Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes three distinct levels of moral reasoning - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional - each with two stages. At the preconventional level, reasoning is based on external rewards/punishments (stage 1) or mutual benefit (stage 2). The conventional level focuses on pleasing others (stage 3) or following rules/laws (stage 4). The highest postconventional level considers universal ethical principles of justice and human rights (stage 5) or self-chosen moral principles (stage 6). Kohlberg assessed moral reasoning using hypothetical dilemmas like whether a man should steal a drug to save his dying wife.
This is my first shared presentation ever! It is my way of showing gratitude to the "slideshare community" for all the help they have given me. So, Thanks everybody! Hope you like it! :) ;)
An overview of the process of how morality developed throughout the life and it's gender controversies via discussing different theories of moral development
This is my first shared presentation ever! It is my way of showing gratitude to the "slideshare community" for all the help they have given me. So, Thanks everybody! Hope you like it! :) ;)
An overview of the process of how morality developed throughout the life and it's gender controversies via discussing different theories of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development in principle and developed his ideas further. He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people stories involving moral dilemmas. In each case he presented a choice to be considered.
He identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning each with two sub stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage. Not everyone achieves all the stages.
How moral development occurs :An exploratory study by Jean Piaget on moral reasoning i.e. all about Heteronomous morality ( moral realism) and Autonomous morality (moral relativism) in young children,its educational implications and criticism. Especially for NET/SLET/CTET/B.Ed./M.Ed./M.A and entrance Aspirants..
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development in principle and developed his ideas further. He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people stories involving moral dilemmas. In each case he presented a choice to be considered.
He identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning each with two sub stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage. Not everyone achieves all the stages.
How moral development occurs :An exploratory study by Jean Piaget on moral reasoning i.e. all about Heteronomous morality ( moral realism) and Autonomous morality (moral relativism) in young children,its educational implications and criticism. Especially for NET/SLET/CTET/B.Ed./M.Ed./M.A and entrance Aspirants..
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Valuation
Valuation Methods
Valuation Approach
Valuation Approach
Last updated: June 24, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What Does Valuation Approach Mean?
A valuation approach is the methodology used to determine the fair market value of a business.
The most common valuation approaches are:
The Income Approach - quantifies the net present value of future benefits associated with ownership of the equity interest or asset. The estimated future benefits that accrue to the owner are discounted or capitalized at a rate appropriate for the risks associated with those future benefits. Common methods within the income approach include the capitalization of earnings (or cash flow) methodology and the discounted cash flow methodology.
The Market Approach - determines fair market value by reviewing actual transactions of comparable companies and assets. Both M&A activity and stock market activity are considered in deriving various value measures to apply to the subject entity.
The Asset-based Approach - uses the current value of a company’s tangible net assets as the key determinant of fair market value. This approach is typically used where a business is not a going concern, or where a business is a going concern but its value is tied directly to the liquidation value of its underlying tangible assets and investments. The asset-based approach also provides a useful reasonableness check when reviewing the value conclusions derived under the income or market approaches.
Menu Toggler
Divestopedia Logo
Search Icon
Dictionary
Valuation
Valuation Methods
Valuation Approach
Valuation Approach
Last updated: June 24, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What Does Valuation Approach Mean?
A valuation approach is the methodology used to determine the fair market value of a business.
The most common valuation approaches are:
The Income Approach - quantifies the net present value of future benefits associated with ownership of the equity interest or asset. The estimated future benefits that accrue to the owner are discounted or capitalized at a rate appropriate for the risks associated with those future benefits. Common methods within the income approach include the capitalization of earnings (or cash flow) methodology and the discounted cash flow methodology.
The Market Approach - determines fair market value by reviewing actual transactions of comparable companies and assets. Both M&A activity and stock market activity are considered in deriving various value measures to apply to the subject entity.
The Asset-based Approach - uses the current value of a company’s tangible net assets as the key determinant of fair market value. This approach is typically used where a business is not a going concern, or where a business is a going concern but its value is tied directly to the liquidation value of its underlying tangible assets and investments. The asset-based approach also provides a useful reasonableness check when reviewing the
Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes three levels: (1) a preconvention level, where judgments are based on self-interest. (2) A conventional level, where judgments are based on traditional family values and social expectations and (3) a post conventional level, where judgments are based on more abstract and personal ethical principles.
Interaction theory (IT) is an approach to questions about social cognition, or how one understands other people, that focuses on bodily behaviors and environmental contexts rather than on mental processes.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Lawrence Kohlberg
• Author of a three-stage theory on how moral
reasoning develops
• Moral reasoning is the aspect of cognitive
development that has to do with the way an
individual reasons about moral decisions
3. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development
• Assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical
moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning
behind people’s answers
• Proposed three distinct levels of moral reasoning:
preconventional, conventional, and
postconventional
• Each level is based on the degree to which a
person conforms to conventional standards of
society
• Each level has two stages that represent different
degrees of sophistication in moral reasoning.
4. Kohlberg’s Moral Dilemma
• In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer.
There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a
form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently
discovered. the drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was
charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $400 for
the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick
woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the
money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together
about $2,000, which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that
his wife was dying, and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay
later. But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going
to make money from it." So, having tried every legal means, Heinz
gets desperate and considers breaking into the man's store to steal the
drug for his wife.
• Should Heinz steal the drug? Why or why not?
5. Levels of Moral Reasoning
• Preconventional—moral reasoning is
based on external rewards and
punishments
• Conventional—laws and rules are upheld
simply because they are laws and rules
• Postconventional—reasoning based on
personal moral standards
7. 2. Conventional Moral
Reasoning
• Primary concern is to fit in and play
the role of a good citizen
• People have a strong desire to follow
the rules and laws.
• Typical of most adults
8. 3. Postconventional Moral
Reasoning
• Characterized by references to
universal ethical principles that
represent protecting the rights or of
all people
• Most adults do not reach this level.
10. Stage 1: Punishment & Obedience
• A focus on direct consequences
• Negative actions will result in
punishments
• EXAMPLE: Heinz shouldn’t steal
the drug because he’d go to jail if he
got caught.
11. Stage 2: Mutual Benefit
• Getting what one wants often requires
giving something up in return
• “Right” is a fair exchange.
• Morals guided by what is “fair”
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should steal the
drug because the druggist is being
greedy by charging so much.
13. Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations
• An attempt to live up to the expectations of
important others
• Follow rules or do what others would want so
that you win their approval
• Negative actions will harm those relationships
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should try to steal
the drug because that’s what a devoted
husband would do.
14. Stage 4: Law-and-Order
• To maintain social order, people must
resist personal pressures and follow the
laws of the larger society
• Respect the laws & authority
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should not steal the
drug because that would be against the
law and he has duty to uphold the law.
16. Stage 5: Legal Principles
• Must protect the basic rights of all people by
upholding the legal principles of fairness,
justice, equality & democracy.
• Laws that fail to promote general welfare or
that violate ethical principles can be changed,
reinterpreted, or abandoned
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should steal the drug
because his obligation to save his wife’s
life must take precedence over his
obligation to respect the druggist’s
property rights.
17. Stage 6: Universal Moral Principles
• Self-chosen ethical principles
• Profound respect for sanctity of human life, nonviolence,
equality & human dignity
• Moral principles take precedence over laws that might
conflict with them,
• Conscientious objectors – refuses to be drafted because
they are morally opposed to war.
• EXAMPLE: Heinz should steal the drug
even if the person was a stranger and not his
wife. He must follow his conscience and not
let the druggist’s desire for money outweigh
the value of a human life.
18.
19. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory
• Research has not supported Kohlberg’s belief
that the development of abstract thinking in
adolescence invariably leads people to the formation of
idealistic moral principles
• Some cross-cultural psychologists argue that
Kohlberg’s stories and scoring system reflect a
Western emphasis on individual rights,
harm, and justice that is not shared in many
cultures.
• Kohlberg’s early research was conducted
entirely with male subjects, yet it became the
basis for a theory applied to both males and females.