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This document summarizes different types of mixers used in pharmaceutical manufacturing including planetary mixers, colloidal mills, triple roller mills, and double cone blenders. Planetary mixers use blades and vessel walls to provide kneading and shear action for mixing semi-solids like ointments. Colloidal mills reduce particle size using shear forces between a rotating conical rotor and stationary conical stator. Triple roller mills crush materials between three rotating rollers to mix powders into ointment bases. Double cone blenders thoroughly mix powders using tumbling and shearing action provided by an agitate blade.
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Mixing
This document discusses mixing and homogenization processes. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and identifies perfect mixing as each particle of one material lying adjacent to a particle of the other material. The objectives of mixing are outlined. There are three types of mixtures discussed: positive, negative, and neutral. The mechanisms and equipment used for mixing powders, liquids, and semi-solids are described. Homogenization is defined as preparing a fine emulsion from a coarse one by converting large globules to small globules. Common homogenization equipment like hand homogenizers, Silverson mixers, and colloidal mills are summarized.
PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction may be achieved by two methods:
1] Precipitation
2] Mechanical process
1] Precipitation method: Substance is dissolve in appropriate solvent.
2] Mechanical process: Mechanical force is introduce by using different equipments like ball mill, colloid mill etc.
Hammer mill.pptx
This document summarizes the mechanism of size reduction using a hammer mill. It operates using the principle of impact, with hammers fitted horizontally or vertically that rotate at high speeds of 8,000-15,000 rpm. Materials are crushed when they impact the rotating hammers. Particle sizes obtained are typically 10-400mm. Hammer mills are versatile, occupy small spaces, and allow for closed systems to reduce dust. However, they can generate heat and screens may become clogged. Ball mills also use impact and attrition for size reduction and consist of a horizontal cylinder containing balls.
Mixing
This document discusses different types of mixing operations used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It describes mixing of powders, liquids, and semi-solids. For powder mixing, it outlines factors that affect mixing like particle size and shape. Common mixers discussed include double cone blenders and agitated powder mixers. For liquid mixing, mechanisms like bulk transport and turbulent transport are described. Equipment like propeller mixers and turbine mixers are used. Semi-solid mixing involves dispersion in a base using mixers like triple roller mills and planetary mixers.
Size reduction
Size reduction, or comminution, is the process of reducing substances into smaller pieces or fine powder. It increases the surface area, allowing for faster dissolution and extraction of active constituents. The degree of size reduction depends on factors like the drug's hardness, solvent used, and extraction process. Various size reduction methods include cutting, compression, impact, and attrition. Common mills are the cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, and fluid energy mill. Levigation involves wet grinding while elutriation separates fine and coarse particles.
Mixing by ankita yagnik
This document discusses mixing theory and equipment used for mixing in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining mixing and classifying mixing into different types including mixing of solids, liquids, and semisolids. It then describes various mechanisms of mixing solids including convective, shear, and diffusion mixing. Key factors that influence mixing of solids like particle properties and interparticle forces are explained. Common equipment for mixing solids in small and large scale are then outlined including tumble blenders, V-cone blenders, double cone blenders, and those with mixing blades. Parameters for effective mixing and evaluating mixing are also summarized.
Filtration by ankita yagnik
This document discusses filtration, which is defined as the separation of solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a porous medium. It describes different types of filtration including surface and depth filtration. Key factors that affect the filtration rate are also outlined. Various filter media are discussed, along with theories of filtration like Poiseuille's equation and Darcy's equation. Finally, common industrial filters used in pharmaceutical industries like filter presses and rotary filters are briefly introduced.
Vacuum dryer.pptx
The vacuum dryer uses low pressure to lower the boiling point of water, allowing materials to dry faster at lower temperatures. It consists of a heavy jacketed vessel with hollow shelves that provide a large surface area for trays holding materials to be dried. Vacuum is applied, lowering the pressure and boiling point of water so it evaporates from the material at 25-30°C. The water vapor condenses and the dried material is collected. It is useful for drying heat-sensitive or hazardous materials.
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Mixing
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PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction may be achieved by two methods:
1] Precipitation
2] Mechanical process
1] Precipitation method: Substance is dissolve in appropriate solvent.
2] Mechanical process: Mechanical force is introduce by using different equipments like ball mill, colloid mill etc.
Hammer mill.pptx
This document summarizes the mechanism of size reduction using a hammer mill. It operates using the principle of impact, with hammers fitted horizontally or vertically that rotate at high speeds of 8,000-15,000 rpm. Materials are crushed when they impact the rotating hammers. Particle sizes obtained are typically 10-400mm. Hammer mills are versatile, occupy small spaces, and allow for closed systems to reduce dust. However, they can generate heat and screens may become clogged. Ball mills also use impact and attrition for size reduction and consist of a horizontal cylinder containing balls.
Mixing
This document discusses different types of mixing operations used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It describes mixing of powders, liquids, and semi-solids. For powder mixing, it outlines factors that affect mixing like particle size and shape. Common mixers discussed include double cone blenders and agitated powder mixers. For liquid mixing, mechanisms like bulk transport and turbulent transport are described. Equipment like propeller mixers and turbine mixers are used. Semi-solid mixing involves dispersion in a base using mixers like triple roller mills and planetary mixers.
Size reduction
Size reduction, or comminution, is the process of reducing substances into smaller pieces or fine powder. It increases the surface area, allowing for faster dissolution and extraction of active constituents. The degree of size reduction depends on factors like the drug's hardness, solvent used, and extraction process. Various size reduction methods include cutting, compression, impact, and attrition. Common mills are the cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, and fluid energy mill. Levigation involves wet grinding while elutriation separates fine and coarse particles.
Mixing by ankita yagnik
This document discusses mixing theory and equipment used for mixing in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining mixing and classifying mixing into different types including mixing of solids, liquids, and semisolids. It then describes various mechanisms of mixing solids including convective, shear, and diffusion mixing. Key factors that influence mixing of solids like particle properties and interparticle forces are explained. Common equipment for mixing solids in small and large scale are then outlined including tumble blenders, V-cone blenders, double cone blenders, and those with mixing blades. Parameters for effective mixing and evaluating mixing are also summarized.
Filtration by ankita yagnik
This document discusses filtration, which is defined as the separation of solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a porous medium. It describes different types of filtration including surface and depth filtration. Key factors that affect the filtration rate are also outlined. Various filter media are discussed, along with theories of filtration like Poiseuille's equation and Darcy's equation. Finally, common industrial filters used in pharmaceutical industries like filter presses and rotary filters are briefly introduced.
Vacuum dryer.pptx
The vacuum dryer uses low pressure to lower the boiling point of water, allowing materials to dry faster at lower temperatures. It consists of a heavy jacketed vessel with hollow shelves that provide a large surface area for trays holding materials to be dried. Vacuum is applied, lowering the pressure and boiling point of water so it evaporates from the material at 25-30°C. The water vapor condenses and the dried material is collected. It is useful for drying heat-sensitive or hazardous materials.
granulation mechanism
The document discusses the mechanisms of granulation. It explains that granulation involves collecting particles together through compression or using a binding agent to form bonds. There are five primary bonding mechanisms: 1) adhesion and cohesion in immobile liquid films, 2) interfacial forces in mobile liquid films, 3) formation of solid bridges after solvent evaporation, 4) attractive forces between solid particles, and 5) mechanical interlocking. The objectives of granulation are to prevent segregation, improve flow and compaction characteristics, and produce uniform mixtures to enable tableting or spheronization.
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Pharmaceutical Engineering: Mixing
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Ball mill
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The document discusses size reduction techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It describes the hammer mill and ball mill, which use mechanical forces for size reduction. The hammer mill works by impact between rapidly moving hammers and powder materials, while the ball mill uses impact and attrition between rapidly moving balls inside a rotating cylinder. Both provide descriptions of their basic principles, constructions, operating parameters, advantages and disadvantages.
Size reduction
Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
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This document summarizes a presentation on wet granulation equipment. It describes the process of wet granulation which involves adding a liquid solution to powders to form granules. It then discusses various types of equipment used in wet granulation including rapid mixing granulators, fluidized bed dryers, vibratory sifters, multi mills, and double cone blenders. For each type of equipment, it provides details on its working principles, components, parameters to control, and advantages.
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Mixer Machines Mixer Machines are used in a number of different applications and industries in order to produce a final product that is the result of mixing or combining two or more materials.
size reduction
Size reduction is the process of decreasing the physical dimensions of objects or materials by breaking them into smaller pieces. It is done by applying external forces to break larger particles into smaller ones. The main objectives of size reduction are to increase surface area for reactions, separate materials, improve handling and mixing. Some common size reduction methods are impact, compression, shear and attrition. Key factors that affect size reduction are the material's hardness, structure, abrasiveness, softening temperature and moisture content. Several theories describe the energy required for size reduction, including Rittinger's, Bond's and Kick's theories. Only about 10% of the total energy input is actually used to reduce particle size.
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This document discusses different types of mixers and mixing processes. It defines mixing as a unit operation that results in randomization of particles within a system. There are three types of mixtures - positive, negative, and neutral - based on how their components mix and separate. Mixing is commonly used in pharmaceutical formulations to prepare powders, liquids, semi-solids and other dosage forms. Factors like particle size and shape, moisture levels, and material properties influence mixing effectiveness. Common mixers include double cone blenders, V-cone blenders, and those with added agitation blades. Each has merits like handling capacity but also limitations depending on material flow properties.
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The document discusses three main modes of size reduction: cutting, compression, and impact. Cutting involves using sharp blades to cut fibrous and waxy materials, like in a cutter mill. Compression crushes soft materials between rollers through applied pressure, as in a roller mill. Impact involves high-speed hammers or bars splitting materials apart on impact, making it suitable for all drugs. Examples of impact mills are fluid energy mills and ball mills. Attrition breaks down brittle drugs through rubbing action between surfaces, as also seen in fluid energy and ball mills.
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The document discusses the mechanisms of granulation. It explains that granulation involves collecting particles together through compression or using a binding agent to form bonds. There are five primary bonding mechanisms: 1) adhesion and cohesion in immobile liquid films, 2) interfacial forces in mobile liquid films, 3) formation of solid bridges after solvent evaporation, 4) attractive forces between solid particles, and 5) mechanical interlocking. The objectives of granulation are to prevent segregation, improve flow and compaction characteristics, and produce uniform mixtures to enable tableting or spheronization.
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This document discusses mixing and blending in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines mixing as a unit operation aimed at reducing non-uniformity in a material's properties. The main goals of mixing are producing a uniform blend and ensuring each component is in contact with the others. Mixing can involve single or multiphase systems and the types of mixtures are positive, negative, and neutral. Key mixing mechanisms for liquids include bulk transport, turbulent flow, laminar flow, and molecular diffusion. Common mixing equipment uses impellers or paddles to induce flow. Problems in mixing include segregation which depends on particle properties. Proper equipment selection considers material properties and processing factors.
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objectives, applications, factors affecting mixing, the difference between solid and liquid mixing, mechanism of mixing, double cone blender, twin shell blender, ribbon blender, sigma blade mixer, planetary mixer, propellers, turbines, paddles and silver son emulsifier
Sem 3 size reduction
Introduction
Objectives
Methods of size reduction
Advantages of size reduction
Disadvantages of size reduction
Mechanism of size reduction
Laws governing to the size reduction
Principle of Size Reduction, Construction, working and uses of following-
Hammer mill
Ball mill
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This document discusses mixing in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines mixing as a process that randomizes particles within a system. The objectives of mixing include achieving a physical mixture, promoting chemical reactions, and heat and mass transfer. Mixing can involve solids, liquids, or semi-solids and occurs through mechanisms like convection, shear, and diffusion. Proper mixing is important to ensure a homogenous product, while segregation should be avoided. Various mixing equipment and considerations for mixer selection are also outlined.
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The document discusses various methods of size reduction or comminution. It describes different types of mills used for size reduction including hammer mill, ball mill, colloid mill, and fluid energy mill. The objectives of size reduction are to reduce particle size, increase surface area, improve handling and flow of powders. Factors affecting size reduction include hardness, toughness, moisture content and specific mills are described such as how a cutter mill uses cutting blades and a ball mill uses grinding balls to reduce particle size.
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The document discusses size reduction techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It describes the hammer mill and ball mill, which use mechanical forces for size reduction. The hammer mill works by impact between rapidly moving hammers and powder materials, while the ball mill uses impact and attrition between rapidly moving balls inside a rotating cylinder. Both provide descriptions of their basic principles, constructions, operating parameters, advantages and disadvantages.
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Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
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This document summarizes a presentation on wet granulation equipment. It describes the process of wet granulation which involves adding a liquid solution to powders to form granules. It then discusses various types of equipment used in wet granulation including rapid mixing granulators, fluidized bed dryers, vibratory sifters, multi mills, and double cone blenders. For each type of equipment, it provides details on its working principles, components, parameters to control, and advantages.
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Mixer Machines Mixer Machines are used in a number of different applications and industries in order to produce a final product that is the result of mixing or combining two or more materials.
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Size reduction is the process of decreasing the physical dimensions of objects or materials by breaking them into smaller pieces. It is done by applying external forces to break larger particles into smaller ones. The main objectives of size reduction are to increase surface area for reactions, separate materials, improve handling and mixing. Some common size reduction methods are impact, compression, shear and attrition. Key factors that affect size reduction are the material's hardness, structure, abrasiveness, softening temperature and moisture content. Several theories describe the energy required for size reduction, including Rittinger's, Bond's and Kick's theories. Only about 10% of the total energy input is actually used to reduce particle size.
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Mixing, the seemingly simple act of combining various components, plays a pivotal role in numerous scientific and industrial processes. From stirring milk in your coffee to homogenizing nanoparticles in pharmaceuticals, understanding mixing mechanisms and types is crucial. This note delves into the world of mixing, exploring its depths within 3000 words.
Part 1: Unveiling the Mixing Landscape
1.1 Demystifying Mixing:
Mixing refers to the process of bringing different components into close contact to achieve uniformity. The degree of mixing, characterized by homogeneity or dispersion, is influenced by several factors like viscosity, density differences, and mixing methods.
1.2 Classifying the Mixers:
A plethora of mixing methods exist, each suited for specific applications. Here are some key categories:
Bulk Mixing: Aims for complete homogeneity throughout the entire volume, commonly used in liquids and pastes. Techniques include stirred tanks, blenders, and extruders.
Dispersive Mixing: Focuses on distributing smaller particles or droplets uniformly within a continuous phase. Homogenizers, colloid mills, and sonication are frequently employed.
Laminar Mixing: Utilizes repeated folding or stretching operations to achieve layering and eventual homogenization. Microfluidic devices and some bakery processes use this principle.
Turbulent Mixing: Introduces chaotic eddies and high shear forces to rapidly break down concentration gradients. Stirred tanks with impellers, jet mixers, and fluidized beds are examples.
1.3 Factors Affecting Mixing:
Several factors impact the efficiency and effectiveness of mixing:
Properties of the Materials: Viscosity, density differences, and particle size significantly influence mixing behavior.
Mixing Geometry and Flow Patterns: The shape and configuration of the mixing vessel and the resulting flow patterns determine mixing intensity and uniformity.
Mixing Time and Intensity: The duration and intensity of mixing are crucial for achieving the desired level of homogeneity.
External Forces: Application of additional forces like heat, ultrasound, or magnetic fields can enhance mixing in specific scenarios.
Part 2: Delving into Specific Mixing Types:
Understanding specific mixing types helps in selecting the most effective method for each application:
Stirred Tank Mixing: This versatile method uses rotating impellers to generate flow and achieve moderate to high shear mixing. Variations include impeller design, tank geometry, and baffles.
Fluidized Bed Mixing: Solids are suspended in a gas stream, creating a fluid-like behavior and enabling efficient mixing of granular materials.
Jet Mixing: High-velocity jets inject material into the mix, promoting rapid dispersion and homogenization. Used in pipelines and reactors.
Microfluidic Mixing: Utilizes microchannels to manipulate flow patterns and achieve precise mixing at small scales, oft
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This document discusses mixing and homogenization. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and lists objectives like forming a uniform mixture or promoting chemical reactions. There are three types of mixtures: positive, negative, and neutral. Mixing mechanisms for powders include convective, shear, and diffusion mixing. Factors like particle size and shape affect powder mixing. Common equipment for mixing solids, liquids, and semi-solids are described, such as double cone blenders, propeller mixers, and triple roller mills.
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Mixing is a process where two or more components are brought into close contact with each other. There are different types of mixtures like positive, negative, and neutral mixtures. Mixing of solids is important in pharmaceutical manufacturing to ensure uniformity of ingredients in tablets. The key mechanisms for solid mixing are convective, shear, and diffusive mixing. Factors like particle size and shape can affect solid mixing. Common mixers used include mortar and pestle, ribbon blenders, sigma blade mixers, planetary mixers, and various tumbling mixers. Process parameters like speed and mixing time need to be optimized for different mixers and materials.
Particle Size reduction
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses - vegetables or chemical substances into small unit masses, coarse particles, or fine particles. Size reduction is commonly employed in pharmaceutical industries. The size reduction process is also referred to as Comminution and Grinding.
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Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles. There are various mechanisms for size reduction including cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and combinations of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, such as hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. The energy required for size reduction depends on factors like the material hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content. Laws like Rittinger's law, Kick's law, and Bond's law can predict the energy requirements.
Hammer Mills.pptx
Hammer mills are machines that use hammers attached to a shaft to break materials into smaller pieces through impact. Materials enter the crushing chamber and are struck by hammers rotating at high speeds, typically 2000-6000 rpm. The material is crushed by hammer impact, collisions with chamber walls, and particle-to-particle impact. Crushed material passes through a screen that separates fine material from coarser pieces. Screen size, shaft speed, and hammer configuration determine the quality of the final product. Hammer mills are commonly used to grind foods, chemicals, and other materials in applications such as powder production, food processing, and enhancing ingredient activity.
mixing.pdf
This document discusses mixing theory and equipment used for mixing. It begins by defining mixing and classifying mixing into types including mixing of solids, liquids, immiscible liquids, and semisolids. For mixing of solids, it describes factors that influence mixing and mechanisms of mixing including convective, shear, and diffusive mixing. It then discusses various types of mixing equipment for solids including tumblers, V-cone blenders, double cone blenders, ribbon blenders, sigma blenders, and planetary mixers. The document also briefly covers mixing of fluids and equipment used such as propellers and turbines.
Mixing.pptx
This document discusses mixing of solids in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines mixing as a process that randomizes particles within a system. There are various types of mixing including mixing of solids, liquids, and semisolids. Mixing of solids can occur through mechanisms like convection, shear, and diffusion. Several factors influence solid mixing like particle properties, proportions, and equipment used. Common equipment for small-scale solid mixing includes tumbler blenders, V-cone blenders, ribbon blenders, and sigma blenders which use mechanisms like tumbling and shear to achieve mixing. Larger scale continuous mixers also exist. Statistical parameters can assess the degree and uniformity of mixing.
compounding.ppt
The document discusses compounding, which is the process of intimately mixing ingredients into a homogeneous mass. It describes various methods for incorporating additives into polymers, including dry mixing, batch mixing using mixers like Banbury mixers, and continuous mixing using single-screw or twin-screw extruders. Extruders provide efficient mixing and melting through zones that transport, compact, soften, melt, mix, and pump the material. Twin-screw extruders have improved mixing over single-screw extruders due to their intermeshing screws. Dry mixing methods like tumbling and various types of blenders are also discussed for mixing powders or pellets with additives.
mixing and homogenisation.pptx
This document discusses mixing and homogenization in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines mixing as treating components in an unmixed or partially mixed state so that each particle is in contact with others. Mixing is used to make simple mixtures, promote reactions, and ensure uniformity. It describes positive, negative, and neutral mixtures. It also discusses different types of mixing like convection, diffusive, and shear mixing. Finally, it summarizes various equipments used for liquid, powder, semi-solid, and homogenization mixing in pharmaceutical production.
mixing final (1).pdf
1. Mixing is defined as a process that randomizes particles within a system. It can involve solids, liquids, or semi-solids.
2. Common mixing equipment for solids includes tumblers, V-cone blenders, double cone blenders, ribbon blenders, and sigma blenders. Each uses different mechanisms like tumbling or shear to mix materials.
3. Liquids can be mixed using propellers, turbines, or paddles attached to an impeller inside a container. Propellers produce longitudinal movement while turbines and paddles induce turbulent flow for effective mixing.
Ball mill machine
The ball miller machine is a tumbling mill that uses steel milling balls as the grinding media, applied in either primary grinding or secondary grinding applications.
SPHERONIZERS AND MARUMERISERS
The document discusses spheronizers and marumerizers which are used to shape extrudates into spherical granules. It describes the extrusion and spheronization process which involves dry mixing, wet massing, extrusion to form rod-shaped particles, and spheronization to round the rods into spheres. Key factors that influence spheronization include the disc speed, charge volume, disc groove geometry, diameter and retention time. Spheronizers have advantages like improved flow properties, uniform packing and coating of particles.
ESTEEM ENGINEERS
Esteem Engineers is a Mumbai-based firm established in 1996 that deals in chemical processing mixers and blenders. It provides consultancy for turnkey soap and detergent powder production lines. The company serves customers in industries like personal care, chemicals, cement, food, and fertilizers. It manufactures and sells various mixers and blenders like plough shear mixers, sigma mixers, paddle mixers, ribbon blenders, and more that are used for applications like mixing chemicals, foods, and other products. The document provides details on different mixer types as well as advantages of granules over powders and plough shear mixers over ribbon blenders.
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Mixer
- 1. MIXERS (PRINCIPLE,WORKING,CONSTRACTION,APPLICATION) . Planetary mixer& Colloidal Mill & TRIPLE ROLLER MILL& TRIPLE ROLLER MILL
- 2. . Planetary mixer MIXING OF SEMI-SOLIDS The mixing of semi-solids is done for preparing ointments, creams,pill masses and wet mass for making granules etc. Equipment Used for Mixing of Semi-solids In case the quantity is large, the following equipment are used for mixing of semi-solids: 1. Triple roller mill 2. Agitator mixer 3. Planetary mixer
- 3. t p
- 4. k Working The blade is moved slowly at the initial stage for premixing of the material and finally at increased speed for active mixing. In this way high shear can be applied for thorough mixing. The blade and the stationary vessel provide a kneading action and shear. This is due to narrow clearance between the blade and the wall of the vessel. Uses The planetary mixer is used for its kneading action required in wet granulation. It is also used for mixing of powdered drug with an ointment base.
- 5. Colloidal Mill : Principle : works on the principle of shearing. The size reduction is affected due to shearing. Construction : 1. Colloidal Mill consist of rotar and stator. 2. The milling surfaces are conical and the gap between rotor and stator ranges from 0.002 to 0.003 inches, 3. The rotor revolves at speeds of about 3000 to 20000rpm. 4. The material to be size reduced is pre milled. 5. Feeding the material through a hopper into the mill. 2. Working: | 1. The material and suspension is placed into the hopper of the mill, 2. The material is thrown outwards, due to the centrifugal action of rotor. 3.Particle size reduction is effected when the material is passes between the milling surfaces. 4.The product obtained from mill has a very fine particle size. Application : Colloidal Mill are frequently used for the preparation of pharmaceutical suspension and emulsions, with a particle size of less than a micron
- 6. TRIPLE ROLLER MILL Construction The mill consists of three rollers which are made of a hard abrasion-resistant material. These rollers are arranged in such a way that they come very close to each other. These rollers are rotated at different rates of speed. The material coming between the rollers is crushed depending on the gap between them and the difference in rates of movement of the two surfaces. Working the material after passing through hopper, comes between roller 1 and 2 and is reduced in size in the process. The gap between roller 2 and 3 is usually less than that between 1 and 2, further crushes and smoothes the mixture which adheres to roller 2. A scraper is arranged in such a way, that it can remove the mixed material from the roller no. 3 and does not allow the material which has not passed between both sets of the rollers to reach the scraper. Uses The triple roller mill is very useful for the purpose of mixing of solid powder in ointment base
- 8. Double cone blender It is developed in an attempt to overcome some of the shortcomings of rotating mixers. The mixing of powder in double cone blender is due to tumbling and shearing action with blade, Double cone blender is made of stainless steel and is available in different capacity ranging from 5 Kg to 200 Kg or even more. The of rotation. The rate of rotation should be optimum which depends on the size and shape of tumbler as well as nature of material to be mixed. The common range is 30-100 r.p.m. The material to be blended is loaded approximately 50 to 60% of the total capacity of the blender. As the blender rotates the material undergoes tumbling motion and mixes the material thoroughly. Agitate blade can also be fixed in order to produce shearing action. The double cone blender is an efficient design for mixing powders different densities and is used mainly for small quantity of powders.