1. Cellular networks use multiple base stations that transmit and receive from mobile devices using assigned frequencies to allow frequency reuse and increase both coverage and capacity.
2. Multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously by dividing the available bandwidth.
3. Generations of cellular networks have increased capabilities with 2G supporting digital signals and data, 3G allowing faster data rates including video calls, and 4G providing high-speed multimedia access.
The document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands, cells, and handoffs. It then describes the multiple access schemes used in different generations including FDMA in 1G, TDMA in 2G, and CDMA in 3G. It provides details on 2G GSM network standards, protocols, and architecture. It also summarizes the evolution from 2G to 3G UMTS and 3.5G HSPA networks as well as the 4G LTE technology including its advantages over previous standards.
This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including multiple access techniques used like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G, HSPA, and LTE. Key aspects covered include network architecture, frequency bands, protocols, and mobility management in cellular systems.
Lectures on 2 g,3g,3.5g,4g By Professor Dr Arshad Abbas KhanProfArshadAbbas
This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands used, multiple access techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G UMTS, HSPA 3.5G, and LTE 4G. Key aspects of these technologies like their network architecture, protocols, and frequency spectrums are summarized. The document concludes with a case study on the impact of user mobility on bandwidth sharing in HSPA networks for mobile users on public transportation.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. As devices move between base station coverage areas, the network performs handoffs to transfer the connection seamlessly. Higher generations of cellular networks like 3G and 4G provide improved data speeds but still must handle user mobility effectively.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. This study examines how mobility on public transportation impacts the performance of HSPA cellular networks in delivering bandwidth-intensive applications to mobile users.
The document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands, cells, and handoffs. It then describes the multiple access schemes used in different generations including FDMA in 1G, TDMA in 2G, and CDMA in 3G. It provides details on 2G GSM network standards, protocols, and architecture. It also summarizes the evolution from 2G to 3G UMTS and 3.5G HSPA networks as well as the 4G LTE technology including its advantages over previous standards.
This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including multiple access techniques used like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G, HSPA, and LTE. Key aspects covered include network architecture, frequency bands, protocols, and mobility management in cellular systems.
Lectures on 2 g,3g,3.5g,4g By Professor Dr Arshad Abbas KhanProfArshadAbbas
This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands used, multiple access techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G UMTS, HSPA 3.5G, and LTE 4G. Key aspects of these technologies like their network architecture, protocols, and frequency spectrums are summarized. The document concludes with a case study on the impact of user mobility on bandwidth sharing in HSPA networks for mobile users on public transportation.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. As devices move between base station coverage areas, the network performs handoffs to transfer the connection seamlessly. Higher generations of cellular networks like 3G and 4G provide improved data speeds but still must handle user mobility effectively.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. This study examines how mobility on public transportation impacts the performance of HSPA cellular networks in delivering bandwidth-intensive applications to mobile users.
The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands
Mobile phones operate using cellular networks that transmit radio signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. A cellular network consists of base stations that transmit to and receive from mobile devices. Each base station covers a geographic cell area. As devices move between cells, handoffs of the connection occur. Cellular networks have evolved through generations starting with analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed internet access. Multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA are used to allow multiple devices to access the network simultaneously. Popular cellular standards include GSM, CDMA, and LTE which define network architecture, protocols, and services.
Mobile phones operate using cellular networks that transmit radio signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. A cellular network consists of base stations that transmit to and receive from mobile devices. Each base station covers a geographic cell area. As devices move between cells, handoffs of the connection occur. Cellular networks have evolved through generations starting with analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed internet access. Key technologies enabling multiple devices to access the network simultaneously include FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Popular cellular standards include GSM, a 2G standard, and 3G/4G standards that support higher data rates for applications like video calling.
This document provides an overview of mobile handset cellular networks. It discusses cellular network basics including the frequency bands used and how base stations transmit to and receive from mobile devices. It describes cellular network generations from 0G to 4G and the evolution of cellular networks over time. It also covers multiple access schemes including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Specific cellular technologies are discussed like GSM, UMTS, HSPA, LTE and their network architectures.
Mobile phones connect to a cellular network by communicating with nearby base stations using radio frequencies, with each base station serving an area called a cell, and cellular networks have evolved through generations from analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed wireless internet access.
The document provides an overview of mobile handset cellular networks, including the evolution from 2G to 4G networks. It describes key aspects of 2G GSM networks such as architecture, channels, protocols and short message service. It also summarizes the development of 3G UMTS networks and 4G LTE networks, outlining their technical improvements over previous generations including increased data rates and new multiple access technologies.
GSM is a second generation cellular technology developed to provide digital voice and data services using TDMA and FDMA. It initially provided circuit switched services but later added packet switched capabilities with GPRS. The key components of GSM are the mobile station, base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem centered around mobile switching centers and databases like HLR, VLR, EIR and AUC. GSM supports various voice and data services as well as supplementary services and saw continual upgrades over time to improve data capabilities.
4G and 5G communication networks have evolved over several generations to support higher data speeds and more advanced services. 1G networks in the 1980s supported only analog voice calls while 2G networks in the 1990s added digital voice calls and SMS. 3G networks launched in 2003 enabled multimedia and web browsing at speeds up to 2 Mbps. 4G networks from 2012 provided speeds up to 12 Mbps allowing HD video and online gaming. Current research is developing 5G networks to meet the bandwidth and latency needs of augmented reality, virtual reality and autonomous vehicles.
Global System for Mobile Communications(1).pdfbutrukerdu
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Key points include:
- GSM is a digital cellular network developed to provide improved voice quality, capacity, and security compared to earlier analog networks.
- The network uses a cell structure where each cell contains radio transmission equipment and is connected to switches that provide access to wired networks.
- Core network components include Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs), Home Location Registers (HLRs), Visitor Location Registers (VLRs), and Authentication Centers (AUCs) that manage subscriber data and authentication.
- Radio access is handled by Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) and Base Station Controllers (BSCs)
The document provides information on Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It discusses that GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice and data services using digital modulation. It details the history and development of GSM standards. The document describes the various GSM services including teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services. It explains the GSM system architecture including components like mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem and their functions. It also covers GSM specifications, call routing process, advantages of GSM over analog systems, and the future of GSM network.
GSM is a digital cellular network standard that allows for compatibility between networks and devices. It divides geographic coverage areas into cells served by base stations. GSM uses paired frequencies between 890-960 MHz for uplinks and 935-960 MHz for downlinks, separated by 45 MHz. The network components include the mobile station containing the mobile equipment and SIM card, base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching centers, databases, and interfaces to other networks.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes key aspects of GSM including that it uses a digital cellular network, divides service areas into cells with equipment to transmit and receive calls, operates in specific radio frequency ranges, and uses subscriber identities like IMSI and TMSI. It also summarizes important GSM network components like the MSC, BTS, HLR, VLR, EIR and SIM card.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes key aspects of GSM including that it uses a digital cellular network, divides service areas into cells with equipment to transmit and receive calls, operates in specific radio frequency ranges, and uses subscriber identity modules (SIMs) and mobile equipment (ME). The document also summarizes key GSM network components like the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and base station subsystem (BSS).
GSM is a 2G mobile communication system that provides voice and data services. It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the radio subsystem including the BTS, BSC and MS; the network and switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR; and the operation subsystem including the OMC, AuC and EIR. GSM provides services like telephony, SMS, and data transmission using bearer channels while ensuring security, anonymity and authentication of users.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including that it uses digital cellular networks divided into regions called cells. Each cell has equipment to transmit and receive calls within its coverage area. GSM networks operate in specific radio frequency ranges and use frequency reuse to increase capacity. The network components work together to provide mobile communication services, identifying and authenticating subscribers as they roam across different cells.
Mobile networks have evolved through generations from 0G to 4G. 2G networks like GSM used frequency division multiple access and provided basic voice and SMS services. 3G networks such as UMTS enabled higher speed digital services using WCDMA technology. Between 2G and 3G, networks added technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and HSDPA (3.5G) to improve speeds. 4G networks like LTE provide broadband access using OFDM and MIMO with speeds over 100 Mbps for voice, data and multimedia services on all-IP networks.
GSM. Global System for Mobile Communication.Student
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and evolution of GSM from 1G to future 5G networks. The key components of a GSM network are described, including the mobile equipment, subscriber identity module, base station system consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. Applications, advantages like worldwide connectivity, and disadvantages like limited range are highlighted. The presentation concludes with references and an acknowledgment.
The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands
Mobile phones operate using cellular networks that transmit radio signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. A cellular network consists of base stations that transmit to and receive from mobile devices. Each base station covers a geographic cell area. As devices move between cells, handoffs of the connection occur. Cellular networks have evolved through generations starting with analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed internet access. Multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA are used to allow multiple devices to access the network simultaneously. Popular cellular standards include GSM, CDMA, and LTE which define network architecture, protocols, and services.
Mobile phones operate using cellular networks that transmit radio signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. A cellular network consists of base stations that transmit to and receive from mobile devices. Each base station covers a geographic cell area. As devices move between cells, handoffs of the connection occur. Cellular networks have evolved through generations starting with analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed internet access. Key technologies enabling multiple devices to access the network simultaneously include FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Popular cellular standards include GSM, a 2G standard, and 3G/4G standards that support higher data rates for applications like video calling.
This document provides an overview of mobile handset cellular networks. It discusses cellular network basics including the frequency bands used and how base stations transmit to and receive from mobile devices. It describes cellular network generations from 0G to 4G and the evolution of cellular networks over time. It also covers multiple access schemes including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Specific cellular technologies are discussed like GSM, UMTS, HSPA, LTE and their network architectures.
Mobile phones connect to a cellular network by communicating with nearby base stations using radio frequencies, with each base station serving an area called a cell, and cellular networks have evolved through generations from analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed wireless internet access.
The document provides an overview of mobile handset cellular networks, including the evolution from 2G to 4G networks. It describes key aspects of 2G GSM networks such as architecture, channels, protocols and short message service. It also summarizes the development of 3G UMTS networks and 4G LTE networks, outlining their technical improvements over previous generations including increased data rates and new multiple access technologies.
GSM is a second generation cellular technology developed to provide digital voice and data services using TDMA and FDMA. It initially provided circuit switched services but later added packet switched capabilities with GPRS. The key components of GSM are the mobile station, base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem centered around mobile switching centers and databases like HLR, VLR, EIR and AUC. GSM supports various voice and data services as well as supplementary services and saw continual upgrades over time to improve data capabilities.
4G and 5G communication networks have evolved over several generations to support higher data speeds and more advanced services. 1G networks in the 1980s supported only analog voice calls while 2G networks in the 1990s added digital voice calls and SMS. 3G networks launched in 2003 enabled multimedia and web browsing at speeds up to 2 Mbps. 4G networks from 2012 provided speeds up to 12 Mbps allowing HD video and online gaming. Current research is developing 5G networks to meet the bandwidth and latency needs of augmented reality, virtual reality and autonomous vehicles.
Global System for Mobile Communications(1).pdfbutrukerdu
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Key points include:
- GSM is a digital cellular network developed to provide improved voice quality, capacity, and security compared to earlier analog networks.
- The network uses a cell structure where each cell contains radio transmission equipment and is connected to switches that provide access to wired networks.
- Core network components include Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs), Home Location Registers (HLRs), Visitor Location Registers (VLRs), and Authentication Centers (AUCs) that manage subscriber data and authentication.
- Radio access is handled by Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) and Base Station Controllers (BSCs)
The document provides information on Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It discusses that GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice and data services using digital modulation. It details the history and development of GSM standards. The document describes the various GSM services including teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services. It explains the GSM system architecture including components like mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem and their functions. It also covers GSM specifications, call routing process, advantages of GSM over analog systems, and the future of GSM network.
GSM is a digital cellular network standard that allows for compatibility between networks and devices. It divides geographic coverage areas into cells served by base stations. GSM uses paired frequencies between 890-960 MHz for uplinks and 935-960 MHz for downlinks, separated by 45 MHz. The network components include the mobile station containing the mobile equipment and SIM card, base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching centers, databases, and interfaces to other networks.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes key aspects of GSM including that it uses a digital cellular network, divides service areas into cells with equipment to transmit and receive calls, operates in specific radio frequency ranges, and uses subscriber identities like IMSI and TMSI. It also summarizes important GSM network components like the MSC, BTS, HLR, VLR, EIR and SIM card.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes key aspects of GSM including that it uses a digital cellular network, divides service areas into cells with equipment to transmit and receive calls, operates in specific radio frequency ranges, and uses subscriber identity modules (SIMs) and mobile equipment (ME). The document also summarizes key GSM network components like the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and base station subsystem (BSS).
GSM is a 2G mobile communication system that provides voice and data services. It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the radio subsystem including the BTS, BSC and MS; the network and switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR; and the operation subsystem including the OMC, AuC and EIR. GSM provides services like telephony, SMS, and data transmission using bearer channels while ensuring security, anonymity and authentication of users.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including that it uses digital cellular networks divided into regions called cells. Each cell has equipment to transmit and receive calls within its coverage area. GSM networks operate in specific radio frequency ranges and use frequency reuse to increase capacity. The network components work together to provide mobile communication services, identifying and authenticating subscribers as they roam across different cells.
Mobile networks have evolved through generations from 0G to 4G. 2G networks like GSM used frequency division multiple access and provided basic voice and SMS services. 3G networks such as UMTS enabled higher speed digital services using WCDMA technology. Between 2G and 3G, networks added technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and HSDPA (3.5G) to improve speeds. 4G networks like LTE provide broadband access using OFDM and MIMO with speeds over 100 Mbps for voice, data and multimedia services on all-IP networks.
GSM. Global System for Mobile Communication.Student
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and evolution of GSM from 1G to future 5G networks. The key components of a GSM network are described, including the mobile equipment, subscriber identity module, base station system consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. Applications, advantages like worldwide connectivity, and disadvantages like limited range are highlighted. The presentation concludes with references and an acknowledgment.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. Cellular Network
• A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network
where the last link is wireless
• Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the assigned
spectrum
– Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
• The service area of each base station is called a cell
• Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base stations
– Handoff when terminals move
3. Frequency reuse
The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to re-use
frequencies
• Increase both coverage and capacity
• adjacent cells must use different frequencies,
• The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse
distance and the reuse factor.
The reuse distance, D is calculated as
• D=R√3N
where R is the cell radius and N is the number of cells per cluster
3
4. The Multiple Access Problem
• The base stations need to serve many mobile
terminals at the same time (both downlink
and uplink)
• All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the
base station
• Interference among different senders and
receivers
• So we need multiple access scheme
6. Cellular Network Generations
• It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in
terms of generations:
– 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
– 1G: Analog cellular telephony
– 2G: Digital cellular telephony
– 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video
telephony)
– 4G: “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia
telephony at faster data rates than 3G
7. 2 G, The Second Generation
• Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were
commercially launched on the (global system for mobile
communications ) GSM standard in Finland
• Widely used in 90’s-2000
• allows multiple users on a single channel.
• Supports voice as well as data.
• radio signals on 2G networks are digital, which can be
compressed and multiplexed easily.
• 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-
based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used.
• Speed 9.6 Kbps .
• Carrier frequency is of 200 KHz.
7
8. GSM Services
• Voice, 3.1 kHz
• Short Message Service (SMS)
– 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl.
spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations
– Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
– GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to
114 kbps
– Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data
– GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio,
video messages to each other
– Performance degrades as number of users increase
– GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony
9. GSM Channels
• Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a
physical channel
• Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted between the
Mobile Station (MS) and Base Transverse system (BTS). Different
types of logical channels:
– Traffic channel
– Control Channel
Downlink
Uplink
Channels
11. Mobile Station (MS)
• MS is the user’s handset and has two parts
• Mobile Equipment
– Radio equipment
– User interface
– Processing capability and memory required for various
tasks
• Call signalling
• Encryption
• SMS
– Equipment IMEI number
• SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity
Subscriber Identity Module
12. Base Station Subsystem
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
– Controls the channel (time slot) allocation
implemented by the BTSes
– Manages the handovers
– Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and
provide information as required
• Base Transceiver System (BTS)
– Controls several transmitters
– Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for
signaling, on a specific frequency
13. Network and Switching Subsystem
• The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network with
additional cellular network capabilities
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
– An typical telephony exchange, Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN exchange) which supports mobile communications
– Visitor Location Register (VLR):contains information about the
subscribers roaming within a mobile switching center's
• A database, part of the MSC
• Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations
• Home Location Register (HLR)
– Contain subscriber information, including authentication information
in Authentication Center (AuC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
– International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes for e.g.,
blacklisting stolen phones
carries out call switching and mobility management functions
14. Home Location Register
• One database per operator
• Contains all the permanent subscriber information
– MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN number) is the telephone
number of the subscriber
– International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a 15 digit code
used to identify the subscriber
• It incorporates a country code and operator code
– IMSI code is used to link the MSISDN number to the subscriber’s
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
– Charging information
– Services available to the customer
• Also the subscriber’s present Location Area Code, which
refers to the MSC, which can connect to the MS.
15. Other Systems
• Operations Support System
– The management network for the whole GSM network
– Usually vendor dependent
– Very loosely specified in the GSM standards
• Value added services
– Voice mail
– Call forwarding
– Group calls
• Short Message Service Center
– Stores and forwards the SMS messages
– Like an E-mail server
– Required to operate the SMS services
16. Location Updates
• The cells overlap and usually a mobile station
can ‘see’ several transceivers (BTSes)
• The MS monitors the identifier for the BSC
controlling the cells
• When the mobile station reaches a new BSC’s
area, it requests an location update
• The update is forwarded to the MSC, entered
into the VLR, the old BSC is notified and an
acknowledgement is passed back
17. Handoff (Handover)
• When a call is in process, the changes in location
need special processing
• Within a BSS, the BSC, which knows the current
radio link configuration (including feedbacks from
the MS), prepares an available channel in the new
BTS
• The MS is told to switch over to the new BTS
• This is called a hard handoff
– In a soft handoff, the MS is connected to two BTSes
simultaneously
18. Roaming
• When a MS enters another operators network, it
can be allowed to use the services of this
operator
– Operator to operator agreements and contracts
– Higher billing
• The MS is identified by the information in the SIM
card and the identification request is forwarded
to the home operator
– The home HLR is updated to reflect the MS’s current
location
19. ❑ 3G technology has taken the gaming to the next level.
❑ Real-time multiplayer gaming is possible in 3G system.
❑ Innovative new services are being added by developer daily.
Came into picture during 2004-2005.
High speed (2Mbps) and increased bandwidth.
Carrier frequency is 5 MHz.
20. ❑Not simply rebroadcast of TV or website
❑Enhanced existing service for mobile
environment.
❑Multi-faceted – 24*7 access to multiple
live streams , video , image & text content ,
voting , messaging.
❑User interaction on multiple levels.
❑Fully integrated in browser – one click access.
21. Also known as “Mobile Broadband Everywhere”
One of the terms used to describe 4G is:
Mobile Multimedia
Anytime Anywhere
Global mobility Support
Integrated wireless solution and
Customized personal service.
22. For the customer
❑ Video streaming , TV broadcast
❑ Video calls , video clips- news , music , sports
❑ Enhanced gaming , chat , location services…
For Business
❑ High speed Tele-working
❑ Sales force automation, is a technique of using software to automate the
business tasks of sales.
❑ Video conferencing
❑ Real-time financial information
23. Specifications 3G 4G
Frequency band 1.5- 2.8 GHz 2-8 GHz
Access CDMA Multi-carrier-CDMA or
OFDM(TDMA)
FEC, Forward Error
correction
Turbo codes concatenated codes
Switching Circuit/ Packet Packet
Top speeds 200kmph 200kmph
24. COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G
Technology 3G 4G
Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec
Internet Services Broadband Ultra Broadband
Mobile - TV Resolution Low High
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz
Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps
The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer and signal
quality.
25.
26. 5G TECHNOLOGY
5G technology refer to short name of fifth Generation
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).
28. LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
• It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network
technologies
• a registered trademark owned by ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute)
• goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of
wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal
processing)
• A further goal was the redesign and simplification of
the network architecture with significantly reduced
transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture.
28
29. LTE Features
• The LTE specification provides downlink peak
rates of 300 Mbit/s
• uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s
• QoS provisions permitting a transfer latency of
less than 5 ms in the radio access network.
• LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles
and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams
• supports seamless handovers for both voice and
data to cell towers with older network technology
29
32. Major LTE Radio Technologies
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink
• Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink
• Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for
enhanced throughput
• Reduced power consumption
• Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less
battery power used by handsets)
33. LTE-A
• Formally submitted as a candidate 4G system in late
2009, was approved into ITU, International
Telecommunications Union, and was finalized in March
2011.
• Data rate is expected as 2Gbps.
• It targets faster switching between power states and
improved performance at the cell edge.
• Improves the capacity and coverage, and ensures user
fairness.
• Also introduces multicarrier to be able to use ultra wide
bandwidth, up to 100 MHz of spectrum supporting very
high data rates.