Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from living or recently living organisms. It includes materials like wood chips, agricultural waste, and human/animal waste. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation to produce electricity, heat, or fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. While biomass has benefits as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, it also faces challenges in terms of production costs and potential environmental impacts like air pollution and soil erosion if not managed properly.
Bioenergy draws on a wide range of potential feedstock materials: forestry and agricultural residues and wastes of many sorts, as well as material grown specifically for energy purposes. The raw materials can be converted to heat for use in buildings and industry, to electricity, or into gaseous or liquid fuels, which can be used in transport, for example. This degree of flexibility is unique amongst the different forms of renewable energy.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
Biogas Technology Notes describes basics of biomethanation, digestors for rural & wastewater treatment applications and mentions Indian text and references.
Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and solids).
Evaluation of the potential of 10 microalgal strains for biodiesel productionVijendren Krishnan
In this study, the potential of 10 algae species for biodiesel production were evaluated by determining their fatty acid profiles, biodiesel properties besides growth rate, biomass concentration and lipid productivity. Among seven strains with high growth and lipid accumulation properties, excluding Kirchneriella lunaris and Lyngbya kuetzingii, five species Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliqnus, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Isochrysis sphacrica were finally selected for biodiesel production due to their possessing higher lipid productivity and favorable biodiesel properties. The best strain was P. tricornutum, with lipid content of 61.43 ± 0.95%, lipid productivity of 26.75 mg L1 d1, the favorable fatty acid profiles of C16–C18 (74.50%), C14:0 (11.68%) and C16:1 (22.34%) as well as suitable biodiesel properties of higher cetane number (55.10), lower iodine number (99.2 gI2/100 g) and relatively low cloud point (4.47 C).
Bioenergy draws on a wide range of potential feedstock materials: forestry and agricultural residues and wastes of many sorts, as well as material grown specifically for energy purposes. The raw materials can be converted to heat for use in buildings and industry, to electricity, or into gaseous or liquid fuels, which can be used in transport, for example. This degree of flexibility is unique amongst the different forms of renewable energy.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
Biogas Technology Notes describes basics of biomethanation, digestors for rural & wastewater treatment applications and mentions Indian text and references.
Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and solids).
Evaluation of the potential of 10 microalgal strains for biodiesel productionVijendren Krishnan
In this study, the potential of 10 algae species for biodiesel production were evaluated by determining their fatty acid profiles, biodiesel properties besides growth rate, biomass concentration and lipid productivity. Among seven strains with high growth and lipid accumulation properties, excluding Kirchneriella lunaris and Lyngbya kuetzingii, five species Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliqnus, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Isochrysis sphacrica were finally selected for biodiesel production due to their possessing higher lipid productivity and favorable biodiesel properties. The best strain was P. tricornutum, with lipid content of 61.43 ± 0.95%, lipid productivity of 26.75 mg L1 d1, the favorable fatty acid profiles of C16–C18 (74.50%), C14:0 (11.68%) and C16:1 (22.34%) as well as suitable biodiesel properties of higher cetane number (55.10), lower iodine number (99.2 gI2/100 g) and relatively low cloud point (4.47 C).
Li-Fi Technology advantages,disadvantages,application,scopeLeo Johnson
Project Done by Nirmal Ram.
This slide gives us a pictorial idea about Li-Fi technology.
have a look.this gives us about advantages and disadvantages,application,scope for Li-Fi in future,working principle of Li-Fi .more projects coming soon.
Li-Fi is nothing but just a new wifi. it is 100 times faster than a wifi and more secure.
it covers various types of bioenergy and also contains various energy yielding technologies. it shows the bioenergy scenerio in India.it also shows various activities and programmes related with bioenergy
Biofuel (AKA agrofuel): any fuel whose energy is obtained through a process of biological carbon fixation
Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources.
What is Bio fuel?
Green Diesel
Bio Diesel
Bio fuel Gasoline
Vegetable Oil
Bio ethers
Ethanol
Bio gas and Syngas
Solid Biofuel
Application Of Biofuel
Q&A on Biogas
biofuels, first and second generation biofuels, their history, biodiesel, mass production, applications, properties, fuel efficiency, emissions, material compatibility, availability and prices
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Biomass is a renewable energy source that is derived from
living or recently living organisms.
It includes dead trees, tree branches, rotting garbage,
agricultural and human wastes like sugarcane, grasses
and wood chips.
Energy derived from biomass is mostly used to generate
electricity or to produce heat.
Biomass is found easily all over the world. It can be
chemically and biochemically treated to convert it to a
energy-rich fuel.
3.
4.
5. Some idea about
Biomass Sources
Every year, the agricultural industry produces millions
of tons of waste that could be utilized for energy
production.
In addition, the forest products industry also produces
countless tons of waste that can be used as an energy
source.
Energy crops, such as willows and switch grass can be
grown for the specific purpose of energy production.
Farmers grow corn and soybeans that can be used for
ethanol production
6. What is Bioenergy?
The energy stored in biomass is
called bioenergy.
Bioenergy is very versatile: It
can be used to provide heat,
make fuels, and generate
electricity.
7. Conversion of biomass to energy requires some extraction if the
fuel stream is contaminated with polluting substances
Typical processes are the following:
Direct combustion
Anaerobic Digestion
Fermentation
Pyrolysis
Other less-used techniques
Enzymes can change cellulose into sugars, which can then be
fermented into alcohol
Cane sugar, C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Fermentation of corn or other biomass will produce ethanol.
Technology of
Energy Conversion
8. How Much Biomass is Out There?
“INDIA” has enough land and agricultural
networks to sustainably replace half of
the nation’s gasoline use or all of its
nuclear energy.
Millions of tons of unused agricultural
waste, manure, and sawdust has the
potential to generate energy.
9. Biofuels
Biomass is one of the few renewable
sources for transportation fuels
Biofuels produce fewer emissions than
petroleum fuels
The three main types of biofuels are :-
Ethanol Biodiesel Biogas
10. Ethanol: a form of Biofuel
Also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol.
Ethanol is made from the starch in certain grains, such
as wheat, corn etc.
Ethanol production usually begins with the grinding up of
biomass such as wheat or corn.
Once ground up, the starch or cellulose is converted into
sugar.
The sugar is then fed into microbes that use it for food,
producing ethanol in the process.
Ethanol Uses :--
Most gasoline mixtures contain about 10 percent
ethanol and 90 percent gasoline.
All vehicles are equipped to handle this mixture.
Such a mixture reduces greenhouse gases by up to 4
percent.
11. E85 Fuel
Fuel containing 85 percent gasoline and 15 percent
ethanol can be used in flexible fuel vehicles.
The use of E85 fuel reduces the emission of greenhouse
gases by up to 37 percent.
E85 is considered an alternative fuel under the Energy
Policy Act of 1992.
Vehicles that run on E85 are called Flexible Fuel Vehicles
(FFV).
Many vehicle manufacturers offer FFVs. Ford, Mercedes,
GM and Chrysler all offer FFVs.
Reduces Petroleum Consumption- Using E85 reduces
dependence on foreign oil markets.
12. Made by transforming animal fat or
vegetable oil with alcohol .
Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil
or soybean oil or recycled restaurant
grease.
It is directly used in place ofdiesel either
as neat fuel or as an oxygenate additive
Biodiesel
13. Jatropha Tree
• Biodiesel from Jatropha.
• Seeds of the Jatropha nut is
crushed and oil is extracted
• The oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.
14. The roll of biodiesel is not to replace the petroleum diesel, but to help
create a balanced energy policy. Biodiesel is one of several alternative
fuels designed to extend the usefulness of petroleum and the longevity.
Easy to use:-
No vehicle modifications or special fuelling equipment is needed.
Power, Performance and Economy:-
Proven performance and economy make biodiesel a renewable
winner.
Emissions & Greenhouse Gas Reduction:-
With lower exhaust emissions biodiesel is helping to reduce pollution
and improve health. Lower CO2 emission help reduce the impact of
Global warning.
Energy balance & security:-
Biodiesel helps reduce the need for foreign oil.
Economical Development:-
Biodiesel helps communities by keeping energy RUPEES at home.
15. Methane is the primary biogas.
Landfill gas is primarily methane but contains CO2 and
other gases from plastics, etc.
Gobar Gas :-
Gobar gas
production is an
anaerobic process.
BIO-GAS
050315
16. Methane, CH4, is a likely future hydrogen gas
source
The four H atoms allow more hydrogen to be
produced per molecule of methane
Cracking or pyrolysis changes the
molecules to yield hydrogen and CO, which
is also combustible
The combination of methane and COx is
known as biogas and can be made from
acetic acid, produced from glucose by
microorganisms.
Some !dea about Methane
17. Biobased Products
Biomass can also be used as a fuel to make
everyday products that are usually produced
using fossil fuels.
Any product that we can make from fossil fuels
can be identically made from biomass.
Moreover, bio based products most often
require less energy to produce than petroleum
based products.
18. Environmental & Economic Advantages
•Reduction of waste
•Use of waste that would normally go to landfills
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases
compared to fossil fuels
• Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon
cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
•Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian
communities
•Increase in jobs
•Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to
lesser dependence on foreign resources
$$$
19. Biomass and The National
Energy Policy
The main goal of any country’s National
Energy Policy is to increase the domestic
energy supplies.
Biomass and biofuels will always be
produced in a country like INDIA.
As a result, the use of biomass directly
supports the National Energy Policy by
reducing INDIA’s dependency on foreign
oil.
21. Air Concerns
• Biomass processing
technologies and biofuel’s use
have the potential to increase
emissions of ozone precursors
oIncrease in Noxemissions
•Excessive inhalation of
ethanol is harmful
•Combustion of ethanol would
result in increased
atmospheric concentrations of
carcinogens(cancerous materials)
• Emission of relatively large
sized particulate matter
Soil Concerns
22. Biomass and the Future
More research is being conducted to improve technologies
for making electricity and fuels from biomass.
Some oil companies and petrochemical industries have
begun to explore biomass energy.
The biggest challenge is the cost of bioenergy: As long as
fossil fuels remain cheaper than bioenergy, people will be
hesitant to invest in this technology.
Biomass is sustainable but there is an expense in producing
collecting, storing, transporting and converting biomass into
fuels and electricity. It presents many challenges.
Biomass Infrastructure will have to be built to ensure a safe
and efficient supply system for biomass.
While biomass is one of the best forms of renewable energy,
but yet , it is not a great fuel.
23. CONCLUSION
Biomass is a potential alternative to fossil fuels but it is not very viable
because there are many problems in the development and
transportation of it and it also produces CO, CO2 and some other
pollutant materials just like fossil fuels. Thus, it also pollutes our
beautiful environment, however lesser than the fossil fuels.
Renewable Energy like BIOMASS has many advantages, but cannot
and will not solve all of the world’s energy problems on its own.
Certainly, renewable resources have an important role to play within the
context of a continuous and stable energy supply. All in all, however,
renewable energy resources like BIOMASS are certain to play a LARGE
and growing role in the “Next Century”.
Consequently, it can be used as an alternative of fossil fuels up to a
certain limits, as there are available a few better alternative energies like
solar energy, wind energy etc.