The document discusses the modal verbs "must" and "have to" which are used to express obligation. It covers their positive, negative, and interrogative forms as well as differences in meaning between personal and impersonal obligation. Key points include: - "Must" expresses strong personal obligation while "have to" expresses strong impersonal obligation or rules/regulations. - The negative forms "mustn't" and "don't have to" express prohibition or absence of obligation. - "Have to" is generally used for questions about obligations. - The past forms are "had to" and "must" remains the same. - "Should" expresses weaker advice or obligation compared

1. Modal verbs
of
obligation

2. must
or
have to

3. must
or
have to
modal

4. must
or
have to
indicative
‘helping verb’

5. be careful with
+ive
—ive
?ive

6. be careful with
+ive
—ive
?ive
in both form and meaning

7. form

8. I must go.
I have to go.
+ive

9. He must go.
He has to go.
+ive

10. You mustn’t go.
I don’t have to go.
—ive

11. Must she go?
Does she have to go?
?ive

12. -
She had to go.
past

13. exercise

14. convert ‘must’ to ‘have to’
and
‘have to’ to ‘must’

15. must have to
I must go.
She has to study.
He mustn’t tell anyone.
Do they have to come?
You must try harder.
Students don’t have to answer all q.’s.
Must you make that noise?
You have to see that film.
We mustn’t smoke in here.
Does she have to do it again?
We must work hard.

16. must have to
I must go. I have to go.
She must study. She has to study.
He mustn’t tell anyone. He doesn’t have to tell anyone.
Must they come? Do they have to come?
You must try harder. You have to try harder.
Students mustn’t answer all q.’s. Students don’t have to answer all q.’s.
Must you make that noise? Do you have to make that noise?
You must see that film. You have to see that film.
We mustn’t smoke in here. We don’t have to smoke in here.
Must she do it again? Does she have to do it again?
We must work hard. We have to work hard.

17. pronunciation

18. < mustn’t >
/ mʌsnt /

19. < mustn’t >
/ mʌsnt /

20. < have to >
/ hæftə /

21. < have to >
/ hæftə /

22. < has to >
/ hæstə /

23. < has to >
/ hæstə /

24. < had to >
/ hætə /

25. < had to >
/ hætə /

26. meaning

27. +ive

28. I must wash my hair.

29. You must arrive early.

30. must [+ive] expresses
strong personal
obligation

31. personal obligation means:
- dictated by people
- imposed by a 1st or 2nd person

32. I have to get up early tomorrow.

33. Policemen have to wear
a uniform.

34. In tennis, you have to hit the ball
over the net.

35. have to [+ive] expresses
strong impersonal
obligation

36. impersonal obligation means:
- dictated by circumstance
- dictated by a 3rd person
- laws
- regulations
- rules

37. —ive

38. You mustn’t smoke in here.

39. You mustn’t tell anyone.

40. must [—ive] expresses
strong negative obligation
or prohibition

41. We don’t have to get up early
at weekends.

42. You don’t have to tell your
parents if you don’t want.

43. have to [—ive] expresses
absence of obligation

44. have to [—ive] expresses
absence of obligation
—there’s no need—

45. we can express
the same concept
(with different emphasis)
using ‘can’

46. We don’t have to get up early
at weekends.
We can get up early
if we want.

47. Translate non dovere using mustn’t and don’t have to, etc
Non devi dirlo a nessuno!
È domenica.
Non dobbiamo alzarci presto.
Sua madre fa tutto per lui.
Non deve fare nulla.
Non devi girare qui.
È un senso unico.
Ho già i crediti.
Non devo fare l’esame.
Non devi guardare le risposte
prima di fare l’esercizio.
Non devo fare tardi di nuovo.
Se non ti piace,
non devi mangiarlo.
È velenoso.
Non devi mangiarlo.

48. Translate non dovere using mustn’t and don’t have to, etc
Non devi dirlo a nessuno! You mustn’t tell anyone.
È domenica.
Non dobbiamo alzarci presto.
It’s Sunday.
We don’t have to get up early.
Sua madre fa tutto per lui.
Non deve fare nulla.
His mother does everything for him.
He doesn’t have to do anything.
Non devi girare qui.
È un senso unico.
You mustn’t turn here.
It’s a one-way street.
Ho già i crediti.
Non devo fare l’esame.
I’ve already got the credits.
I don’t have to take the exam.
Non devi guardare le risposte
prima di fare l’esercizio.
You mustn’t look at the answers
before doing the exercise.
Non devo fare tardi di nuovo. I mustn’t be late again.
Se non ti piace,
non devi mangiarlo.
If you don’t like it,
you don’t have to eat it.
È velenoso.
Non devi mangiarlo.
It’s poisonous.
You mustn’t eat it!

49. ?ive

50. Must I eat the vegetables?

51. must [?ive] is rare
between adults

52. must [?ive] is used when
children talk to
figures of authority
(parents, school teachers, etc)
with the meaning:
“is it really necessary for me
to do this thing?”

53. you can ignore
must [?ive]

54. Do I have to do my homework
for next Monday?

55. Do they have to book the
exam?

56. have to [?ive] is used for
(almost) all questions about
obligations

57. past

58. I must go to the dentist
next week.
I had to go to the dentist
last week.

59. I must go to the dentist
next week.
I had to go to the dentist
last week.

60. +ive —ive ?ive
must
personal
obligation
I must wash my
hair
negative
obligation
You mustn’t tell
anyone.
not
used
-
have
to
impersonal
obligation
I have to go to
the dentist.
absence of
obligation
We don’t have to
get up early.
all
questions
Do I have to do it
for Monday?

61. Use must or have to in the right form – use negatives where appropriate
She _____ work on Saturdays.
It’s a secret. You _____ tell my boyfriend.
Yesterday I _____ get up early.
_____ you _____ take your passport?
She finds it easy. She _____ try.
He’s a masochist. He enjoys _____ work hard.
_____ you _____ stay in this evening?
I _____ go to the dentist next week.
I _____ go to the dentist last week.
You _____ help me. I can do it by myself.
It’s been a great evening. We _____ do it again.

62. Use must or have to in the right form – use negatives where appropriate
She has to work on Saturdays. impersonal obligation
It’s a secret. You mustn’t tell my boyfriend. negative obligation
Yesterday I had to get up early. past
Do you have to take your passport? question
She finds it easy. She doesn’t have to try. zero obligation
He’s a masochist. He enjoys having to work hard. no form for must
Do you have to stay in this evening? question
I must go to the dentist next week. personal obligation
I had to go to the dentist last week. past
You don’t have to help me. I can do it by myself. zero obligation
It’s been a great evening. We must do it again. personal obligation

63. must
and
should

64. You should practice every day.

65. You should see that film.

66. should is a weak version
of must

67. should expresses advice
or weak obligation

68. You shouldn’t eat
so many sweets.

69. should [?ive] is used
to ask for advice

70. Should I buy that jacket?

71. think + should

72. I think you should try harder.

73. (I think) you should try harder.

74. I don’t think you should give up.
=
You shouldn’t give up.

75. I don’t think you should give up.
=
You shouldn’t give up.
—ive on the
first verb

76. homework

77. module 7, parts 6, 8, 9

79. www.davidnicholson.it