Mobile computing (Wireless) Medium Access Control (MAC)
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Motivation for a specialized MAC (Hidden and exposed terminals, Near and far terminals), SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Wireless LAN/(IEEE 802.11) Mobile Network Layer: IP and Mobile IP Network Layers, Packet Delivery and Handover Management, Location Management, Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Route Optimization, DHCP
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MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, media access control (MAC) data communication protocol is a sublayer of the data link layer (layer 2). The MAC sublayer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multiple access network that incorporates a shared medium, e.g. an Ethernet network. The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a media access controller.
The MAC sublayer acts as an interface between the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a full-duplex logical communication channel in a multi-point network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast or broadcast communication service.
Routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks
The document discusses routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It outlines several key challenges for these protocols, including mobility, bandwidth constraints, error-prone shared wireless channels, and hidden/exposed terminal problems. It also categorizes routing protocols based on how routing information is updated (proactively, reactively, or through a hybrid approach), whether they use past or future temporal network information, the type of network topology supported (flat or hierarchical), and how they account for specific resources like power.
Mac protocols of adhoc network
The document discusses several MAC protocols for ad hoc networks including MACA, MACAW, and PAMAS. MACA uses RTS and CTS packets to avoid collisions but does not provide ACK. MACAW is a revision of MACA that includes ACK. It significantly increases throughput but does not fully solve hidden and exposed terminal problems. PAMAS uses a separate signaling channel for RTS-CTS and a data channel. It allows nodes to power down transceivers when not transmitting to save energy.
Mac protocols
This document discusses medium access control (MAC) protocols, which regulate access to a shared wireless medium between nodes. It covers key requirements for MAC protocols including throughput efficiency, fairness, and low overhead. It also describes challenges like the hidden terminal problem, exposed terminal problem, and sources of overhead from collisions, overhearing, and idle listening. Finally, it categorizes common MAC protocols as fixed assignment, demand assignment, and random access and notes additional energy conservation requirements for wireless sensor networks.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
Telecommunications, also called telecommunication, is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means
Media Access Control
S.VIJAYALAKSHMI M.SC(CS) discusses Media Access Control and multiple access protocols. The main task of MAC protocols is to minimize collisions and utilize bandwidth by determining when nodes can access the shared channel, what to do when the channel is busy, and how to handle collisions. Early protocols like Aloha and slotted Aloha were inefficient at high loads due to many collisions. CSMA protocols reduce collisions by having nodes listen first before transmitting, but collisions are still possible due to propagation delays.
Multiplexing in mobile computing
This document discusses multiplexing techniques used in mobile computing. It describes four types of multiplexing: frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), and space division multiplexing (SDM). For each type, it provides details on how the technique works and its advantages and disadvantages. FDM uses different frequencies to transmit multiple signals simultaneously. TDM divides a signal into time slots to share a frequency. CDM assigns unique codes to signals sharing the same frequency. SDM splits a channel across physical locations.
Mobile Network Layer
Mobile Network Layer protocols and mechanisms allow nodes to change their point of attachment to different networks while maintaining ongoing communication. Key concepts include:
- Mobile IP adds mobility support to IP, allowing nodes to use the same IP address even when changing networks. It relies on home agents and care-of addresses.
- Registration allows mobile nodes to inform their home agent of their current location when visiting foreign networks. Tunneling and encapsulation techniques are used to forward packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
Recommended
MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, media access control (MAC) data communication protocol is a sublayer of the data link layer (layer 2). The MAC sublayer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multiple access network that incorporates a shared medium, e.g. an Ethernet network. The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a media access controller.
The MAC sublayer acts as an interface between the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a full-duplex logical communication channel in a multi-point network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast or broadcast communication service.
Routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks
The document discusses routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It outlines several key challenges for these protocols, including mobility, bandwidth constraints, error-prone shared wireless channels, and hidden/exposed terminal problems. It also categorizes routing protocols based on how routing information is updated (proactively, reactively, or through a hybrid approach), whether they use past or future temporal network information, the type of network topology supported (flat or hierarchical), and how they account for specific resources like power.
Mac protocols of adhoc network
The document discusses several MAC protocols for ad hoc networks including MACA, MACAW, and PAMAS. MACA uses RTS and CTS packets to avoid collisions but does not provide ACK. MACAW is a revision of MACA that includes ACK. It significantly increases throughput but does not fully solve hidden and exposed terminal problems. PAMAS uses a separate signaling channel for RTS-CTS and a data channel. It allows nodes to power down transceivers when not transmitting to save energy.
Mac protocols
This document discusses medium access control (MAC) protocols, which regulate access to a shared wireless medium between nodes. It covers key requirements for MAC protocols including throughput efficiency, fairness, and low overhead. It also describes challenges like the hidden terminal problem, exposed terminal problem, and sources of overhead from collisions, overhearing, and idle listening. Finally, it categorizes common MAC protocols as fixed assignment, demand assignment, and random access and notes additional energy conservation requirements for wireless sensor networks.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
Telecommunications, also called telecommunication, is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means
Media Access Control
S.VIJAYALAKSHMI M.SC(CS) discusses Media Access Control and multiple access protocols. The main task of MAC protocols is to minimize collisions and utilize bandwidth by determining when nodes can access the shared channel, what to do when the channel is busy, and how to handle collisions. Early protocols like Aloha and slotted Aloha were inefficient at high loads due to many collisions. CSMA protocols reduce collisions by having nodes listen first before transmitting, but collisions are still possible due to propagation delays.
Multiplexing in mobile computing
This document discusses multiplexing techniques used in mobile computing. It describes four types of multiplexing: frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), and space division multiplexing (SDM). For each type, it provides details on how the technique works and its advantages and disadvantages. FDM uses different frequencies to transmit multiple signals simultaneously. TDM divides a signal into time slots to share a frequency. CDM assigns unique codes to signals sharing the same frequency. SDM splits a channel across physical locations.
Mobile Network Layer
Mobile Network Layer protocols and mechanisms allow nodes to change their point of attachment to different networks while maintaining ongoing communication. Key concepts include:
- Mobile IP adds mobility support to IP, allowing nodes to use the same IP address even when changing networks. It relies on home agents and care-of addresses.
- Registration allows mobile nodes to inform their home agent of their current location when visiting foreign networks. Tunneling and encapsulation techniques are used to forward packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
Mobile computing unit2,SDMA,FDMA,CDMA,TDMA Space Division Multi Access,Frequ...
This document discusses various terminology related to the MAC sublayer, including:
1. The station model consisting of independent stations that generate frames for transmission.
2. The single channel assumption where a single channel is available for all communication.
3. The collision assumption where if two frames are transmitted simultaneously they will overlap and be garbled.
It then covers concepts such as carrier sensing, hidden and exposed terminals, and near and far terminals that create challenges for wireless networks. Finally, it introduces various multiple access methods including SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio
IS-95 Cdma
IS-95 CDMA is an air interface standard that uses code division multiple access (CDMA). It employs various techniques to improve system capacity and performance, including bandwidth recycling, power control, soft handoffs, diversity combining, and variable rate vocoding. Key aspects of IS-95 include the use of quadrature phase shift keying modulation at a 1.2288 Mcps chip rate, forward error correction coding, and multiple logical channels (pilot, sync, paging, traffic) defined using orthogonal Walsh codes.
Unit 2
The document discusses various medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless networks. It describes challenges with applying carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) to wireless networks due to problems like hidden and exposed terminals. It then covers different MAC schemes like space division multiple access (SDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) that aim to address these challenges. Specific protocols discussed in more detail include Aloha, slotted Aloha, and how TDMA can be used for fixed or dynamic channel allocation.
Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Ne...
This Slide includes the description about Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Networks
Ad-Hoc Networks
The document discusses ad-hoc networks and their key characteristics. It describes several challenges in ad-hoc networks including limited battery power, dynamic network topology, and scalability issues. It also summarizes several ad-hoc network routing protocols (e.g. DSDV, AODV, DSR), addressing both table-driven and on-demand approaches. Additionally, it outlines some ad-hoc MAC protocols like MACA and PAMAS that aim to manage shared wireless medium access.
Computer networks - Channelization
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
Chapter 4 data link layer
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Issues in routing protocol
The document discusses key issues in designing ad hoc wireless routing protocols including mobility, bandwidth constraints from a shared radio channel, and resource constraints of battery life and processing power. It outlines problems like the hidden and exposed terminal problems that can occur on a shared wireless channel. It also provides ideal characteristics for routing protocols, noting they should be fully distributed, adaptive to topology changes, use minimal flooding, and converge quickly when paths break while minimizing overhead through efficient use of bandwidth and resources.
TCP over wireless slides
The document discusses various protocols and approaches for improving the performance of TCP over wireless networks. It notes that wireless networks have higher bit error rates, lower bandwidth, and mobility issues compared to wired networks. Several protocols are described that aim to distinguish wireless losses from congestion losses to avoid unnecessary TCP reactions:
- Indirect TCP splits the connection and handles losses locally at the base station. Snoop caches packets at the base station for retransmission.
- Mobile TCP further splits the connection and has the base station defer acknowledgments. It can also inform the sender about handoffs versus interface switches.
- Multiple acknowledgments uses two types of ACKs to isolate the wireless and wired portions of the network.
-
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)
Basic concepts of ATM. ATM works on Data link layer. It provides switched networking between devices.
Signals and Antennas in mobile computing
This document discusses signals and signal propagation in wireless communication networks. It covers several key topics:
1. Signals are the physical representation of data that is transmitted through communication systems. Signal parameters like amplitude, frequency, and phase shift encode the data.
2. Signals propagate through wireless networks differently than through wired networks due to effects like reflection, scattering, diffraction and multipath propagation. This results in delayed and attenuated signals arriving at the receiver.
3. Techniques like TDMA, CDMA and multiple access protocols are used to allow multiple users to share the same wireless medium and communicate simultaneously. Fixed and dynamic channel allocation schemes are discussed.
Transport layer protocol
The document discusses the differences between packets and frames, and provides details on the transport layer. It explains that the transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery and uses port numbers for addressing. Connection-oriented protocols like TCP use three-way handshaking for connection establishment and termination, and implement flow and error control using mechanisms like sliding windows. Connectionless protocols like UDP are simpler but unreliable, treating each packet independently.
Transport layer services
The document discusses transport layer protocols TCP and UDP. It provides an overview of process-to-process communication using transport layer protocols. It describes the roles, services, requirements, addressing, encapsulation, multiplexing, and error control functions of the transport layer. It specifically examines TCP and UDP, comparing their connection-oriented and connectionless services, typical applications, and segment/datagram formats.
UMTS, Introduction.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
WCDMA
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
Packet radio protocol
Packet radio protocols allow multiple subscribers to access a shared channel for transmitting data packets. They use contention-based random access techniques like ALOHA. Pure ALOHA protocol has low efficiency due to partial packet collisions. Slotted ALOHA synchronizes transmissions to time slots to prevent partial collisions, improving efficiency. Performance is evaluated using metrics like throughput, which is highest at optimal channel load and drops off above and below this point.
Circuit Switching
Circuit switching is a method of establishing a dedicated communication path or circuit between two endpoints in a network before transmission begins. It requires reserving bandwidth throughout the network for the duration of the connection. A circuit-switched network establishes a physical path and dedicates resources to a single connection. It operates in three phases: circuit establishment, data transfer, and circuit disconnection. The public telephone network is an example of a circuit-switched network.
Design Issues In Adhoc Wireless MAC Protocol
Distributed Operation
Synchronization
Hidden Terminals
Exposed terminals
Throughput
Access delay
Fairness
Real-time Traffic support
Resource reservation
Ability to measure resource availability
Capability for power control
Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas
Computer Networks Unit 2 UNIT II DATA-LINK LAYER & MEDIA ACCESS
The document discusses data link layer framing and protocols. It describes:
1) Two main approaches to framing - byte-oriented (using sentinel characters) and bit-oriented (using bit stuffing). Protocols discussed include BISYNC, DDCMP, and HDLC.
2) Features of PPP framing including negotiated field sizes and use of LCP control messages.
3) Functions of data link layer including framing, flow control, error control, and media access control. The relationship between the logical link control and media access control sublayers is also covered.
Wireless medium Access Control-multiple terminals need to communicate at the ...
MC U-II
In wireless networks, multiple terminals need to communicate at the same time and a medium access control (MAC) protocol allows several terminals to transmit over the wireless channel and to share its capacity
Hybrid m-a-t
This document discusses various multiple access techniques used in wireless communication including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and hybrid techniques. It provides details on how each technique divides up bandwidth, including allocating different frequency bands (FDMA), time slots (TDMA), or codes (CDMA). It then describes three hybrid techniques: FCDMA divides the spectrum into smaller CDMA systems; DS/FHMA uses a combination of direct sequence and frequency hopping modulation; and TCDMA assigns different codes to different cells and only allows one user per cell per time slot.
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Mobile computing unit2,SDMA,FDMA,CDMA,TDMA Space Division Multi Access,Frequ...
This document discusses various terminology related to the MAC sublayer, including:
1. The station model consisting of independent stations that generate frames for transmission.
2. The single channel assumption where a single channel is available for all communication.
3. The collision assumption where if two frames are transmitted simultaneously they will overlap and be garbled.
It then covers concepts such as carrier sensing, hidden and exposed terminals, and near and far terminals that create challenges for wireless networks. Finally, it introduces various multiple access methods including SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio
IS-95 Cdma
IS-95 CDMA is an air interface standard that uses code division multiple access (CDMA). It employs various techniques to improve system capacity and performance, including bandwidth recycling, power control, soft handoffs, diversity combining, and variable rate vocoding. Key aspects of IS-95 include the use of quadrature phase shift keying modulation at a 1.2288 Mcps chip rate, forward error correction coding, and multiple logical channels (pilot, sync, paging, traffic) defined using orthogonal Walsh codes.
Unit 2
The document discusses various medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless networks. It describes challenges with applying carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) to wireless networks due to problems like hidden and exposed terminals. It then covers different MAC schemes like space division multiple access (SDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) that aim to address these challenges. Specific protocols discussed in more detail include Aloha, slotted Aloha, and how TDMA can be used for fixed or dynamic channel allocation.
Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Ne...
This Slide includes the description about Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Networks
Ad-Hoc Networks
The document discusses ad-hoc networks and their key characteristics. It describes several challenges in ad-hoc networks including limited battery power, dynamic network topology, and scalability issues. It also summarizes several ad-hoc network routing protocols (e.g. DSDV, AODV, DSR), addressing both table-driven and on-demand approaches. Additionally, it outlines some ad-hoc MAC protocols like MACA and PAMAS that aim to manage shared wireless medium access.
Computer networks - Channelization
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
Chapter 4 data link layer
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Issues in routing protocol
The document discusses key issues in designing ad hoc wireless routing protocols including mobility, bandwidth constraints from a shared radio channel, and resource constraints of battery life and processing power. It outlines problems like the hidden and exposed terminal problems that can occur on a shared wireless channel. It also provides ideal characteristics for routing protocols, noting they should be fully distributed, adaptive to topology changes, use minimal flooding, and converge quickly when paths break while minimizing overhead through efficient use of bandwidth and resources.
TCP over wireless slides
The document discusses various protocols and approaches for improving the performance of TCP over wireless networks. It notes that wireless networks have higher bit error rates, lower bandwidth, and mobility issues compared to wired networks. Several protocols are described that aim to distinguish wireless losses from congestion losses to avoid unnecessary TCP reactions:
- Indirect TCP splits the connection and handles losses locally at the base station. Snoop caches packets at the base station for retransmission.
- Mobile TCP further splits the connection and has the base station defer acknowledgments. It can also inform the sender about handoffs versus interface switches.
- Multiple acknowledgments uses two types of ACKs to isolate the wireless and wired portions of the network.
-
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)
Basic concepts of ATM. ATM works on Data link layer. It provides switched networking between devices.
Signals and Antennas in mobile computing
This document discusses signals and signal propagation in wireless communication networks. It covers several key topics:
1. Signals are the physical representation of data that is transmitted through communication systems. Signal parameters like amplitude, frequency, and phase shift encode the data.
2. Signals propagate through wireless networks differently than through wired networks due to effects like reflection, scattering, diffraction and multipath propagation. This results in delayed and attenuated signals arriving at the receiver.
3. Techniques like TDMA, CDMA and multiple access protocols are used to allow multiple users to share the same wireless medium and communicate simultaneously. Fixed and dynamic channel allocation schemes are discussed.
Transport layer protocol
The document discusses the differences between packets and frames, and provides details on the transport layer. It explains that the transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery and uses port numbers for addressing. Connection-oriented protocols like TCP use three-way handshaking for connection establishment and termination, and implement flow and error control using mechanisms like sliding windows. Connectionless protocols like UDP are simpler but unreliable, treating each packet independently.
Transport layer services
The document discusses transport layer protocols TCP and UDP. It provides an overview of process-to-process communication using transport layer protocols. It describes the roles, services, requirements, addressing, encapsulation, multiplexing, and error control functions of the transport layer. It specifically examines TCP and UDP, comparing their connection-oriented and connectionless services, typical applications, and segment/datagram formats.
UMTS, Introduction.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
WCDMA
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
Packet radio protocol
Packet radio protocols allow multiple subscribers to access a shared channel for transmitting data packets. They use contention-based random access techniques like ALOHA. Pure ALOHA protocol has low efficiency due to partial packet collisions. Slotted ALOHA synchronizes transmissions to time slots to prevent partial collisions, improving efficiency. Performance is evaluated using metrics like throughput, which is highest at optimal channel load and drops off above and below this point.
Circuit Switching
Circuit switching is a method of establishing a dedicated communication path or circuit between two endpoints in a network before transmission begins. It requires reserving bandwidth throughout the network for the duration of the connection. A circuit-switched network establishes a physical path and dedicates resources to a single connection. It operates in three phases: circuit establishment, data transfer, and circuit disconnection. The public telephone network is an example of a circuit-switched network.
Design Issues In Adhoc Wireless MAC Protocol
Distributed Operation
Synchronization
Hidden Terminals
Exposed terminals
Throughput
Access delay
Fairness
Real-time Traffic support
Resource reservation
Ability to measure resource availability
Capability for power control
Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas
Computer Networks Unit 2 UNIT II DATA-LINK LAYER & MEDIA ACCESS
The document discusses data link layer framing and protocols. It describes:
1) Two main approaches to framing - byte-oriented (using sentinel characters) and bit-oriented (using bit stuffing). Protocols discussed include BISYNC, DDCMP, and HDLC.
2) Features of PPP framing including negotiated field sizes and use of LCP control messages.
3) Functions of data link layer including framing, flow control, error control, and media access control. The relationship between the logical link control and media access control sublayers is also covered.
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Similar to Mobile computing (Wireless) Medium Access Control (MAC)
Wireless medium Access Control-multiple terminals need to communicate at the ...
MC U-II
In wireless networks, multiple terminals need to communicate at the same time and a medium access control (MAC) protocol allows several terminals to transmit over the wireless channel and to share its capacity
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This document discusses various multiple access techniques used in wireless communication including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and hybrid techniques. It provides details on how each technique divides up bandwidth, including allocating different frequency bands (FDMA), time slots (TDMA), or codes (CDMA). It then describes three hybrid techniques: FCDMA divides the spectrum into smaller CDMA systems; DS/FHMA uses a combination of direct sequence and frequency hopping modulation; and TCDMA assigns different codes to different cells and only allows one user per cell per time slot.
04_20.pptx
1) FDMA divides the total available bandwidth into narrow frequency bands, allocating each user an individual band, allowing simultaneous transmission without interference. TDMA divides each frequency channel into time slots, allocating slots to different users to share the channel.
2) TDMA offers advantages like increased efficiency, ability to transmit data and voice, and cost-effectiveness for upgrading analog to digital. Disadvantages include predefined time slots and multipath distortion.
3) FDMA is simpler but requires expensive filters, while TDMA uses cheaper logic but has problems from propagation delays and assigning time slots when roaming.
Demand Assigned Multiple Access
DAMA is a technique used to assign satellite channels to users on an as-needed basis. It allows a satellite to communicate with different earth stations simultaneously without interference. With DAMA, communication channels are assigned based on requests from user terminals to a network control system. Once allocated, a channel is reserved for a user's session and not available to others until it is finished. This improves efficiency over systems that permanently allocate channels.
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This document discusses different types of multiplexing including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDM divides the spectrum into logical channels and allocates each user an exclusive frequency band. TDM divides the shared channel among users by assigning time slots. CDMA allows multiple users to occupy the entire channel bandwidth simultaneously by encoding each user's signal differently.
NOMA.pptx
NOMA is a multiple access technique that enables multiple users to access the network simultaneously using the power domain. It allocates more power to cell-edge users and less power to near users. At the receiver side, near users perform SIC to decode and remove far users' signals before detecting their own signals. This allows NOMA to enhance reception capacity and throughput compared to the orthogonal multiple access schemes used in previous generations. NOMA is a promising technique for 5G networks to support massive connectivity.
Common protocols
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) allows devices to access the Internet over wireless networks. There are three main categories of protocols for managing shared access to wireless networks: fixed assignment, demand assignment, and random assignment. Fixed assignment divides resources like frequency bands or time slots and allocates them exclusively. Demand assignment allocates resources only to nodes that need them. Random assignment does not preallocate resources and relies on collision detection and retransmission to manage shared access. Common protocols that fall under these categories include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, ALOHA, and CSMA.
Satellite Multiple Access Schemes
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and DAMA are multiple access techniques that allow multiple users to share access to a satellite for communication. FDMA divides the available bandwidth into different frequency channels. TDMA divides the bandwidth into different time slots. CDMA spreads each user's signal over the entire bandwidth using unique codes. DAMA dynamically assigns bandwidth according to demand rather than using pre-assigned blocks of time or frequency. These techniques allow efficient sharing of satellite bandwidth among multiple users.
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This document provides an overview of multiple access techniques for wireless communications, including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and various spread spectrum techniques. It describes the basic principles of each technique, including how they divide up frequency bands, time slots, or code channels to allow multiple users to access a shared channel simultaneously. Examples of wireless networks that use each technique are also provided.
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This document discusses multiple access procedures used in wireless networks. It describes four main types: FDMA which divides the frequency band into channels; TDMA which divides the available time into time slots; CDMA which uses orthogonal codes to separate signals that occupy the same frequency; and SDMA which divides the space using directional antennas. The document provides details on how FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA work and notes some variants of TDMA including fixed, dynamic, and packet-based TDMA.
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2. It provides details on PPP components, types of multiplexers, uses of FDM and WDM, synchronous and asynchronous TDM, and how reservation, polling, and token passing control access to shared media.
3. Controlled access methods like token passing aim to prevent collisions by allowing only one node to transmit at a time, while random access techniques
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1) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols regulate access to shared wireless channels and ensure performance requirements of applications are met. They assemble data into frames, append addressing and error detection, and disassemble received frames.
2) Common MAC protocols include Fixed Assignment (e.g. TDMA), Demand Assignment (e.g. polling), and Random Assignment (e.g. ALOHA, CSMA). Schedule-based MAC protocols avoid contention through resource scheduling while contention-based protocols (e.g. CSMA/CA) allocate resources on demand, risking collisions.
3) The document discusses various MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks and their objectives to minimize energy waste from idle listening, collisions,
COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES.pptx
The document discusses multiple access techniques for satellites, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. FDMA assigns different frequency bands to signals to avoid interference. TDMA assigns fixed time slots to each channel. CDMA assigns a unique code to each channel and allows signals to occupy the full bandwidth simultaneously. CDMA provides the highest spectrum efficiency but also the highest costs due to complex equipment requirements.
Time division multiple access
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a channel access method that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. Each user transmits in a specific time slot, so multiple stations can share the same channel without interference. TDMA is used in most 2G cellular systems and allows efficient sharing of radio spectrum among mobile users in a cell. It allocates users to individual time slots to separate the signals and avoid collisions. However, TDMA requires close synchronization and experiences difficulties with handoffs between cells when time slots are fully occupied.
Satellite ppt
This document discusses multiplexing and multiple access techniques used in communication networks. It describes multiplexing as transmitting multiple signals over a single medium, such as frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). Multiple access allows several stations to transmit simultaneously into the same network using techniques like frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA divides the available bandwidth into frequency slots, TDMA divides transmission time into time slots, and CDMA assigns unique codes to signals.
TDMA, FDMA, CDMA
Definition, Operation, general specification, advantages, disadvantages and applications of TDMA,FDMA and CDMA.
Bandwidth Utilization Multiplexing and Spectrum Spreading
This document provides an overview of bandwidth utilization techniques including multiplexing and spread spectrum. It discusses multiplexing techniques like frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), and time-division multiplexing (TDM). It also covers spread spectrum techniques such as frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). The key advantages of these techniques are that they allow for more efficient use of bandwidth and increase resistance to interference and jamming.
WCN U5.pptx
The document discusses multiple access schemes used to allow multiple users to share limited wireless spectrum or communication channels simultaneously. It describes several schemes including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, and SDMA. FDMA divides the channel into frequency bands and assigns each user an individual band. TDMA divides the channel into time slots and assigns each user slots. CDMA spreads each user's signal over the entire channel using unique codes. OFDMA and SDMA combine these techniques with OFDM and spatial separation of users.
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- 1. 1 UNIT-II (Wireless) Medium Access Control Dr R Jegadeesan Prof-CSE Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science, karimnagar
- 2. 2 Contents 1. Motivation for Specialized MAC • Hidden and Exposed Terminals • Far and Near Terminals 2. Access Methods • SDMA • FDMA • TDMA • CDMA
- 3. 1. Motivation for Specialized MAC 3
- 4. 4
- 5. 5
- 6. 6 MULTIPLEXING • A fundamental mechanism in communication system and networks • Enables multiple users to share a medium • For wireless communication, multiplexing can be carried out in four dimensions: space, time, frequency and code
- 8. 8 2. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) • Channels are assigned on the basis of ―space‖(but operate on same frequency) • The assignment makes sure that the transmission do not interfere with each (with a guard band in between)
- 9. 9
- 10. 10 3. FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access 1. Frequency domain is subdivided into several non- overlapping frequency bands 2. Each channel is assigned its own frequency band (with guard spaces in between)
- 11. 11
- 12. 12 3. TDMA : Time Division Medium Access • A channel is given the whole bandwidth for a certain amount of time – All senders use the same frequency, but at different point of time • Synchronization can be done by using – Fixed Allocation Scheme or – Dynamic Allocation Scheme
- 13. 13
- 14. 14
- 16. Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) / Implicit Reservation 16
- 17. 17 • In this each terminal on the network is able to monitor the status of the channel before transmitting information • Variations: – 1-persistent CSMA – non-persistent CSMA - – p-persistent CSMA – CSMA/CA – Elimination yield – non-preemptive multiple access (EY-NMPA) Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols (CSMA)
- 18. Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) 18
- 19. 19
- 20. POLLING 20
- 21. Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) 21
- 22. 22 4. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access ◼ separation of channels achieved by assigning each channel its own code ◼ guard spaces are realized by having distance in code space (e.g. orthogonal codes) ◼ transmitter can transmit in the same frequency band at the same time, but have to use different code ◼ Provides good protection against interference and tapping ◼ but the receivers have relatively high complexity.
- 23. Spread Aloha Multiple Access(SAMA) 23
- 25. Thank you