personality development ppt presentation by chandran kani iihtkannur

1. Moral theories are related with the study of psychology of moral
development. these theories are based on reasoning and motivation by
individuals with regards to moral dilemmas.
THEORIES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT

2. Kohlberg’s theory
 Kohlberg’ theory is an adaptation of
psychological theory.
 It is based on the foundation that morality is a
form of reasoning that develops in structural
stages in life.
 This theory holds that moral reasoning is the
basis for ethical behavior.
 In other , it is known as theory of cognitive
development.

3. The three stages of moral
development .
• Pre-conventional
Level .1
• conventional
Level.2
• Post- conventional
Level.3

4. Pre-conventional stage
 At this level the child is responsive to cultural
rules and labels of good and bad.
 He interprets right or wrong in terms of
either the physical consequences of action.
 In this stage there is sub-rules as
1.Obedience and punishment orientation
• How can I avoid punishment ?
2.Self interest orientation
• What is in it for me ?

5. Conventional stage
 In this level the moral thinking and behavior
of the individual are determined by the
standards of the family, community, and
society.
 This stage also has two sub-rules,
1.Inter personal accord and conformity
• Good boy/ good girl attitude
2.Authority and social order orientation
• Law and order morality.

6. Post- conventional stage
 In this level the individual is not guided by
pressures from the society or by selfish
needs, but is guided by strong principles and
convictions alone.
 They live by general principles and they have
a strong desire to maintain the moral
integrity.
 They set for themselves a moral code of
conduct.

7. Post conventional stage
 Has another two sub-rules as,
1.Social contract orientation
2.Universal ethical principles
• That is principled conscience.

8. Criticism on Kohlberg‘s
theory
 1. kohl berg theory is concerned with moral thinking.
But there is big difference between knowing what
we ought to do versus our actual actions.
 2.kohlberg seems to be biased to women because
his samples was white men in privileged class and he
was emphasizing on moral reasoning. factors such
as compassion , caring, and other interpersonal
feelings was not considered.
 3.kohlberg overemphasized on western philosophy.
Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks
which he does not account for.

9. Carol Gilligan's theory
 She was a research asst: of Kohlberg.
 Her criticism was presented in the book” in a
different voice: psychological theory and
women’s development” in 1982.
 Her theory is divided into three stages of
moral development.

10. Level 1. pre conventional.
 In the first level moral reasoning is based
entirely around what is best for one’s self.
[selfish stage]
 Goal is individual survival.

11. Level 2. conventional
 A girl or woman in the second stage make
decisions based on a sense of goodness as
well as self sacrifice.
 women will not hurt others and will sacrifice
their own interests in order to help others.

12. Level 3.post conventional
 In the third and most sophisticated stage of
feminine moral reasoning women valued
truth as well as self sacrifice.
 In this stage women are able to reason
through consequences and the impact that
one’s action has on others.
 Thus Gilligan stresses the importance of
maintaining personal relationships based on
mutual caring.

13. Consensus and controversy
 Literally consensus means agreement and
controversy means disagreement.
 When an individual exercise moral autonomy
there may arise a difference in the practical
application of moral autonomy by different
individuals .
 This can cause a controversy.
 Moral disagreements are natural and common.
 so in order to allow disagreement, tolerance is
required amongst individuals which have the
elements of reasonable and responsible
thinking.

14. Normative ethics or the
theory of right action.
 Normative ethics is concerned with how we
ought to live and act.
 A normative theory of right action is an attempt
to say what it is for an action to be morally
permissible, obligatory or wrong.
 A normative theory of the good life is an attempt
to say what it is for a human to live well.
 A theory of social justice is a normative theory of
how a society should be structured and how
goods ,liberties, and power be allocated in a
society.

15. Self interest, customs and
religion
 Self interest is valuating oneself in morally appropriate ways.
 Valuing oneself is important to find the right meaning in one’s life
and work.
 Self esteem and self respect are closely related.
 Self esteem is a psychological concept .it refers to the virtue of
valuing oneself properly.
 Just as we have to respect others for their integrity and other
good qualities ,so too we must value ourselves and respect self.
 Just as we respect other’s rights , so to we must be aware of our
own rights.
 Self respect is connected to all other major virtues like integrity,
dignity, self control, courage, and good judgment.

16. Customs and ethical
relativism
 Customs play a vital role in deciding one’s
moral values.
 Relativism is a position that all points of view
are equally valid and the individual determine
what is relative and true for him.
 Relativism theorizes that truth is different for
different people, not simply that different
people believe different things to be true.

17. Ethical relativism
 This slogan explains the theory better,
 what is right for you may not be
right for me.
 no moral principles are true for all
people at all times and at all places.
 what’s right for one’s culture won’t
necessarily be right for another's culture.
 Ethical relativism represents that there are no moral
absolutes , no moral right or wrong. morals evolve
and change with social systems over a period. This
philosophy allows people to transform ethically as
the culture, knowledge and technology change in
society.

18. Religion and divine command
ethics
 Moral values have a deep connection and
influence of religion and its beliefs.
 The main social function of religion is to
motivate right action and right thoughts.
 The main personal function of religion is to
sustain peoples convictions to promote
tolerance and moral concern for others.
 Religion help people to set a higher moral
standard than the normal standard.

19. Uses of ethical theories
 Ethical theories are very important and useful
in many ways to a human being.
 Ethical theories are helpful in understanding
and solving moral dilemmas.
 Ethical theories are useful in justifying
professional obligations and ideals.
 Ethical theories are useful in expressing
everyday moral experience and justifying the
professional morality.

20. Resolving moral dilemmas
 The ethical theories are useful in resolving moral
dilemmas in the following ways:
 1. helps to identify the various courses of action and
to provide a systematic framework for comparing
the alternatives.
 2.Provides framework for development of moral
arguments.
 3.Helps to strengthen ones ability to reach a
balanced and more appropriate judgment for a given
situation.
 4.ethical theories are very useful in justifying the
general obligations of engineers, in safety related
matters, and others in technological developments.

21. Everyday morality
 Morality requires each individual to reflect regularly
on the day to day decisions that confront them and
the manner in which people treat one another.
 Moral behavior is concerned primarily with the
interpersonal dimension of our behavior, how we
treat one another individually and in a group, and
increasingly other species and the environment.
 How many times have we asked ourselves” is that
the way I should treat someone?, is the way that
someone should treat me?”.
 As we have the ability to be critical of our
interpersonal behavior, we also have the ability to
develop codes and norms to guide that behavior.

22. Exercise for everyday
morality
Did I Did I do Did I treat Did Did
practice any harm people anything anything
any virtue to with happened happened
today? anybody respect today in today in
today? today? society for society for
good ? bad ?
In home
In work
In society

23. Relating professional and
ordinary morality.
 To understand the relationship between
everyday moralities to the professional
moralities let us consider the four views
concerning the origin and justification of
safety and other obligations of engineers.

24. First view
 Professionals obtain moral obligations
concerning safety through some laws or
enforces codes that require them to be
obligated.
Safety and
Environmental ISO 9000
health hazards
act STANDARDS
act

25. SECOND VIEW
 Professionals obtain special obligations by
becoming members of a professional society
and thereby following that society’s code of
ethics.
Textile association of India [TAI]
ENGINEERS INDIA
ICWAI,MCI etc:

26. Third view
 Professionals obtain safety obligations
through the contractual agreements by which
they are hired by their employers.

27. Fourth view
 Professionals while entering into their careers
implicitly assure the public to protect and
safeguard them in the course of performing
their roles.

28. Engineering as
experimentation
 It is understood that an engineer is constantly
exposed to risks even though he is not
innovating anything.
 New hazards could be found in products,
processes, and materials that were once
thought to be safe.
 Engineering is regarded as a social
experimentation because it affects or
influences on the cultural and social systems
of human society.

29. experimentation
 During the course of an engineering career, he is
constantly involved in research or the testing of
new products.
 Especially during the design phase one needs to
apply various experimental procedures .
 There may many uncertainties at each stage .
 But engineers cannot afford to delay the project
until all information regarding the project is
received and studied in detail.
 So engineering is work, project, or an activity
and is considered as an experiment.

30. The general responsibilities
of engineers to society:
 Engineers are primarily technical facilitators,
rather than social experimenters.
 the other unique responsibility of an
engineers includes monitoring projects,
identifying risks and providing to customers
and clients the required information to make
practical decisions.
 While exercising engineering duties, the
engineers should show the virtue of being
morally responsible persons.

31. General features of morally
responsible engineers
 There are four characteristics of morally
responsible engineers, from the view of
engineering as social experimentation.
 1.responsibility.
 2.conscientiousness.
 3.moral autonomy.
 4.accountability.

32. responsibility
 An engineers responsibility is shared with
management , public and others.
 The primary responsibility of an engineer is to
protect the safety of human beings.
 Constant awareness of the experimental nature
of any project , imaginative forecasting of its
side effects and a reasonable ability to monitor
it.
 Personal involvement in all projects.
 Accepting accountability for the progress and
the results of the project.

33. conscientiousness
 Conscientiousness implies scientific consciousness.
 To be aware and to recognize a situation , its
consequences and determine all those who are
involved and will be affected.
 Being sensitive to moral values and responsibilities ,
which are relevant in a given situation.
 Act as guardians in public interest.
 Engineers have to guard the welfare and safety of
those affected by engineered projects.
 Show moral concern that involves a commitment to
obtain and properly assess all information related to
meeting one’s obligations.

34. Moral autonomy
 Moral autonomy is the ability to think
independently and critically about moral issues
and apply this moral thinking to situations that
arise during professional practice.
 As an experimenter an engineer has to undergo
constant training to maintain his identity as an
engineer.
 When there is a threat to an engineers moral
autonomy he can look for moral support from
the professional bodies and outside
organizations.

35. accountability
 Accountability means being responsible,
liable, and answerable.
 Involves accepting moral responsibility for
actions and presenting morally convincing
reasons for one’s actions.
 Being willing to submit one’s actions to moral
scrutiny and be responsive to others actions.

36. Code of ethics
 Codes of ethics are propagated by various
professional societies to provide codes of
conduct and guidelines that are specific for a
group of professionals.
 These guidelines help the professionals to
perform their roles in a professional manner.
 It helps them to resolve ethical issues.
 These codes also convey the duties, rights
and responsibilities of the members of the
profession.

37. What are code of ethics?
 Code of ethics provide the basic framework
for judgment for a professional.
 It is an agreed upon standards for
professional conduct.
 It also defines the roles and responsibilities of
professionals.
 Code of ethics creates an environment within
a profession where ethical behavior is the
norm.

38. Principles of ethics
 These are based on five canons:
 1. INTEGRITY
 2. COMPETENCE
 3. INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY
 4. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
 5. HUMAN CONCERNS.

39. Positive role of codes of
ethics
 The codes of ethics as propagated by the
professional bodies play a variety of roles:
 1. Inspiration.
 2. Guidance.
 3. support for responsible conduct.
 4. discouraging and disciplining professional
unethical conduct.
 5. contributing to positive public image.
 6. education and promotion of mutual
understanding.

40. Promotion of ethics
 The specific ways in which engineering societies can
promote ethics are as follows:
 1. engineering societies could promote ethics by
establishing awards for engineers who show
commendable ethical conduct.
 2.engineering societies could educate people about
new technologies.
 3. engineering societies could protect engineers who
discharge their duties honestly and upholding high
ethical principles.
 4.they could investigate charges of wrong doing by
members because of malice or false information.