The document discusses the major art movements that emerged in Europe and America during the 19th century, including Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, and Art Nouveau. It describes characteristics of each style and highlights influential artists such as Delacroix, Courbet, Monet, Van Gogh, Rodin, and Gaudi. Key developments were the rejection of Academic art in favor of depicting reality and nature, and the use of light, color, and brushwork to express emotion and atmosphere.
Discover the world of Optical Illusion Art. This presentation includes work by M.C. Escher, Bridget Riley, and how-to steps for making your very own Op Art.
Credit to Mrs. Brown's Art Class (Google for more information!)
Discover the world of Optical Illusion Art. This presentation includes work by M.C. Escher, Bridget Riley, and how-to steps for making your very own Op Art.
Credit to Mrs. Brown's Art Class (Google for more information!)
The Modern WorldRomanticism, Realism, Impressionism& Po.docxdennisa15
The Modern World:
Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism
& Post-Impressionism
ART-6, Q. Bemiller, Norco College
Louis Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple (first photograph of a
living person in Paris), 1838, daguerreotype
1800-1945 = major changes!
• 1785-1813 Power Loom
• 1807 Steamboat
• 1814 Steam Locomotive
• 1826 Photograph
• 1837 Telegraph
• 1876 Telephone
• 1870s-80s Phonograph, Light Bulb, Motion Pictures
• 1885 Automobile
• 1895 Radio
• 1903 Airplane
• 1927 Television
• 1935 Electric Guitar
• 1942 Nuclear Reactor
Romanticism
• Romanticism was named after the adventurous stories told in the
“Romance” languages (Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and
Romanian.) "Romance languages" originate from Latin, the language
spoken in the Western Roman Empire.
• Romanticism reacted against the logical, rational and objective truths
of Neoclassicism. Instead, Romanticists focused on individual
freedom, imagination, emotions, subjective reality, intuition and
originality.
• Romanticism lasted from about 1800-1890 and led to avant-garde
movements in the 20th century.
• Artists include Francisco Goya, Caspar David Friedrich, Henry Fuseli,
John Constable, J.M.W. Turner, Eugène Delacroix and Théodore
Géricault.
Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814, oil on
canvas
Caspar David Friedrich, The Abbey in the Oakwood, 1809-
10; Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, 1818, oil on canvas
Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare, 1781 and 1790-91, oil on
canvas
John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the meadows,
1831, oil on canvas
J.M.W. Turner, The Burning of the Houses of Lords and
Commons, 1834/35, oil on canvas
Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin,
Houses of Parliament, London, a complex of Gothic Revival
buildings, 1837–60
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830,
oil on canvas
Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa, c. 1819
oil on canvas, and study of severed heads, 1818.
Realism
• “It is not a question, here, of seeking for an 'absolute' of beauty. The artist is neither
painting history nor his soul. What is termed 'composition' does not exist for him, and
he has not set himself the task of representing some abstract idea or some historical
episode. And it is because of this that he should neither be judged as a moralist nor as
a literary man. He should be judged simply as a painter.” –Émile Zola, (1840-1902)
• The Realism movement rejected both Romanticism and Neoclassicism. They focused
on everyday life, the reality of life. For them, art and life were one.
• Realist artists dared to make paintings of lower-class people, drawing attention to
social inequities. They also showed the animals and workers of the land, reminding
the “city folks” where their food came from, and the natural landscape that could be
forgotten in the cities.
• The Realist artists were perhaps the first “modern” artists. The movement was
roughly 1848-1900. Key artists were Gustave Courbet, Édouard.
ARH 151 Chapter 19 GuideNeoclassicism· Modern art declared its o.docxjesuslightbody
ARH 151 Chapter 19 GuideNeoclassicism
· Modern art declared its opposition to the whimsy of the late Rococo style with Neoclassical art of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
· Neoclassical art contained:
· harsh sculptural lines.
· a subdued palette.
· planar recession.
· Classical (especially Roman) subject matter.
· Neoclassical painters, such as Jacques-Louis David, were referred to as Poussinistes, for they embraced the linear, systematic approach of Nicolas Poussin. Jacques-Louis David
1 - Fig. 19.1 Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii (1784). Oil on canvas, 11’ x 14’.
· David was the preeminent Neoclassical painter in France.
· This painting, which features a Roman subject, was viewed by the French public as a call for revolution. Ever the opportunist, David joined the fight in 1789.Angelica Kauffman
2 - Fig. 19.2 Angelica Kauffman, The Artist in the Character of Design Listening to the Inspiration of Poetry (1782). Oil on canvas, D: 24”.
· Female artist Angelica Kauffman carried the Neoclassical style to England.
· Notice the Classical columns, costume, and subject matter.Neoclassicism: Art As Propaganda
· Napoleon solidified his rule by commissioning artists, like David, to paint his portrait in a Neoclassical style. (See Fig. 21.44).
· The emperor’s sister (Pauline Borghese) had herself portrayed as the Greco-Roman goddess Venus. Notice the strong contours and the frigid rendering of the reclining female.
3 - Fig. 21.44 Jacques-Louis David, Napoléon Crossing the Alps (1800). Oil on canvas, 8’ 10” x 7’ 7”.
4 - Fig. 19.3 Antonio Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus (1808). Marble, life-sized. Romanticism
· Both Neoclassicism and Romanticism reflected the revolutionary spirit of the times.
· While Neoclassicism emphasized restraint of emotion, purity of form, and subjects that inspired morality, Romantic artists sought:
· extremes of emotion.
· virtuoso brushwork.
· a brilliant palette.
· Romantic artists, such as Géricault and Delacroix, were dubbed Rubenistes, for they embraced the painterly, emotive art of Peter Paul Rubens. Théodore Géricault & Eugène Delacroix
· Refers to contemporary shipwreck off the African coast (Fig. 19.4)
· Abolitionist sentiment
· Reference to Byron’s poem about ancient Assyrian king Sardanapalus (Fig. 19.5)
5 - Fig. 19.4 Théodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa (1818-1819). Oil on canvas, 16’ x 23’.
6 - Fig. 19.5 Eugène Delacroix, The Death of Sardanapalus (1826). Oil on canvas, 12’ 11 1/2” x 16’ 3”. Louvre Museum, Paris, France. Francisco Goya
7 - Fig. 19.6 Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808 (1814-1815). Oil on canvas, 8’ 9” x 13’ 4”.
· Spanish artist Goya depicts massacre of Spanish civilians by Napoleonic troops in Madrid
· Tragic subject, fluid brushwork, symbolism of color and lineCompare & Contrast: The Odalisques
· Some European artists traveled to Africa and the Middle East in the 19th century. This exposure to and fascination with the East (known as Orientalism) im.
Slideshow complements Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Global) textbooks. Prepared for ART 102 - Montgomery County Community College - Jean Thobaben - Adjunct Instructor.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. Modern Art
• Neoclassicism • American
• Romanticism Expatriates
• Realism • Americans in
• Impressionism America
• Post-Impressionism • The Birth of Modern
Sculpture
• Expressionism
• Art Nouveau
• Photography
3. Most painting in the European
tradition was painting the mask.
Modern Art rejected all that. Our
subject matter was the person
behind the mask.
–Robert Motherwell
4. When Did
Modern Art Begin?
• 1776/1789 American and French
Revolutions
• 1814 Goya’s painting the
Third of May, 1808
• 1863 Landmark exhibition in Paris?
5. Just What was Modern
about Modern Art
of the 18th century in France?
Its concept of space.
Terms:
• Picture plane
• Planar recession
• Linear recession
6. Neoclassicism
• Neoclassicism was opposed to the Rococo
style of art.
- Characteristics of Neoclassical Art:
• Harsh sculptural lines
• Subdued palette
• Planar instead of linear recession in the space
• Inspired by the French Revolution
• Intended to heighten moral standards
• The Roman Empire was selected as the model
to emulate.
• This was fueled by the archaeological
discoveries of the time.
7. Neoclassicism Painting
• Art characterized by a restraint of emotion, purity of
form, and subjects that inspired morality.
The artists
• Jacques-Louis David
– The official painter of the French Revolution.
• Angelica Kaufmann
– Responsible for spreading the Neoclassical style to England.
– Know for her portraiture, history painting and narrative
works.
• Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
9. Neoclassical Painting continued…
• Poussinistes - Linear artists who used
subdued palettes, and placed
importance on draftsmanship and
sculptural forms.
• Rubenistes - Painterly artists who
used a vibrant palette and aggressive
brush strokes.
– The foremost proponents of the painterly
style were Géricault and Delacroix.
10. Neoclassical Sculpture
• Neoclassical ideals were also applied
to sculpture.
• In fact it was the style of choice for
official portraits, relief sculpture and
monuments.
• Napoleon Bonaparte’s sister, Pauline
Borghese had herself sculpted as Venus
the goddess of love.
13. ROMANTICISM
• Romanticism reflected the revolutionary
spirit of the times.
• Characteristics of 19th century Romanticism:
– Extremes of emotion
– Great brushwork
– A bright color palette
• A favorite theme was nature being depicted
as unpredictable and uncontrollable.
Artists:
– Théodore Géricaut
– Eugène Delacroix
14. EUGÈNE DELACROIX. The Death of Sardanapalus (1826). Oil on canvas. 12’11 1⁄2” x 16’3”.
15. Eugène Delacroix
• Most famous Rubeniste
• Liked to paint directly on the canvas without
doing sketches beforehand.
– Thought canvases should be constructed from
color.
16. Francisco Goya
• The man considered the greatest painter of
the Neoclassical and Romantic periods
belonged to neither artistic group.
• He was born in Spain.
• Goya is best known for his works of political
satire and condemnations of war.
• Goya heightens emotion with the use of
acerbic tones and strong chiaroscuro.
17. FRANCISCO GOYA. The Third of May, 1808 (1814–1815). Oil on canvas. 8’9” x 13’4”.
18. The Academy
• Although very popular during this time
Academic Painting had the least influence on
the development of modern art.
• The Academie Royale de Peinture et de
Sculpture (1648) in Paris set up rules of style
and subject matter that were considered
appropriate.
• Why did the majority of artists of the
Academy produce mediocre work?
The Artists:
– Adolphe William Bouguereau
20. REALISM
• Modern painters objected to Academic art on 2
levels:
– The subject matter didn't show life as it really
was.
– The way in which these things were rendered
didn’t resemble real life.
• The modern painters wanted to paint things how
they really were.
Optically - depicting something as you truly see it.
Conceptually - depicting something as you think it is or
based on how you think it should be.
21. Realism
• The Realist artists chose to represent subjects evident in everyday life
while emphasizing the two-dimensionality of the canvas and
highlighting the physical properties of the pigments.
The artists
• Honoré Daumier
– Most concerned with bringing the plight of the masses to light.
– Used caricature.
• Gustav Courbet
– Is considered the Father of Realism
– Is also said to have foreshadowed the Impressionist movement.
• Édouard Manet
– Some say Manet is the most responsible for changing the course of the
history of painting.
– He was the most important influence on the French Impressionists.
• Rosa Bonheur
– One of the most successful artist of the 19th C.
– Painted mainly animals
22. HONORÉ DAUMIER. The Third-Class Carriage (c. 1862). Oil on canvas. 25 3⁄4” x 35 1⁄2”.
24. ROSA BONHEUR. The Horse Fair (1853). Oil on canvas. 8’ 1⁄4” x 16’7 1⁄2”.
25. ÉDOUARD MANET. Le Déjeuner sur L’Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) (1863). Oil on canvas. 7’ x 8’1”.
26. The Salon des Réfusés
• Manet submitted Le Déjeuner sur L’Herbe to the
Academy’s annual Salon, but it was refused
along with 2,800 other paintings.
• The artists rebelled so strongly that Napoleon III
stepped in and suggested an alternate exhibition
known as the Salon de Réfusés.
• The Salon des Réfusés was this century’s most
important gathering of avant-garde artists.
27. Manet’s Influences
• Culled from the tradition of Venetian
Renaissance pastoral scenes (such as
paintings created by Giorgione and Titian).
• The use of traditional pyramidal composition
(used by da Vinci).
• Group derived from Marcantonio
Raimondi’s engraving after a painting by
Raphael called The Judgment of Paris.
30. PAUL GAUGUIN. Te Arii Vahine (The Noble Woman) (1896). Oil on canvas. 97 cm x 130 cm.
31. ROSA BONHEUR. The Horse Fair (1853). Oil on canvas. 8’ 1⁄4” x 16’7 1⁄2”.
32. Impressionism
• Impressionists rejected many styles of art that
preceded them.
• They had common ideas, but their styles differed.
Characteristics of Impressionism:
– Advocated painting outside.
– Chose subjects found in nature.
– Studied the effects of atmosphere and light on
people and objects.
• Through investigation, they arrived at an awareness
of certain visual phenomena, with light.
• Technical discoveries were made from these
revelations; they produced atmospheric paintings.
33. Impressionism, continued…
The artists
• Claude Monet
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir
– Most significant figure painter
– Most interested in how light played across the
surface of objects.
• Berthe Morisot
• Edgar Degas
– Exhibited at the Salon prior to becoming an
impressionist.
– Studied with Ingres.
– Was strongly influenced by photography.
38. EDGAR DEGAS. The Rehearsal (Adagio) (1877). Oil on canvas. 26” x 39 3⁄8”.
39. POST-IMPRESIONISM
• Post-Impressionism rejected Impressionism
• The Post-Impressionists’ ideals were similar, but
their styles and techniques were very different.
Two groups of Post-Impressionism:
1. One group had a systematic approach to
composition, brushwork, and color.
Artists included Georges Seurat & Paul Cezanne
2. And, a second that had more texture in their
brushwork, and coordinated line and color with
symbolism and emotion.
Artists included Vincent van Gogh & Paul Gauguin
40. Post-Impressionism
The artists:
• Georges Seurat
– Started Pointillism
• Paul Cézanne
– Started Abstraction
– Most significant was his collapsing of space.
• Vincent van Gogh
– Started Expressionism
• Paul Gauguin
– Use of intensified color.
– Known for Symbolism
• Henri Toulouse-Lautrec
41. GEORGES SEURAT. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1886).
Oil on canvas. 81” x 120 3⁄8”.
42. PAUL CÉZANNE. Still Life with Basket of Apples (c. 1895). Oil on canvas. 65 cm x 80 cm.
43. VINCENT VAN GOGH. Starry Night (1889). Oil on canvas. 29” x 36 1⁄4”.
44. VINCENT VAN GOGH. Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear (1889–1890). Oil on canvas. 23 5⁄8” x 19 1⁄4”.
45. PAUL GAUGUIN. Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel) (1888). Oil on canvas. 28 ¾” x 36 ½”.
47. EXPRESSIONISM
• Expressionism sought to be more emotional,
expressive, and laden with symbolism.
• Color and line were used to express the
artists’ inner feelings.
• They employed vibrant palettes and bravura
brushwork.
• Followed van Gogh and Gauguin.
48. Expressionism:
Its Art and Artists
• The Expressionists used line and color
expressively and emotionally.
The artists:
– Edvard Munch
•Adapted Gaugin’s ideas.
•Best know work is The Scream.
– Käthe Kollwitz
49. EDVARD MUNCH. The Scream (1893). Casein on paper. 35 1/2” x 28 2/3”.
50.
51. American Expatriates
• In the United States, art was still very provincial in the
19th century.
• During the 18th and 19th centuries, determined artists
went abroad on extended pilgrimages for training, to see
the masters, and to mingle with the avant- garde.
• Influenced by Japanese prints
• Some of these artists left the United States permanently,
they were called the American Expatriates.
• What unifies these artists is not their style of art nor their
choice of subject matter, but simply that they immigrated
to Europe permanently
The Artists
– Mary Cassatt
– James Abbott McNeill Whistler
52. MARY CASSATT. The Boating Party (1893–1894). Oil on canvas. 35 1⁄2” x 46 1⁄8”.
53. JAMES ABBOTT MCNEILL WHISTLER. Arrangement in Black and Gray: The Artist’s Mother (1871).
Oil on canvas. 57” x 64 1⁄2”.
54. Americans in America
• While many artists went abroad on pilgrimages or
permanently, there were a few who stayed and
painted in the realist tradition.
• This realism exhibits itself best in figure and
landscape painting.
• Their art had a Romantic touch and includes artists of
the Hudson River School, artists of the American
West, and Winslow Homer.
55. Americans in America
• These artists stayed in America and painted
the people and landscapes of their own
country.
The artists:
– Thomas Eakins
• The most important American portrait painter
of the 19th century.
– Thomas Cole
• Leader of the Hudson River School of
American art.
57. THOMAS COLE. The Oxbow (Connecticut River near Northampton) (1836). Oil on canvas. 51 ½” x 76”.
58. The Birth of Modern Sculpture
• During most of the 19th century, sculptors continued
with projects as they had in the past.
• Spontaneous techniques and fleeting impressions did
not meld with the sculptural permanence.
• One sculptor changed the face of the art forever by
examining advancements in his century’s art, Rodin.
• Rodin incorporated Realism, Symbolism and
Impressionism in his work.
• Is work is solely of the human figure.
• He preferred soft materials.
• As his career progressed his work became more
abstract.
59.
60.
61. ART NOUVEAU
• The influence of Art Nouveau extended from Eastern
and Western Europe to America.
• Originated in England
Characteristics of Art Nouveau:
– Lyrical linearity (poetic lines)
– Symbolism
– Rich orientations
– Overriding sense of the organic
The artists:
– Victor Horta
– Antonio Gaudí
64. Art Tour – Paris
• Paris, one of the most beautiful, exciting, and
delightful cities in the world! A work of art!
• Eiffel Tower, near the Trocadéro
• I.M. Pei glass pyramid in the plaza at the
Louvre (Mona Lisa!)
• Musée D’Orsay: Impressionist art
65.
66.
67.
68. Discussion Questions
• Why is eclecticism so prevalent in the art of the
19th century?
• What underlies the artistic creativity of this
century?
• What effect do technology and the camera have
on 19th century art?
• What are these 19th century artists trying to
achieve?
• Why is this century so artistically different than
other centuries?