This document discusses morality from different perspectives - religious, psychological, and definitions. It defines morality as principles concerning right and wrong behavior or a society's values and conduct. Religions like Islam promote morality through teachings in the Quran about good deeds and avoiding harm. Psychologically, Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines stages of reasoning from following rules to principles of justice. Freud's model of the id, ego, and super-ego relates to morality, with the super-ego making one more moral by submitting to divine will.

2. “ Introduction ”
 Name :- Safiullah
 Subject :- Positive Psychology
 Department :- Psychological Studies
 University :- University of swat .

3. Morality
MORALITY FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

4. Topics we are going to discuss
• Definition and
Explanation
Step 1
• Religious
Point OfView
Step 2 • Psychological
Point OfView
Step 3

5.  Definition :- Morality is defined as the Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or
good and bad behavior .
OR
A Particular system of values and principles of conduct which is accepted by the society .
Reference: Google.com
https:// https://www.google.com.pk/?gws_rd=cr&ei=3W-xVumzJcaWuASfkJGADA#q=morality+definition
"The Definition of Morality". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
Morality and Our Behavior :-
Morality describes the principles that govern our behavior. Without these principles in place, societies cannot
survive for long. In today's world, morality is frequently thought of as belonging to a particular religious point of
view, but by definition, we see that this is not the case. Everyone adheres to a moral doctrine of some kind.
Morality as it relates to our behavior is important on three levels. Renowned thinker, scholar and author C.S.
Lewis defines them as :-
(1) to ensure fair play and harmony between individuals;
(2) to help make us good people in order to have a good society; and
(3) to keep us in a good relationship with the power that created us. Based on this definition, it's clear that our
beliefs are critical to our moral behavior.

6. WHERE DOES MORALITY COMES FROM?
• PARENTS
• RELIGION
• PEERS
• CULTURE

7. Morality from religious point of view :-
A recent report in PsychologyToday concluded: "The most significant
predictor of a person's moral behavior may be religious commitment.
People who consider themselves very religious were least likely to report
deceiving their friends, having extramarital affairs, cheating on their
expenses accounts, or even parking illegally." Based on this finding,
what we believe about Creation has a decided effect on our moral
thinking and our behavior.Without belief in a Creator, the only option
that seems to be left is to adhere to moral standards we make up for
ourselves.
https:// www.psychologytoday.com/basics/ethics-and-morality

8. Islam And Morality
Infact every religion on the face of the earth promotes the morality as moral value and ethics as a science ..
The positive psychology aims to promote and enforce such trait of humanity for the well being of human
nature .
 The holy Quran says :-
Say : ’’ Not equal are things that are bad and things that are good , even though the abundance
of the bad may dazzle thee; so fear Allah , o ye that understand ; that ( so ) ye may prosper . ’’
Surah Al-Maeda .Verse # 100
 The holy Quran says :-
Fighting is prescribed for you , and ye dislike it . But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is
good for you , and that ye love a thing which is bad for you . But Allah knoweth, and you know
not .
Surah Al-Baqara .Verse # 216
Reference:
http://www.whyislam.org/social-values-in-islam/morality-ethics-in-islam/

9. The Noble Quran mentions several good
acts of morality e.g.
• Dealing with one’s parents in the best manner
• Being nice to one’s relatives and neighbors
• Taking care of orphans and the poor
• Being honest
• Being sincere in all of one’s intentions
• Fulfilling one’s promises
• Treating all people fairly
References: http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Morality_in_Islam.htm

10. Bad acts that opposes morality
• Hurting others by hand or verbally
• Telling lies
• Taking bribes
• Irresponsibility
• Stealing
• Injustice

11. Morality from Psychological point of view :-
 Kohlberg theory of moral devolpment :-
Kohlberg used technique to tell people stories involving moral dilemmas. In each case he presented a choice to
be considered, for example between the rights of some authority and the needs of some deserving individual who
is being unfairly treated.
One of the best known of Kohlberg’s (1958) stories concerns a man called Heinz who lived somewhere in Europe.
Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The drug had
been discovered by a local chemist and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging
ten times the money it cost to make the drug and this was much more than the Heinz could afford.
Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that
his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist
refused saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. The husband was
desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemist’s and stole the drug.

12.  Kohlberg asked a series of questions such as :-
By studying the answers from children of different ages to these questions Kohlberg hoped to discover
the ways in which moral reasoning changed as people grew older.The sample comprised 72 Chicago
boys aged 10–16 years, 58 of whom were followed up at three-yearly intervals for 20 years (Kohlberg,
1984).
Kohlberg told several dilemma stories and asked many such questions to discover how people
reasoned about moral issues. He identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning each with two sub
stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage replaces the
reasoning typical of the earlier stage. Not everyone achieves all the stages.
1. Should Heinz have stolen the drug?
2.Would it change anything if Heinz did not love his wife?
3.What if the person dying was a stranger, would it make any difference?
4. Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if the woman died?

13.  Kohlberg stages of moral devolpment :-
Level 1 - Pre-conventional morality
At the pre-conventional level (most nine-year-olds
and younger, some over nine), we don’t have a
personal code of morality. Instead, our moral code is
shaped by the standards of adults and the
consequences of following or breaking their rules
Level 2 - Conventional morality
At the conventional level (most adolescents and
adults), we begin to internalize the moral standards
of valued adult role models.
Level 3 - Post-conventional morality
Individual judgment is based on self-chosen
principles, and moral reasoning is based on
individual rights and justice (10–15% of adults, not
before mid-30s).

14. Sigmund freud’s psychology of morality
As we know that Sigmund freud is the most influential personality especially in the field of psychology
because he gave us the components of mind and components of the personality and not just that but much
more so his vision of the id , ego and super ego best relates to the morality of an individual .
The dominancy of id , ego or super ego at the time of our decision making makes us how moral or immoral we
are . Suppose we are fasting in the month of Ramadan and we have food in front of us right in the usual lunch
time but we are not eating even if we are really hungry , it’s the id wanting to eat because of the instinct and
ego putting restrictions upon it and the super ego makes us completely in submission to the divine will , thus
super ego play’s its role in making us more moral , ego makes us more socially acceptable and id puts us in
danger sometimes .
People with dominant Super ego are highly moral and people with a dominant ego are moral while a dominant
id personality leads to immorality …