The document discusses specialized MAC protocols for wireless communication, focusing on the motivations behind multiplexing and various access methods, including SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It explains how these methods enable multiple users to share a communication medium without interference while addressing issues like channel allocation, collision rates, and synchronization techniques. Additionally, it highlights specific protocols and variations within TDMA and CSMA, detailing their implementations and challenges.

1. UNIT-II
Wireless Medium
Access Control

2. Contents
1. Motivation for Specialized MAC
• Hidden and Exposed Terminals
• Far and Near Terminals
2. Access Methods
• SDMA
• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA

3. 1. Motivation for Specialized MAC

6. MULTIPLEXING
 A fundamental mechanism in
communication system and networks
 Enables multiple users to share a medium
 For wireless communication, multiplexing
can be carried out in four dimensions:
space, time, frequency and code

7. Access Methods

8. 1. Space Division Multiple Access
(SDMA)
 Channels are assigned on the basis of
“space” (but operate on same frequency)
 The assignment makes sure that the
transmission do not interfere with each
(with a guard band in between)

10. 2. FDMA: Frequency Division
Multiple Access
 Frequency domain is subdivided into
several non-overlapping frequency
bands
 Each channel is assigned its own
frequency band (with guard spaces in
between)

12. FDD/FDMA – General Scheme
Example: GSM

13. 3. TDMA : Time Division
Medium Access
 A channel is given the whole bandwidth for a
certain amount of time
 All senders use the same frequency, but at different
point of time
 Synchronization can be done by using
 Fixed Allocation Scheme or
 Dynamic Allocation Scheme

15. Fixed TDMA :

16. TDMA Schemes
1. Fixed TDM
2. Aloha (Classical)
3. Slotted Aloha
4. Reservation Aloha (Explicit)
5. PRMA (Implicit Reservation)
6. Reservation TDMA
7. CSMA
8. MACA
9. Polling
10. ISMA

18. Reservation Algorithms

19. Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA)
/ Explicit Reservation / Reservation Aloha

20. Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
/ Implicit Reservation

21. Reservation TDMA

22.  In this each terminal on the network is able to
monitor the status of the channel before
transmitting information
 Variations:
 1-persistent CSMA
 non-persistent CSMA -
 p-persistent CSMA
 CSMA/CA
 Elimination yield – non-preemptive multiple access
(EY-NMPA)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Protocols (CSMA)

23.  sense channel when want to transmit a
packet, if channel is busy, then sense
continuously, until the channel is idle, at
this time, transmit the frame immediately.
 Problem : “high collision rate”.
1-persistent CSMA

24.  Sense channel when want to transmit a packet,
if channel is idle, then transmit the packet
immediately. If busy, run back-off algorithm
immediately to wait a random time and then re-
sense the channel again.
 Problem : when the channel becomes idle from
busy, there may be no one of waiting stations
beginning the transmission, thus waste channel
bandwidth.
Non-persistent CSMA

25.  Step – 1: If the channel is idle, transmit the
packet with probability of p, and delay for one
time unit with probability of 1-p (time unit =
length of propagation delay)
 Step -2 :If channel is busy, then persist sensing
the channel until the channel becomes idle then
go to step-1.
 If the transmission is delayed by one time unit,
continue with step-1.
p-persistent CSMA

26.  CSMA/CA: Sensing the carrier is combined
with a back-off scheme in case of a busy
medium to achieve some fairness among
competing stations.
 In EY-NMPA: Priority scheme included to
access the medium.

27. Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA)

29. State Machines for Sender and Receiver

30. POLLING

31. Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA)

32. 4. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
 separation of channels achieved by assigning each
channel its own code
 guard spaces are realized by having distance in
code space (e.g. orthogonal codes)
 transmitter can transmit in the same frequency band
at the same time, but have to use different code
 Provides good protection against interference and
tapping
 but the receivers have relatively high complexity
 has to know the code and must separate the channel with
user data from the noise composed of other transmission
 has to be synchronized with the transmitter

36. Comparisons of S/T/F/CDMA