switching techniques in data communication and networkingHarshita Yadav
it is a detailed presentation on switching techniques. it includes the three types of switching technique. it is described in such manner that you can learn switching without any difficulties.
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). This silde will give u all information about IPv4.
Hope so you like it Freinds.
and
Sorry if i can fulfill ur wish in the given IPv4 Presentation.
switching techniques in data communication and networkingHarshita Yadav
it is a detailed presentation on switching techniques. it includes the three types of switching technique. it is described in such manner that you can learn switching without any difficulties.
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). This silde will give u all information about IPv4.
Hope so you like it Freinds.
and
Sorry if i can fulfill ur wish in the given IPv4 Presentation.
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Transmission media (data communication)Pritom Chaki
Transmission media is the material pathway that connects computers, different kinds of devices and people on a network. It can be compared to a superhighway carrying lots of information. Transmission media uses cables or electromagnetic signals to transmit data.
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Transmission media (data communication)Pritom Chaki
Transmission media is the material pathway that connects computers, different kinds of devices and people on a network. It can be compared to a superhighway carrying lots of information. Transmission media uses cables or electromagnetic signals to transmit data.
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
A network switch (sometimes known as a switching hub) is a computer networking device that is used to connect devices together on a computer network by performing a form of packet switching. A network switch is considered more advanced than a hub because a switch will only send a message to the device that needs or requests it, rather than broadcasting the same message out of each of its ports.
Switiching by Ravi Namboori Babson University USARavi Namboori
Ravi Namboori currently serves as vice president of Data Center Solutions at Unigen. Combining extensive IT experience and leadership skills, Ravi Namboori oversees the entire business unit, motivating and energizing his team to contribute to the strategic vision of the company.
Namboori brings experience from a number of Silicon Valley tech companies to Unigen. During his time as director of IT for Glu Mobile, he established the architecture and carried out the implementation of the company’s data center. Designed to be scalable and reliable, the center provided a high performance environment for Glu Mobile’s e-commerce and gaming business.
Earlier in his career, Ravi Namboori worked for Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) in the Netherlands as a network manager. In this role, he designed the LAN and call center systems for HP’s facility and carried out networking projects to client specifications.
In addition to Microsoft and Novell certifications, Namboori holds seven Cisco professional certifications including a teaching credential. He received his MBA from Babson University’s F. W. Olin Graduate School of Business and his undergraduate degree from DNR College.
Ravi Namboori, a Cisco evangelist and an IT entrepreneur, is based out of Bay Area, California. Ravi Namboori holds nine Cisco certifications, in addition to one each from Microsoft and Novell in networking. Ravi Namboori earned his MBA from The F.W. Olin Graduate School of Business at Babson College.
Refers to protocols in which messages are divided into packets before they are sent. Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.
Most modern Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols, including TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay, are based on packet-switching technologies. In contrast, normal telephone service is based on a circuit-switching technology, in which a dedicated line is allocated for transmission between two parties. Circuit-switching is ideal when data must be transmitted quickly and must arrive in the same order in which it's sent. This is the case with most real-time data, such as live audio and video. Packet switching is more efficient and robust for data that can withstand some delays in transmission, such as e-mail messages and Web pages.
A new technology, ATM, attempts to combine the best of both worlds -- the guaranteed delivery of circuit-switched networks and the robustness and efficiency of packet-switching networks.
These slides cover a topic on Virtual circuit & message switching in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking
Unit - 1 : Introduction to Computers || CSC - 109 || BScCSIT || BIM || BCA ||...Kaushik Panta
This slide includes the details on :
1. Introduction to Computer
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer
3. History of Computer
4. Generations of Computer
5. Analog and Digital Computers
6. Classification of Computer
7. The Computer System
8. The Input - Output System
9. Components of Computer
10. Characteristics of Computer
Final project report on Analysis of Packet on the basis of Delay on IPv6 and ...Kaushik Panta
In a packet network, the term packet delay characterizes as the difference in end-to-end one-
way delay between selected packets in a flow with any lost packets being ignored. The effect is
sometimes referred to as jitter, although the definition is an imprecise fit. The delay is specified
from the start of the packet being transmitted at the source to the start of the packet being
received at the destination. Analysis of packet delay in both protocol IPv4 and IPv6 is
essential to measure network performance.
This project entitled “Analysis of Packet on the basis of Delay on IPv6 and IPv4
Networks in Open Short Path First Routing Protocol ” intends to analyze the packet
delay in both protocol IPv4 and IPv6 under the same condition and find out the fact that
which one is better in term of packet delay parameter of network performance. Due to the
insufficient IPv4 addresses and other issues, the world should migrate to IPv6 in near future.
So, measuring the network parameter is necessary.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol networks. It uses
a link state routing algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols, operating
within a single autonomous system. It is defined as OSPF Version 2 in IPv4 and the updates
for IPv6 are specified as OSPF Version 3.
This project deals with the techniques of measure and analyze the packet delay. As, the
number of Internet users growing exponentially, it is really necessary to reduce the packet
delay in every possible way to improve network performance.
Analysis of Packet on the basis of Delay on IPv6 and IPv4 Networks in Open Sh...Kaushik Panta
In a packet network, the term packet delay characterizes as the difference in end-to-end one-
way delay between selected packets in a flow with any lost packets being ignored. The effect is
sometimes referred to as jitter, although the definition is an imprecise fit. The delay is specified
from the start of the packet being transmitted at the source to the start of the packet being
received at the destination. Analysis of packet delay in both protocol IPv4 and IPv6 is
essential to measure network performance.
This project entitled “Analysis of Packet on the basis of Delay on IPv6 and IPv4
Networks in Open Short Path First Routing Protocol ” intends to analyze the packet
delay in both protocol IPv4 and IPv6 under the same condition and find out the fact that
which one is better in term of packet delay parameter of network performance. Due to the
insufficient IPv4 addresses and other issues, the world should migrate to IPv6 in near future.
So, measuring the network parameter is necessary.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol networks. It uses
a link state routing algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols, operating
within a single autonomous system. It is defined as OSPF Version 2 in IPv4 and the updates
for IPv6 are specified as OSPF Version 3.
This project deals with the techniques of measure and analyze the packet delay. As, the
number of Internet users growing exponentially, it is really necessary to reduce the packet
delay in every possible way to improve network performance.
E-commerce plays the vital role for the government, private sector organization as well as the consumers which address the convenient and effective process. Therefore, we performed the
case study using one of the most popular e commerce site “eBay”. This study investigates how this website is performing its operation and how it is supporting the e-commerce. This study entails the ease of use of the website for performing commercial activities to the consumers and its advantages and disadvantages to the consumer, organization as well as government. The main aim of this case study is to analyze how these e-commerce website works and how it is supporting the e-commerce development. The objectives of this case study are to understand how it enables the business to get their potential customers worldwide, how its sells its goods and services to the local and remote customers.
E governance in secretariat(sachivalaya vahini)Kaushik Panta
E governance in secretariat(sachivalaya vahini) is the Project initialed by Government of Karnataka, Bangalore through the
help of Directorate of Information Technology (DIT) to promote e-
governance & to introduce the concept of information and knowledge
management.
Report of case study on an integrated university department information systemKaushik Panta
University computer science and engineering departments often have budgets which are comparable with small companies and an integrated system to support all aspects of departmental administration is required. This should support student
records, laboratory administration, the ordering of goods and services, input and output payments, payments made for teaching assistants, research contract reporting, etc. It should be linked to a wider University system responsible for staff salaries etc. Factors which should be taken into account include:
1) Departmental chairmen who use such a system are usually very busy. Even if they are computer literate, they require a system with a straightforward user interface.
2) Users of the system range from secretaries through technicians to teaching and administrative staff. The range of users to be supported is very wide.
3) In some countries, the trend is for Universities is to devolve administration from a central organization to the individual departments. The system must
be able to be expanded to handle future, unforeseen tasks.
4)Sub-systems should be automatically linked so that, for example, the costs of a particular class or laboratory can be computed by considering payments made and received.
This case study report is detail analysis of Amazon.com. The report describes the List of areas that
it has been working, the business models it has adopted and the various strategies that it has
implemented to make it one of the most successful E-commerce platform. This case study reflects
that using the strategies and model adopted by Amazon's can leads any other E-commerce site to get
successful. This case study also shows that how the different models and strategies must be
implemented with respect to the dynamic environment of the E-commerce.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Circuit Switching
Establishes a dedicated physical path between the sender
and receiver of the message before a message is
delivered
The entire message travels through the established path
from sender to the receiver
Received Message is Acknowledged by Receiver
Same as Telephone Communication
4.
5. Pros of Circuit Switching
a)Dedicated path/circuit provides guaranteed
data delivery
b)is suitable for long continuous transmission.
c)Uses Connection Oriented Services
6. Cons of Circuit Switching
a) Waste of bandwidth if its Idle.
b) Require more bandwidth.
c) Time Required to establish a link is too long
8. Packet Switching
doesn’t establish any physical connection before the
transmission starts
Message is divided into Packets and routed
Independently
Uses Connection Less Services
9.
10. Pros of Packet Switching
a) High Data Transmission
b) No time Lost for Establishing Link
c) Faster
d) Independent Travel
11. Cons of Packet Switching
a) Packets May Lost their Routes
b) Wrong Order of Packets
c) Large Amount of Resources needed to handle Packets
13. Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Connection Oriented Connection Less
Entire Message Have to follow same
route during transmission
Entire Message can be divided and
routed Independently
Implemented at Physical Layer Implemented at Network Layer
Waste of bandwidth if Idle No Waste of bandwidth if Idle
Initially designed for Voice
Transmission
Initially designed for Data
Transmission
15. Virtual Circuit Networks
Is a packet switching methodology but establishes
Link before communication
Entire Message must have to follow same Link to
destination
is connection orientated
Virtual circuit is cleared after the data transfer is
completed
16. Pros of Virtual Circuits Networks
a) Uses Connection Oriented Services
b) Can use Diferent Physical Links each time
17. Cons of Virtual Circuits Networks
a) Link Setup Time
b) Resilience to the loss of a trunk i.e. no
dynamic switching in case of link failure
19. Datagram Networks
Is a packet switching methodology but no any
Dedicated Link
Message have to divided into Datagrams and
Each Packets are treated Independently
Connection Less
20.
21. Pros of Datagram Networks
a) It is connectionless service
b) Every datagrams are treated Independently
c) Faster
22. Cons of Datagram Networks
a) Not Reliable
b)Packet May lost and no Service for
Retransmission
c) Need of High Resources
23. Possible Questions
a) Explain about Circuit Switching with Pros and Cons
b) Explain about Packet Switching with Pros and Cons
c) Explain about Virtual Circuit Networks with Pros and Cons
d)Explain about Datagram Networks with Pros and Cons
e) Compare Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
f) How Virtual Circuit Networks are difer from Circuit Switching
g) Compare Virtual Circuit Networks with Datagram Networks.