Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech and helps convey meaning. It has grammatical, accentual, discourse, attitudinal, and sociolinguistic functions. Intonation patterns include falling intonation, used for statements and questions, and rising intonation, used for open questions. Teaching intonation is important for clear communication and avoiding misunderstandings. Students should practice intonation through listening, repeating, and imitating native speakers.

1. INTONATION Gemma N. Costa GRTE 203- Teaching of Speech

2. What is it? ► Intonation is the variation of pitch when speaking. ► One of the elements of linguistic prosody . ► Perhaps the most important element of a good accent.

3. ► Intonation helps create the music of a language. (like notes in music) ► It is a part of communication. * the rise and fall of pitch in our voice plays a crucial role in how we express meaning. ► Intonation is the change of level of voice

4. 4 Levels of Voice in English Extra high High Gilbert(1994) stated that the purpose of intonation is “helping the listener to follow”. It is a navigation guide for the listener. Medium Low

5. Why do we need it? Main Functions of Intonation Grammatical function * Intonation is used to signal the syntactic or grammatical structure. Ex. She dressed and fed the baby . ( the baby was dressed and fed ) She dressed / and fed the baby . ( She dressed herself and then fed the baby)

6. Qamar& Rubab (2007) “ A learner who learns a new language has not only to grasp the grammar of that language but also the intonation pattern to prove himself a good communicator.”

7. 2 . Accentual information Distributes accents among stressed syllables to emphasize what need to be perceived as significant word. Ex. Paul is very tall. Paul is very tall. (Paul and not another one) 3 . Discourse Function * The study of the intonation related to the context.

8. It means to convey what is new and what is old or known. The main accent is in the last lexical word. Ex. My name is Bond. My name is Bond. James Bond. (new is accented ) 4 . Attitudinal Function * Intonation is used to convey attitude, emotions or feelings. This adds a special kind of meaning to spoken language.

9. Say “HELLO” ● to a friend you meet regularly ● to a friend you haven’t seen for 10 years ● to a neighbor whom you don’t like ● to a 6 month old baby ● to someone doing what he shouldn’t ● to know if someone is listening (phone)

10. I did not say you stole my red hat. I did not say you stole my red hat. ( the meaning contains the idea that someone else said it, not me ) I did not say you stole my red hat. (Strong anger and denial of the fact.)

11. I did not say you stole my red hat. (But I implied it that you did. Did you?) I did not say you stole my red hat. (I wasn't accusing you. I know it was someone else)

12. I did not say you stole my red hat . (I meant that you stole someone else's red hat) I did not say you stole my red hat. (I said that you stole my blue hat.) I did not say that you stole my red hat . (I said that you stole my red bat. You misunderstood my pronunciation)

13. Fry, et al, (2000), the changes in meaning are due to what is called supersegmental phonemes. Phonemes are speech sounds and the supersegmental stress/inflection kind affect the meaning .

14. Segmentals are isolated sounds ( consonants, vowels, dipthongs) Suprasegmentals features of speech like stress, intonation and rhythm

15. 5 . Sociolinguistic function Intonation gives the clue a. where somebody comes from b. his social level c. sex, age, personality d. Individual features (idiosyncrasy)

16. Importance of Intonation in Social Interaction TURN-TAKING : Giving the floor to another person or taking your turn in a conversation INFORMATION STRUCTURE : Major stress items pick out the most important words in the sentence .

17. Word Stress vs. Intonation Are they different? STRESS - stress within a word - a syllable is said Louder, Longer at a higher pitch INTONATION It goes beyond the word level. - it’s a change in pitch within a group of words. A long line of melody

18. Kinds of Tones Fall – gives the impression of finality Rise- conveys an impression that something more is to follow. Fall-Rise – shows limited agreement, uncertainty and doubt. Rise-Fall – convey rather strong feelings of approval, disapproval or surprise Level- tone is neutral and uninterested (usually calls “flat”)

19. Intonation Pattern Two Basic Patterns 1. Falling Intonation 2. Rising Intonation

20. What is falling intonation? ► A pattern in which your voice falls to a low pitch by the end of a thought group or statement.

21. What does it communicate? Certainty You are telling a fact and/or you believe you are right. Finality Completion : Y o u a r e d o n e s p e a k i n g. Your listener can now respond.

22. Falling intonation ■ Declarative sentences ■ W H – questions ■ Commands

23. Example: Erik builds flutes . // He began building flutes after c o ll e ge . // He has one flute of his very own . //

24. What is rising intonation? conveys an impression that something more is to follow ■ YES/ NO questions ■ Open- choice alternative questions

25. Rising Intonation Example: Is that Estelle with them? (Rising Intonation) He just won first place!

26. Why teach intonation? Awareness of intonation aids communication. (Difference it makes to meaning) Incorrect intonation can result in misunderstandings, speakers losing interest or even taking offence! As important as word choice

27. What are the main means of improving intonation while teaching pronunciation? the best way to achieve quick result is constant practicing start listening to speech of native speakers as frequently as possible. the most important is not only to listen to pronunciation, but to repeat phrases and try to imitate the speakers.

28. THAT’S ALL and Thank you for listening!! Gemma Naval – Costa MATE 1