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19th Century Art
This document provides an overview of 19th century art in Europe and the United States. It discusses major artistic movements and developments such as Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, and Japonisme. Key artists and works mentioned include Monet, Manet, Van Gogh, Seurat, Gauguin, Munch, Courbet, Hiroshige, Degas, Toulouse-Lautrec, and Cassatt. Major themes covered include the influence of new technologies like photography, urbanization, and cross-cultural influences between Western and Japanese art.
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19th Century Art
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- 2. 19th Century inEurope and USA • Paris as a Cultural Center • Industrial Revolution – the machine age • Urbanization – larger numbers of people moving to cities (Immigration in New York) • Science and Progress • Freedom of Expression
- 3. New Technology inArchitecture 19th Century Belief in Progress and Advancement of Civilization Through Science and Technology
- 4. Brooklyn Bridge John Augustus Roeblingand Washington Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), Completed in 1883 (started in 1870), Architecture
- 5. Brooklyn Bridge John Augustus Roeblingand Washington Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), Completed in 1883 (started in 1870), Architecture • Used Steel to make the bridge long • Architect designed twisted wire cable • Bridge 2000 Meters long (longest bridge built at that time) • Gothic style arches
- 6. Eiffel Tower Gustave Eiffel,Eiffel Tower (Paris), 1889, Architecture
- 7. Eiffel Tower Gustave Eiffel,Eiffel Tower (Paris), 1889, Architecture • Tallest structure built at that time (used steel) • Built for 1889 Universal Exposition • Classical Round Arch • Exposed steel structure (not covered by glass or walls) • Paris is the “center” of the Art World in 19th Century
- 8. Photography and ItsEffects • Photography had a profound influence on art since its invention • Portrait Photography became more popular than portrait painting • Many artists were influenced by the ”realism” in the photos • Some artists starting using photography for sources • Some accepted photography as an art form, while others were against photography as art
- 9. First photograph Taken byJoseph Nicephone Niepce in France in 1826 - Niepce experimented with processes of reproducing still images starting in 1816 - But, the process wasn’t practical – exposure time was 8 hours for one photograph!
- 10. The Daguerreotype • Thefirst practical process of photography was the Daguerreotype, introduced in 1839 • Invented by Louis-Jacque-Mande Daguerre, a French painter and printmaker
- 11. The first daguerreotype(Still life of Classic Roman Objects)
- 12. Eadweard Muybridge • Firstmotion photography which led into “moving pictures” (movies) • Muybridge was hired by Leland Stanford (founder of Stanford University in USA) to see if there’s a moment when all horses hooves off the ground at same time
- 13. Eadweard Muybridge, HorseGalloping, 1878, Photograph (collotype)
- 14. Gertrude Kasebier Blessed ArtThou Among Women Photography (Platinum Print on Japanese Paper) 1899
- 15. • Gertrude Kasebierwas an American portrait painter who took up photography after raising her family • Pictorial Style • Scene from everyday life with a sense of the spiritual and divine • Title refers to a phrase from The Old Testament (Bible) by angel who announced to Virgin Mary that she’ll have a baby
- 16. Impressionism • Style thatbegan in France in mid-19th Century (1860’s) • Term impressionism was given to this style by an art critic who thought the art looked unfinished and too “sketchy” • Interest in color and light • Painted outdoors “Plein air” • French culture
- 17. Claude Monet, Terraceat Sainte-Adresse, Oil on Canvas, 1867
- 18. Claude Monet Terrace atSainte-Adresse Oil on Canvas 1867 Plein air Painting (painted outdoors) Strong Light and Shadow Upper class French culture Relaxing near the Sea
- 19. Claude Monet, The WaterLily Pond Oil on Canvas 1899
- 20. Claude Monet The WaterLily Pond Oil on Canvas 1899 Water Lilies is a series of 250 oil paintings that Monet worked on for the last 30 years of his life in his garden at his home, Giverny Tradition of Landscape Painting Symbolism of flowers Japanese influence, including the bridge and water lilies
- 21. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulinde la Galette, Painting (oil on canvas),1876
- 22. Pierre-Auguste Renoir Moulin dela Galette oil on canvas 1876 • Relaxing on a Sunday afternoon in Paris • Young, fashionable Parisians • Light coming through the trees (color and light)
- 23. Berthe Morisot, Summer’sDay, Oil on Canvas, 1879
- 24. Berthe Morisot Summer’s Day Oilon Canvas 1879 • Loose, painterly technique • Women accepted as artists in 19th Century • Paintings of French Women
- 25. Post-Impressionism • Later Impressionismstarting in the late 1880s • Independent styles focusing on human emotion, rather than simply optical impressions • Often involved symbolism • Paintings often made in studios, rather than outdoors • Influenced generations of artists in 20th Century Modern Art
- 26. Georges Seurat A SundayAfternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte oil on canvas 1884 - 1886
- 27. • Used dotsto create the painting (“pointilism” style • Made many drawings of people on this island near Paris • Upper Class French enjoying a Sunday afternoon Georges Seurat A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte oil on canvas 1884 - 1886
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- 33. Vincent van Gogh,Starry Night, 1889, Oil on Canvas
- 34. • Theme: Thevastness of the universe • Focus on Emotion • Symbolism • Image of church represents his conflicted feeling about religion • Thick paint (impasto) to create texture, use of line, overall blue color represents his emotions
- 35. Paul Gauguin, WhereDo We Come From? Where Are We Going? 1897, Oil on Canvas (4'6” x 12'3”)
- 36. Gauguin, French painter,moved to Tahiti, an island in the South Pacific, to paint native people in the tropical landscape (moved away from Western culture) Fusion of East and West Gauguin struggled with questions about life (related to philosophy) Expressive use of color Use of Symbolism
- 37. Edvard Munch The Scream,1893 Oil,Tempera, Pastel, and Crayon on Cardboard
- 38. • Edvard Munch(1863 - 1944) was a Norwegian artist whose work is psychologically charged • Strange, genderless figure in the landscape. Some scholars believe he was inspired by a Peruvian mummy that he saw in an exhibition at a museum in Paris. • Focus on the emotion of fear and agony • Munch’s work influenced later Modern Art styles in the early 20th Century, especially Expressionism • Munch’s work is sometimes associated with the Symbolist movement, as well Edvard Munch The Scream,1893 Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and Crayon on Cardboard
- 39. Realism • 19th CenturyMovement in France that tried to show “real” human emotion • Artists painted indoors • Style more “realistic” – true colors, more detailed
- 40. Gustave Courbet, TheStone Breakers, 1849, Oil on Canvas
- 41. Gustave Courbet Leading Figureof the 19th Century Realist Movement • Image of workers • Dreary colors convey the feeling of the labor • Work is symbolic and political: In France in 1848, workers rebelled against the government for better working conditions
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- 43. Edouard Manet A Barat the Folies-Bergere Oil on Canvas 1881
- 44. Edouard Manet Edouard Manet,A Bar at the Folies- Bergere, Oil on Canvas,1881 • Mirror in background with reflection • Self-absorbed and slightly depressed (not looking at the customer / bored) • Contrast of environment (Club) with the mood of the bartender
- 45. Edouard Manet Olympia, oil oncanvas 1863
- 46. Edouard Manet Olympia oil oncanvas 1863 • Based on a Renaissance Painting by Titian (Venus of Urbino) • Olympia stares out coldly at the viewer • Prostitute • Symbolism
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- 48. Japonisme • Name givento French art inspired by Japanese art during the 19th Century • Japan began to trade with Western countries in the 19th Century • Europeans become interested in Japanese culture (collected Japanese objects and art)
- 49. Utagawa Hiroshige One HundredViews of Edo Woodblock Print 1856 - 1858
- 50. Utagawa Hiroshige, One HundredViews of Edo, Graphic Arts, 1856 - 1858 • Traditional Japanese Medium • Flat Shapes • Dull color with a few areas of bright color • Looking down into the picture • Diagonal movement
- 51. Edgar Degas The Rehearsalon Stage Oil on Canvas 1874
- 52. Edgar Degas, TheRehearsal on Stage, Painting (Oil on Canvas), 1874 • Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints • Theme of Ballet Dancers (Movement of Dancers / French Culture)
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- 54. Henri de ToulouseLautrec Jane Avril Lithograph 1893
- 55. Inspired by JapaneseWoodblock Prints Posters advertising Bars, Dancers, Musicians in Paris Lithograph – type of printmaking using a flat stone and wax resist process Henri de Toulouse Lautrec, Jane Avril, Graphic Arts (Lithograph), 1893
- 56. Mary Cassatt Maternal Caress Drypointand Aquatint (printmaking) 1890 - 1891
- 57. Mary Cassatt Maternal Caress Drypointand Aquatint 1890 - 1891 • Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints (Cassatt collected them) • Universal Theme of Mother and Child • Mary Cassatt – American woman who went to Paris to study art