Perfect modals are used to talk about unfulfilled obligations or possibilities in the past. They include could have, may/might have, must have, should have/shouldn't have, and can't have. Each modal has a specific use - could have expresses ability or opportunity, may/might have expresses weak possibility, must have expresses logical conclusion, should have/shouldn't have expresses regret or obligation, and can't have expresses impossibility. The document provides examples of sentences using each perfect modal.

1. PERFECT MODALS

2. Perfect modals are soooo magnificent, so fascinating that they are called perfect modals... True or false ?

3. What are “perfect modals”? Could have done something May/might have done s omething Must have done something Should have done s omething Can’t have done something

4. COULD HAVE sh ow we had the ab i l i ty or the opportunity to do someth i ng i n the past but we d i d not do i t. - I could have studied law at university, but I didn’t want to. show a suggestion that was not taken - You could have asked for our help or you could have asked the manager to assign you to a different task. Why didn’t you? show an action that almost happened, but didn’t. Be careful! That car could have knocked you over !! We use could have +past participle to:

5. MAY/ MIGHT HAVE We use may/might have +past participle to: express a weak possibility in the past. - I don’t know where I lost my umbrella. I might have left it on the train. I might have dropped it. Or I might have left it at the shop. I really don’t know. Student 1: “Why didn’t Jon come to school yesterday?” Student 2: “Well , he might have decided to stay at home. Or he might have spent the day playing video games. He might even have slept all day! You know how he is!”

6. MUST HAVE We use must have +past participle to: show we are almost sure something happened in the past. (past logical conclusions) A: John was terribly tired yesterday and when I called him last night, he didn’t answer the phone. B: He must have fallen asleep. A: Some villagers were trapped on the mountain for a week. B: Oh. They must have been very hungry when they came back !

7. - I failed the test. I should have studied more I guess. -You should have returned the book to the library on time. Now, you have to pay a fine. -You should have let your daughter marry the man she loved. She’s so unhappy now. -You shouldn’t have spoiled your son like this. Now he is out of control . SHOULD HAVE /SHOULDN’T HAVE We use shouldshouldn’t have +past participle to: talk about Unfullfilled obligations in the past talk about regrets

8. CAN’T HAVE We use can’t have +past participle to: show that we are almost sure something did not happen in the past/ impossibilities . - She can’t have forgotten to send you an invitation. You are her best friend and, besides, I saw your name on the list . - You can’t have seen Tom at the mall yesterday. He is in hospital and is very sick. -A: I saw İsmet İnönü when I was a child. B: You can’t have seen him!! He died long before you were born!

9. Exercises Fill in the blanks using perfect modals. 1-Because we don’t have a map, we are lost. You .............. And you never ask for directions. You ...............the last time we stopped for gas. 2- A-Turkish athletes won five medals at the 1980 Olympic Games. B_ They ..................!! Turkey did not participate in the 1980 Olympics. 3- Why did you walk all the way to the station? You .... .............. bus. 4-Your flat looks great. You ................ a lot money on decoration.

10. Thank you for watching our presentation.  For more examples and exercises on Perfect Modals please look at your booklets. Bye......