The epigenetic regulation of DNA-templated processes has been intensely studied over the last 15
years. DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, and RNA-mediated targeting regulate many biological processes that are fundamental to the genesis of cancer. Here, we
present the basic principles behind these epigenetic pathways and highlight the evidence suggesting that their misregulation can culminate in cancer. This information, along with the promising clinical and preclinical results seen with epigenetic drugs against chromatin regulators, signifies that it
is time to embrace the central role of epigenetics in cancer.
The epigenetic regulation of DNA-templated processes has been intensely studied over the last 15
years. DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, and RNA-mediated targeting regulate many biological processes that are fundamental to the genesis of cancer. Here, we
present the basic principles behind these epigenetic pathways and highlight the evidence suggesting that their misregulation can culminate in cancer. This information, along with the promising clinical and preclinical results seen with epigenetic drugs against chromatin regulators, signifies that it
is time to embrace the central role of epigenetics in cancer.
High throughput next generation sequencing and robust transcriptome analysis help with gene expression profiling, gene annotation or discovery of non-coding RNA.
The Wnt cascade has emerged as a critical regulator of stem cells. In many tissues, activation of Wnt signaling has also been found to be associated with cancer. Understanding the regulation by Wnt signaling may serve as a paradigm for understanding the dual nature of self-renewal signals.
"Epigenetics refers to genetic factors that change an organism’s appearance or biological functions without changing the actual DNA sequence. In other words, gene expression changes but the genes themselves don’t. Epigenetics adds an additional level of complexity to the genetic code." - Public Health Cafe
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
Functional proteomics, methods and toolsKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
PROTEOMICS
FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
PROTEOMICS SOFTWARE
PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS
TOOLS FOR PROTEOM ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTS METHODS FOR STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
APLLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
This presentation gives an insight into the mammalian cell being used as an expression system, it also includes a brief introduction to the strong promoters.
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
Overview of epigenetics and its role in diseaseGarry D. Lasaga
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes.
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
High throughput next generation sequencing and robust transcriptome analysis help with gene expression profiling, gene annotation or discovery of non-coding RNA.
The Wnt cascade has emerged as a critical regulator of stem cells. In many tissues, activation of Wnt signaling has also been found to be associated with cancer. Understanding the regulation by Wnt signaling may serve as a paradigm for understanding the dual nature of self-renewal signals.
"Epigenetics refers to genetic factors that change an organism’s appearance or biological functions without changing the actual DNA sequence. In other words, gene expression changes but the genes themselves don’t. Epigenetics adds an additional level of complexity to the genetic code." - Public Health Cafe
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
Functional proteomics, methods and toolsKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
PROTEOMICS
FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
PROTEOMICS SOFTWARE
PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS
TOOLS FOR PROTEOM ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTS METHODS FOR STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
APLLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
This presentation gives an insight into the mammalian cell being used as an expression system, it also includes a brief introduction to the strong promoters.
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
Overview of epigenetics and its role in diseaseGarry D. Lasaga
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes.
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
iCAAD London 2019 - Antonio Metastasio - PERSONALISED MEDICINE IN THE TREATM...iCAADEvents
Personalised medicine is considered the next frontier of health care. The role of genetic testing in psychiatry and in addictions medicine, however, has been recently critically reviewed. Are genetic tests helpful in assessing and managing these conditions?
This ppt will provide you a brief yet effective information about major types of biomarkers, their definitions, their significance in disease dignosis & treatment, how they are being & are developed to be used as an effective dignostic tool for Cancer & their other future implications in other fields of medicine.
This presentation focuses on the science of Gene Therapy, the techniques of germ-line and somatic gene therapy and the mechanism of curing diseases and disorders using gene therapy. The presentation starts by discussing some common basic terms from genetics and moves on to the historical development of gene therapy techniques in chronological order. The different types of gene therapy techniques and their mechanisms have been discussed in detail subsequently. In concluding slides, some commercially available gene therapy products are mentioned and challenges of gene-therapy techniques have been highlighted.
Pharmacogenomics is new science about how the systematic identification of all the human genes, their products, interindividual variation, intraindividual variation in expression and function over time affects drug response/metabolism, etc.
Improve drug safety and reduce ADRs. The presentation explained the advantages of pharmacogenomics. Explained Goals of Pharmacogen(etics)omics.
INTRODUCTION
DNA VACCINES
GENE THERAPY
TIME LINE OF DEVELOPING GENE THERAPY
GENE THERAPY STRATEGIES
TECHNOLOGY OF CLASSICAL GENE THERAPY
PRINCIPLES OF GENE TRANSFER
VECTORS
VIRAL VECTORS
NON-VIRAL VECTORS
APPLICATIONS OF GENE THERAPY
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
THE FUTURE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Many important bio-products are produced by means of fermentation where microbial, plant or animal cells are employed to produce them as their metabolites.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Molecular medicine
“Science that deals with ways to diagnose and treat diseases by understanding the way genes,
proteins, and other cellular molecules work”
Diagnosis
Treatment
Molecular tools &
Techniques
3. • Body temperature is a biomarker for fever while your blood glucose level is a marker for diabetes.
• Today, biomarkers can be measured down to a molecule. These types of signals have increased in
their importance to medical diagnosis and prognosis.
• The work promises to reshape how doctors diagnose and treat disease and how pharmaceutical
companies pursue drug development.
4. Currently, molecular medicine encompass
• Elucidation of the genetic basis of disease
• Diagnosis of the disease
• Design of an appropriate approach to disease management or therapy
• In order to develop a therapeutic molecule against any disease, it is very essential to understand the precise mechanism of
the disease and the specific target that is associated with it.
• Enhancement of knowledge in the field of biotechnology, molecular biology and medicinal chemistry improved the basic
understanding of disease mechanism, mechanism of drug action and hence a paradigm shift in drug discovery approach
towards development of targeted drug discovery.
5. Biomarkers in molecular medicine
• Biomarkers include genes and genetic variations, differences in messenger RNA (mRNA) and/or protein expression,
posttranslational modifications of proteins, and metabolite levels.
• Biomarker testing is a way to look for genes, proteins, and other substances (called biomarkers) that can provide information
about a disease condition.
• There is increasing interest and enthusiasm in molecular markers as tools for cancer detection and prognosis, as they are
noninvasive and detect cancers in their early stages of development.
• In cancer research, molecular biomarkers refer to substances that are indicative of the presence of cancer in the body.
• There is tremendous variety of biomarkers, which can include proteins (e.g., an enzyme or receptor), nucleic acids (e.g., a
microRNA or other non-coding RNA), antibodies, and peptides,
6. • The FDA approved the drugs target solid tumors that show specific biomarkers—namely microsatellite instability (MSI)(genome-wide
alterations in repetitive DNA sequences seen in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and neurotrophic receptor tyrosine
kinase (NTRK) gene fusion (Rearrangements in the NTRK genes can result in two genes fusing together and producing altered TRK proteins,
which can lead to uncontrolled growth of cancer cells)—irrespective of where the tumors are growing in the body.
(For a field that has been anchored to anatomy in the diagnosis of disease, a biomarker-first approach represents a sea change)
• Beyond cancer, researchers are investigating a pro-peptide (Protein precursor) known as PRO-C3 as a potential biomarker for non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH) , which currently requires an invasive liver biopsy for diagnosis, as well as autoantibodies viz., anti-citrullinated
protein antibodies (ACPA) that could help diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis before joint damage occurs.
7. DNA tests can predict the diseases you may face.
• Inherited diseases led by mutations in a gene.
• The genes are located on chromosomes and transmit to the off-springs. Thus, a mutation that occurred in a gene is also inherited
to the consecutive generations, results in genetic abnormalities.
• There is a long list of inherited disorders where molecular techniques such as PCR has a significant role to play. A typical
example is β-thalassaemia (Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder wherein the body produces an inadequate amount of
haemoglobin.).
• Beta thalassemia is caused by changes (mutations) in the HBB gene while alpha thalassemia is caused by mutations in the HBA1
and/or HBA2 genes.
Inherited disorders Affected gene
Adenosine deaminase deficiency ada (involved in purine metabolism)
Cystic fibrosis cftr gene
Taysach’s disease hexA (Hexosaminidase A)
Sickle cell anemia Beta-globin gene
Retinoblastoma Rb gene product
PhenylKetonuria Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
Hemophilia A Factor VIII
Hemophilia B Factor IX
8. Therapeutics targeting DNA:
• Drugs targeting DNA are either DNA intercalators (proflavin), minor groove binders (Distamycin A,
Netropsin), alkylating agents (Benzopyrene) or nucleotide analogs (Cytabine, Gemcitibine). These drugs act
by altering/regulating the replication/transcription or induce apoptosis.
• In addition to these rapid progress has been accomplished in last two decades in development of nucleic acid
based therapeutic systems such as gene therapy and DNA vaccines.
• DNA vaccination promises great potential for fighting a variety of diseases.
• DNA can be introduced by viral or bacterial vectors or through uptake of 'naked' or complexed DNA.
• The use of polymeric materials to elicit delivery holds promise as PLGA, chitosan and PEI has shown
potential results in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
9. Therapeutics targeting RNA:
• RNA therapy is a promising therapeutics for the treatment of so called untreatable diseases such as cancer, viral infections, genetic and metabolic disorders.
• Anisense RNA, small interfering RNA (Si RNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) has been tested extensively for diverse therapeutic application and its efficacy
has been well demonstrated in vitro.
• A growing number of reports have shown that aberrant miRNA expression is a common feature of human diseases including cancer, which has sparked
interest in targeting these regulators of gene expression as a means of ameliorating these diseases.
• Currently there are 132 RNA/Oligonucleotide based products for ten therapeutic areas, which are in the different stages of development from preclinical to
Phase III clinical trials.
• Interfering RNA can be used for the treatment of cancer, viral diseases (HIV, CMV, Influenza), genetic and metabolic disorders
10. Drugs targeting proteins:
• Most common protein targets for which successful drugs have been developed include proteases, kinases, G Protein Coupled
Receptors (GPCRs) and nuclear hormone receptors.
• GPCRs (23%) and enzymes (50%) represent the most important target classes of proteins for drug discovery.
• Complexity in development of drugs targeting proteins are cross reactivity, toxicity and development of drug resistance. This is
more pronounced in synthetic molecules, whereas the problem is comparatively less in molecules obtained from natural sources for
instance molecules from ethanobotanical source.
11. Gene therapy
• Techniques for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development.
• Gene therapy is essentially a technique in which scientists utilize genes in order to treat or prevent disease.
• Designed to introduce genetic material into cells to compensate for abnormal genes to make beneficial protein
• If a mutated gene causes a necessary protein to be faulty or missing, gene therapy may be able to introduce a normal copy
of the gene to restore the function of the protein.
• A number of human inherited disorders have been corrected in cultured cells and several diseases (e.g. malignant
melanoma and severe combined immunodeficiency disease, SCID) are currently being treated by gene therapy techniques
indicating that gene therapy is likely to be a powerful therapeutic technique against a host of diseases in coming years
• Some of the different types of viruses used as gene therapy vectors: Retroviruses, Adenoviruses , Adeno-associated viruses
, Herpes simplex viruses
12. DNA vaccines
• DNA vaccination is a technique for protecting an animal against disease by injecting it with genetically
engineered DNA so cells directly produce an antigen, resulting in a protective immunological response.
• The two most popular approaches were in 1999 injection of DNA in saline: by using a standard hypodermic
needle; or by using a gene gun delivery.
• India may be first country to develop DNA vaccine for Covid-19. DNA-based COVID-19 vaccine ZyCoV-D
developed by pharma major, Zydus Cadila and currently undergoing clinical trials.
• This approach offers several potential advantages over traditional approaches, including the stimulation of
both B-and T-cell responses, improved vaccine stability, the absence of any infectious agent and the
relative ease of large-scale manufacture.’
• These vaccines take a small portion of the virus' own genetic information – enough to trigger an immune
response – inject them into cells which then produce the spike proteins to be recognised by the immune
system.
• DNA vaccines are believed to be more stable than their RNA counterparts owing to the presence of a
substance called thymine.
• mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech) - BNT162b2