42. Derived words
= new words with new meanings formed
from
root + derivational morpheme
e.g. ir+regular = irrigular
42

43. Lexical Gaps
• Well-formed but nonexisting word
• Reason : a permissible sequence has no
meaning attached to it <like “blick” or
“slarm” or “krobe”>
• Possible comniations of morpheme never
come into use (Ex. “disobvious”
,“linguisticism”)
• Word like *bnick is not a lexical gaps in
English because English does not allow
the sequence of ‘bn’
43

44. Compounds
• Word + word = compound word (meaning
may or may not change)
• When the two word are in the same
grammatical category, compound will be
in this category.
• Ex. Home(n.) + Work(n.)= homework (noun)
Pick (v.) + pocket (n.) = pickpocket
(noun)
44

45. • Compounds can be more than two
words:
• Two-word compounds are the most
common in English.
• Three – word compounds: three-time
loser
• Four– word compounds: four-
dimensional space-time
45

46. Compounds have internal structure
N.
N. N.
Adj. N. rack
top hat
N.
Adj. N.
top N. N.
hat rack
46

47. • Rack
• top hat
• Hat rack
• top
47

48. Meaning of compounds
• Same meaning as the parts : a
boathouse = (a house for boats)
• New meaning but relate to the
meaning of the individual parts :
• a blackboard (can be in other colors,
not just black)
• a Redcoat (slang for British soldier
during American Revolutionary War)
48

49. For example
black bird
(turdus merula)
blackbird
49

50. For example
hot dog hotdog
50

51. For example
red wood
(Giant Sequoia)
redwood
51

52. Acronyms
• Acronyms are word derived from he
initials of several word
• NASA <National Aeronautics and
Space Agency>
• UNESCO <United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization>
52

53. Back formations
• A new word may entry the language
because of an incorrect morphological
analysis.
• Example, peddle was derived from
peddler on the mistaken assumption
that the – er was suffix.
• stoke --> stoker
• edit --> editor
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54. Abbreviations
• Abbreviations of longer words or
phrases can become lexicalized
• Fax <facsimile>
• Telly (The British word for ‘television’)
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55. • Eponyms are word form proper names.
• Example: sandwich, robot, jumbo
Eponyms
55

56. Blends
• Similar to compounds but parts of
the words that are combined are
deleted.
• Example: smog <from ‘smok + fog’>,
motel <from ‘motor + hotel’>
56

57. The hierarchical structure of words
represented by the tree diagram
• A word is not a simple sequence of
morphemes.
• It has an internal structure as
shown in the following tree
diagram:
57

58. Tree diagrams
N.
Adj. ness
un Adj.
happy
Morphological Rules
1. un + happy --> Adj.
2. adj. + ness --> N.
58

59. Other terms according to
word formation:
• Rule productivity
• Universality of compounding
• Suppletive Exception
• Expletive
• Allomorphs
• Default/elsewhere
• Homophonous morphemes
• Reduplication 59

60. Rule productivity
• Morphological Rules are Productive
because:
• They can be used freely to form new
words from the list of free and bound
morpheme.
• Some morphemes are more productive
than others.
• Productive morphemes: Ex. -able or -
er
• Not Productive morphemes: Ex. –let
(piglet)
60

61. Universality of compounding
• Universality compounding is a common
and frequent process for enlarging
the vocabulary of all language.
• Ex. In Thai, the word ‘cat’ is mєєw,
‘watch’ is fân, and ‘house’ is bâan. The
word for ‘watch cat’ is the compound
mєєwfânbâan – literally,
‘catwatchhouse’
61

62. Suppletive Exception
• Suppletive are treated separately in
the grammar, that cannot use the
regular rules of inflectional
morphology to add affixes to word
the exception.
• Ex. child --> children
woman --> women
62

63. Allomorph
Different form of morphemes that have the
same meaning
e.g. ir_, il_, im_, in_ = not
_en, _ø = to make to become …
to brighten our mind
to brownø the garlic
63

64. Zero morpheme/
default/elsewhere
A zero morpheme is a morpheme,
consisting of no form, that is
proposed in some analyses as an
allomorph of a morpheme that is
ordinarily realized by a morph
having some phonetic form.
brown (adj) + Ø > brown (verb)
= "to make to become brown (er) "
dark (adj) + _en > darken (verb)
= “to make to become dark (er) ”
64

65. 65

66. Homophonous morphemes
• Homophones: morphemes that
sound alike but have different
meanings and spellings.
• Examples: bear, bare; plain, plane;
cite, sight, site.
66

67. Reduplication
• Reduplication is
the morphological
process by which
all or part of a
word is copied or
duplicated
• Some examples
from Lakhota:
base Reduplicated
form
gloss
gí gigí ‘to be rusty
brown’
ská skaská ‘to be
white’
shá shashá ‘to be red’
thó thothó ‘to be blue
or green’
zí zizí ‘to be
yellow’67

68. Last Exercise
Good luck
68

69. A great person is an
ordinary who decides to do
the great thing.
69

70. References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme
http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng
/morpheme.htm
http://www.ling.udel.edu/arena/morphology.html
http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1175304
http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng
/morpheme.htm
http://introling.ynada.com/session-6-types-of-
morphemes
70

71. References
http://campus.sou.edu/~nash/morphology.html
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1998/
ling001/morphology2.html
http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Inflection/morph
emes.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-formation
http://bogglesworldesl.com/glossary/grammatical
morphemes.htm
71

72. References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expletive_infixation
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/rbeard/homepa
ge.html
72