This document discusses the modal verbs "may have", "might have", "could have", and "must have" which are used to express possibilities in the past. "May have", "might have", and "could have" suggest less certainty about past events or actions, while "must have" implies a stronger probability. Examples are provided to illustrate how these modal verbs can be used to speculate about possible reasons or explanations for past situations where the true reason is unknown. The document also notes some pronunciation patterns for these modal verbs and provides exercises for the reader to practice using them.

1. Perfect Modals could have... may have... might have... must have... CREATED BY : AJIT SINGHENGLISH TRAINER

2. Part 1 May have . . . Might have . . . Could have . . . *used to give possible explanations for past events examples:

3. Why didn’t John come out to lunch with us yesterday? I’m not sure. He might have had too much work to do. He may have been busy at work. He could have gone to a meeting.

4. Why was Tomas late to class on Monday? I’m not sure. He might have woken up late. He may have missed the bus. He could have forgotten to set his alarm clock.

5. What do you think your husband got you for your anniversary? I don’t know. He might have gotten me some jewelry. He may have bought me a new kitchen appliance. He could have picked out some perfume for me.

6. I wonder why Susan seemed so sad yesterday. I’m not sure. She might have received some bad news. She might have felt sick. She may have broken up with her boyfriend.

8. He might have gone rock climbing.

9. He might have decided to take a relaxing day off.these are all possible explanations

10. Part 2 Must have . . . *stronger than -may have -might have -could have examples:

11. Meaning / Use: Must have = similar to the use of may/might/could have… Must have shows more certainty than may/might/could have… Use must have + past participle to show a strong probability

12. Comparison:may/might/could have… versusmust have… John wasn’t in class today. I wonder why . . . He could have been sick. OR He may not have felt well. He must have been sick. OR He must not have felt well. *here, we are more certain!

13. Jan looks really tired today. It’s strange to see her this way because she is usually very energetic. She must not have gotten very much sleep last night. *this is what we think PROBABLY happened

14. Did you see how well Sam played during the soccer game? I was really surprised that he scored 4 goals because he usually doesn’t play that well. He must have practiced a lot before the game. OR He must have been practicing a lot recently. (progressive form)

15. Structure:How to make this grammar May Might Could Must past participle HAVE + + HAS

16. For the NEGATIVE: May Might Could Must past participle NOT HAVE + +

17. Negative Examples: Richard’s wife bought a new table 2 weeks ago, but Richard still hasn’t assembled it. I wonder why? He must NOT have understood the instructions.

18. Pronunciation Tips: When you hear native speakers use this grammar, it often sounds like they are saying: “might-uv” or “might-a” “may-uv” or “may-a” “could-uv” or “could-a” “must-uv” or “must-a”

19. She might have left already. They could have misunderstood the instructions. Susan might have quit her job. She must have gone home early today. Cynthia might have tried to call me when I out walking my dog.

20. Now it’s YOUR turn! What do you think? What are some possible reasons why these things happened? Write them on a piece of paper and show your writing to your teacher.

21. I wonder why Janet didn’t come to school today? I wonder why Lisa and her husband decided to move to Temecula. 3. I wonder what my mother got me for my birthday.