This document summarizes a study on minimum shear reinforcement for reinforced concrete beams. The study investigated factors that influence the minimum shear reinforcement required, including concrete strength, beam size, shear span-to-depth ratio, and longitudinal reinforcement ratio. An expression was proposed for minimum shear reinforcement that incorporates these parameters. The proposed expression was compared to code provisions. Results showed that minimum shear reinforcement increases with increasing concrete strength, shear span-to-depth ratio, and decreasing longitudinal reinforcement ratio. Shear reinforcement was also found to improve beam ductility.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EFFECT ON SHEAR IN DEEP BEAM BY USING CRIMPED STEEL FIBERijiert bestjournal
This paper evaluates the shear strength of steel fi ber reinforced concrete deep beam without stirrups with the help of experimental work. For th is experimental work 24 no. of simply supported deep beam without stirrups were cast at t he concrete technology laboratory. Test of two point load acting symmetrically with respect to center line of span after the beams were kept in curing room for 28 days. Fiber varied as 0%,.2 6%,.52%,1% by the volume of concrete. Crimped steel fiber are randomly mixed in concrete 18 beam divided into two series. I series shear span to depth ratio kept as .6 and II serie s 0.74. Average ratio of actual and predicted shear strength for different equation is calculated and accuracy of the equation are check out as well as deflection and cracking pattern are also re ported.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EFFECT ON SHEAR IN DEEP BEAM BY USING CRIMPED STEEL FIBERijiert bestjournal
This paper evaluates the shear strength of steel fi ber reinforced concrete deep beam without stirrups with the help of experimental work. For th is experimental work 24 no. of simply supported deep beam without stirrups were cast at t he concrete technology laboratory. Test of two point load acting symmetrically with respect to center line of span after the beams were kept in curing room for 28 days. Fiber varied as 0%,.2 6%,.52%,1% by the volume of concrete. Crimped steel fiber are randomly mixed in concrete 18 beam divided into two series. I series shear span to depth ratio kept as .6 and II serie s 0.74. Average ratio of actual and predicted shear strength for different equation is calculated and accuracy of the equation are check out as well as deflection and cracking pattern are also re ported.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to Establish a Relati...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to establish a
relation between vibration parameters and properties of vibration welded joints. During the welding of metals
along with mechanical vibrations, uniform and finer grain structures can be produced. This increases the
toughness and hardness of the metals, because of solidification effects at the weld pool surface. So, physical
experiments have been conducted on the homogeneous welded joints by providing vibrations during the welding
period. The voltage used to generate the vibration and the time of vibration are used as vibration parameters.
Hardness of the welded joint is considered as one of the mechanical properties of the welded joint.
Keywords: Vibratory welding, Neural Networks, Hardness
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab un...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The chapter 9 explains the engineering fundamentals of composite materials and structures. Copyright 2013 Igor Kokcharov, Andrey Burov
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
1 ijcmes dec-2015-17-optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Friction stir welding was a promising welding technology from the same moment of its existence because of its easy use, being ecologically friendly processed and with no need for filler metal. The present paper discusses the investigate the mechanical properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for joining Al 6061 aluminum alloy welding was performed on pipe. The pipe sections, 30mm, and relatively thin walled 2, 3 and 4 mm. Wire welded as similar alloy joints using (FSW) process In order to investigate the effect of rotation speed 485,710, 910, 1120,1400 and 1800 RPM and travel speeds 4, 8 and 10 mm/min. On mechanical propertie.
This work also focuses on mathematic models such as regression analysis (RA) to predict the tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy. The Tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of weld joints were predicted by taking the parameters Tool rotation speed, material thickness and travel speed as a function. The results obtained through regresion analysis The models have been proved to be successful in terms of agreement with experimental results ratio 94.6%.
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to Establish a Relati...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to establish a
relation between vibration parameters and properties of vibration welded joints. During the welding of metals
along with mechanical vibrations, uniform and finer grain structures can be produced. This increases the
toughness and hardness of the metals, because of solidification effects at the weld pool surface. So, physical
experiments have been conducted on the homogeneous welded joints by providing vibrations during the welding
period. The voltage used to generate the vibration and the time of vibration are used as vibration parameters.
Hardness of the welded joint is considered as one of the mechanical properties of the welded joint.
Keywords: Vibratory welding, Neural Networks, Hardness
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab un...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The chapter 9 explains the engineering fundamentals of composite materials and structures. Copyright 2013 Igor Kokcharov, Andrey Burov
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
1 ijcmes dec-2015-17-optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Friction stir welding was a promising welding technology from the same moment of its existence because of its easy use, being ecologically friendly processed and with no need for filler metal. The present paper discusses the investigate the mechanical properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for joining Al 6061 aluminum alloy welding was performed on pipe. The pipe sections, 30mm, and relatively thin walled 2, 3 and 4 mm. Wire welded as similar alloy joints using (FSW) process In order to investigate the effect of rotation speed 485,710, 910, 1120,1400 and 1800 RPM and travel speeds 4, 8 and 10 mm/min. On mechanical propertie.
This work also focuses on mathematic models such as regression analysis (RA) to predict the tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy. The Tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of weld joints were predicted by taking the parameters Tool rotation speed, material thickness and travel speed as a function. The results obtained through regresion analysis The models have been proved to be successful in terms of agreement with experimental results ratio 94.6%.
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Monitoring wind turbine using wi fi network for reliable communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A case study on energy savings in air conditioning system by heat recovery us...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Non standard size image compression with reversible embedded waveletseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Shear behavior of reinforced concrete slender beams using high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
An experimental investigation is carried out on Nine Slender HSC beams with constant size 125mm x 130mm and effective length
900mm by varying (i) The longitudinal reinforcement ratio and (ii) the web reinforcement ratio were casted and tested to understand
the shear behavior of the beams with minimum web reinforcement as per IS CODE and ACI CODE and maximum web reinforcement.
The load-deflection behavior and the failure pattern of the beams, ultimate shear strength are studied with varying longitudinal
reinforcement and varying shear reinforcement. The experimental results obtained are compared with the theoretical values as per
code. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that, there are many parameters influencing the shear behavior of RC beams
such as shear span to depth ratio (a/d ratio>2), concrete grade, depth of the beam, the percentage of the longitudinal reinforcement
and shear reinforcement. It can be concluded that, the shear failure is brittle, sudden and very explosive. As the spacing of shear
reinforcement reduced (75mm) the load carrying capacity increased and as the spacing of shear reinforcement increased (225,
300mm) the load carrying capacity decreased. Shear failure is characterized by small deflection, lack of ductility and catastrophic
failure.
Keywords: High strength concrete, shear span to depth ratio, failure pattern, ultimate shear capacity, codal provisions.
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
Kinerja RBS Balok Kastella akibat beban siklikNini Aswad
The study used an experimental test to analyze the performance of Reduced Beam Section (RBS) on castellated beam column with exterior connection structure model subjected to cyclic load gradually until collapse. The study used two specimens, which were models with and without RBS. The experiment was aimed to evaluate the performance of castellated beam structure with and without RBS affected by the position of castellated beam opening and RBS position on the beam-to-column connection. The results show that the maximum drift ratios of the specimens without RBS (WRBSC) and RBSC-1 were 3.2% and 3.15%, respectively. Meanwhile, the respective ductility performance was 2.45 and 2.56 while the respective stiffness was 0.09 and 0.08.
This research devotes to conduct an investigation into the effects of lateral
reinforcement on the flexural behaviour of Straight Reinforced Concrete Beam
(SRCB). The amount of both longitudinal and lateral reinforcement, beam aspect ratio
(h/d) and shear span of concentrated load to depth ratio (a/d), are considered. The
experimental work includes casting and testing of fifteen SRCB of normal strength with
simple ends. The beams divided into three groups according to h/b ratio which taken
equal to (1.5, 2, and 2.5). The experimental results show that for SRCB with h/b equal
to 2 and under concentrated load at mid-span the ultimate load carrying capacity
increased by (30.8%, and 22.23%) when increasing the shear reinforcement by (50%,
and 100%) respectively. Also, the ultimate strength was increased by about 10.38%
and 16.53% with increment in shear reinforcement of 50%, and 100% respectively for
beams with h/b equal to 1.5 and under two-point load at third point. Finally, the results
appear not only increments in the capacity of ultimate load and decrement in the cracks
width when decreasing the shear reinforcement spacing but also the ductility of the
beams has increased observable.
System shear connector digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
Construction of modern buildings requires many pipes and ducts in order to accommodate essential services such as air conditioning, electricity, telephone, and computer network. Web openings in concrete beams enable the installation of these services. A number of studies have been conducted with regards to reinforced concrete beams which contain web openings. The present paper aims to compile this state of the art work on the type of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with transverse web openings. Various design approaches and strengthening techniques are also presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
There appears to have been no review made of existing test data in which the size effect in punching has been given any special consideration and the proposed paper seeks to fill this gap. Its objectives are to set out the current state of knowledge on size effects and the parameters that influence them by considering of experimental results of 87 reinforced concrete flat slabs without shear reinforcement. These tests are carefully selected to form a large database, including specimens with a significant variation of effective depth. These experimental results are compared with design codes of EUROCODE 2, FIB Model 2010 and to the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT) by Muttoni et al. The comparison show that both EC2 and CSCT have good prediction to test results
while MC90 is rather underestimate the punching shear strength of thinner slab compared to EC2 particularly for reinforcement ratio less than 0.1% and this is due to ignoring the limit on the factor of size effect beyond of 2.0.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Minimum shear reinforcement for optimum ductility of
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 25
MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR OPTIMUM DUCTILITY OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Appa Rao. G1
, Injaganeri. S. S2
1
Associate Professor, 2
Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg, IIT Madras, Chennai – 600 036, India
garao@iitm.ac.in
Abstract
Failures in reinforced concrete (RC) structures under transverse shear forces are proved to be catastrophic with the presence of web
reinforcement. The minimum web reinforcement recommended by several codes of practice has been intended to maintain adequate
strength and deflection ductility after the formation of diagonal cracking and to contain widening of the diagonal cracking. However,
the expressions for estimating the minimum shear reinforcement in the codes of practice are based on the experimental data base
observed on testing of small size beams made of normal strength concrete (NSC). Such code provisions need to be reinvestigated on
large size beams made of high strength concrete (HSC). Further, there has been lack of consensus on the quantity of minimum shear
reinforcement to be provided by different codes of practice, as they differ significantly in respect of HSC members. In this paper, many
factors influencing the minimum shear reinforcement required in RC beams have been studied. An expression has been proposed
incorporating a wide range of parameters. A comparison of the minimum shear reinforcement predicted by the proposed expression
has been made with the codes of practice. The influence of shear reinforcement on the ductility of RC beams of varying sizes has been
investigated. The optimum shear reinforcement index has been found to be somewhere between 0.45 and 0.5. Ductility of RC beams
increases with increasing the shear reinforcement index. Small size beams exhibited significant ductility for the given shear
reinforcement index.
Keywords: Minimum shear reinforcement, reserve strength, ductility, RC beams, HSC
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is known from earlier study that the web reinforcement in
the form of stirrups does not influence the diagonal cracking
strength significantly. However, the presence of shear
reinforcement alters the behaviour of RC beams and enhances
shear capacity by modifying the shear transfer mechanisms
through improved dowel action, restraining crack propagation,
minimizing bond splitting and increasing the contribution of
concrete in compression zone. In the design of RC structures,
use of minimum shear reinforcement is mandated when the
factored shear force exceeds one-half of the design shear
strength of concrete. The objective of specifying minimum
shear reinforcement by the codes of practice is to prevent
sudden failure at the formation of first diagonal cracking, to
control widening of cracks at service loads and also to ensure
adequate ductility before failure. Some of the major codes of
practice such as ACI, CANADIAN and AASHTO specify the
minimum shear reinforcement as a function of concrete
strength while it is only a function of yield strength of shear
reinforcement and independent of compressive strength of
concrete by IS and BS codes of practice.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A brief review of literature carried out by authors on minimum
shear reinforcement is presented. Lin and Lee [1] reported that
an increase of tension reinforcement increases the strength but
decreases the ductility of the beams. Further an increase in
compression steel reinforcement and concrete strength
enhances the ductility of the beams effectively, and the beams
provided with high strength shear reinforcement exhibit the
same cracking resistance as those with normal strength shear
reinforcement. In another study, Lin and Lee [2] concluded
that the factors affecting the ductility of RC beams are a/d
ratio, spacing of stirrups and strength of shear reinforcement.
Also it was concluded that by increasing the quantity and the
strength of shear reinforcement does not have apparent
influence on the diagonal cracking strength. However,
increasing the strength of concrete and strength of shear
reinforcement increases the ultimate strength, whereas the
decrease in the shear-span-depth ratio and the spacing of
stirrups increases the ultimate strength of beams. For beams
with small a/d ratio, the effectiveness of the shear
reinforcement is much reduced.
Xie et al. [3] carried out experimental investigation on 15 RC
beams for understanding the ductility under shear dominant
loading with and without web reinforcement. The variables
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 26
considered in the study are; compressive strength of concrete
ranging between 40 and 109 MPa, shear span-to-depth ratio
varied between 1.0 and 4.0 and the quantity of shear
reinforcement varied between 0.0 and 0.784%. The post peak
response was characterised through the shear ductility of RC
beams. Based on the comparison of two large scale beams
tested by Johnson and Ramirez [4] and the tests on reduced
size specimens, Robert Frosch [5] concluded that the beam
size did not affect the post cracking behaviour or the shear
strength provided by the stirrups. However, from the analysis
of the test results from the previous studies, Johnson and
Ramirez [4] concluded that the overall reserve strength after
the diagonal tension cracking diminished with the increase in
the compressive strength of concrete, f’c for beams designed
with the current provisions of minimum shear reinforcement.
This situation would be more critical for beams with larger a/d
ratios and smaller quantity of longitudinal reinforcement.
Yoon et al. [6] concluded that for HSC members the crack
spacing is a function of the spacing of longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement. The spacing of the shear cracks
increases as the member size increased and hence the
Canadian Standards Association [7] (CSA) predicts lower
shear stress at failure for large size members.
Roller and Russell [8] from their experimental work
concluded that the minimum quantity of shear reinforcement
specified in the codes must be increased with the increase of
compressive strength of concrete. The equation proposed by
Yoon et al. [6] was re-evaluated by Ozcebe et al. [9], which
concluded that the quantity of shear reinforcement could be
20% smaller than that of the minimum shear reinforcement
specified by the ACI code [10]. The experimental
investigations conducted by Angelakos [11] showed that the
minimum quantity of the shear reinforcement by the ACI code
[10] resulted in inadequate safety margins.
3. SHEAR REINFORCEMENT PROVISIONS
The design provisions for the minimum reinforcement in shear
specified by various codes of practice are presented in Table 1.
Table-1: Minimum Shear Reinforcement by various Codes of
Practice
Fig1. Reinforcement Index vs. Compressive Strength
Using these provisions the variation of shear reinforcement
index, r*fy (r = Asv/bSv) with compressive strength of
concrete is shown in Fig. 1. It can be observed that the
quantity of minimum shear reinforcement is a function of the
compressive strength of concrete according to the provisions
by ACI, AASHTO and CSA codes. But it is a function of the
strength of the shear reinforcement alone as per BS and IS
codes. Also, the variation is much higher for HSC beams
compared to NSC beams. The shear reinforcement is
represented in terms of shear reinforcement index, which is
the product of shear reinforcement ratio and the yield strength
of the shear reinforcement.
4. DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT
The minimum web reinforcement provided by different codes
of practice is intended mainly to ensure that the capacity of a
member after the diagonal cracking exceeds the load at which
the inclined cracking occurs or in other words for a beam with
a given geometry and properties of materials the minimum
quantity of shear reinforcement is necessary to increase the
shearing strength of the beam to a particular shear force ‘V’
greater than that corresponds to cracking strength, Vcr. The
studies carried out by Johnson and Ramirez [4] showed that
the post cracking strength decreases with increase in the
compressive strength of concrete. It would be more critical
with the increase in the shear-span-to-depth ratio and decrease
in the longitudinal reinforcement. Hence, it is clear that the
minimum shear reinforcement must be a function of the shear-
span-to-depth ratio and the longitudinal reinforcement along
with the compressive strength of concrete.
Using the relationship between the diagonal cracking and the
ultimate shear strength by authors [15] and also from the
condition (Vc + Vs) > Vcr, in Eq. 5, an expression for the
minimum shear reinforcement has been developed in Eq. 10.
VVV crsc ≥+ (5)
S. No Code Equation Eq.
1 ACI
yy
c
f
0.33
16f
f
≥≥
v
sv
bS
A
(1)
2
AASHTO
[12] 12f
f
y
c
≥
v
sv
bS
A
(2)
3 CSA
16.67f
f
y
c
≥
v
sv
bS
A
(3)
4
IS 456 [13],
BS 8110 [14] 0.87f
4.0
y
≥
v
sv
bS
A
(4)
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 27
The relationship between the diagonal cracking strength and
the ultimate shear strength [15] is as shown in Eq. 6,
bd
2
a/d
vV 1/6
3
ucr
=
ρ
(6)
The shear strength of concrete for the reinforced concrete
members as per the ACI code [10] is,
bd
f0.17
V
'
c
c
=
γ
(7)
Taking the lower bound value for the tensile strength of
concrete as a function of the compressive strength in [16]
proposed an expression for the ultimate shear strength of
concrete which is given by Eq. 8,
f0.5v
'
cu =
(8)
Taking,
s
d
fAV
v
ysvs
=
(9)
From Eq. 5 substituting for vu, Vs, Vcr and Vc we get,
f0.33
a/d
0.25ff
bs
A '
c1/6
3
'
cy
v
sv
≥
−=
∴ 22.0
ρ
(10)
The minimum reinforcement is a function of compressive
strength of concrete, shear span to depth ratio and percentage
flexural reinforcement. For the beams with the shear span-to-
depth ratio, a/d > 3, the minimum shear reinforcement
predicted by the ACI, CSA and AASHTO provisions is not
conservative and further investigations are to be carried out for
the higher shear span-to-depth ratios with compressive
strength of concrete greater than 60 MPa. The model proposed
in this study predicts satisfactorily the minimum shear
reinforcement for all types of beams with various compressive
strengths of concrete, shear-span-to-depth ratio and
longitudinal reinforcement.
5. VARIATION OF MINIMUM SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT
The minimum shear reinforcement evaluated using the model
developed in Eq. 10 in the present study for cube concrete
compressive strength of 20, 40 and 60 MPa for different
percentages of longitudinal reinforcement are shown in Figs. 2
to 4 respectively in beams with different shear span-to-depth
ratios.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Percentage of Longitudinal Reinforcement
ReinforcementIndex(r*fy)
a/d=1
a/d=2
a/d=3
a/d=4
a/d=5
a/d=6
Fig2. Reinforcement Index vs. % Longitudinal Reinforcement
for 20 MPa Concrete
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Percentage of Longitudinal Reinforcement
ReinforcementIndex(r*fy)
a/d=1
a/d=2
a/d=3
a/d=4
a/d=5
a/d=6
Fig3. Reinforcement Index vs. % Longitudinal Reinforcement
for 40 MPa Concrete
As shown in Figs. 2 to 4 using 20, 40 and 60 MPa
compressive strength of concrete, the reinforcement index
decreases with increase in the percentage longitudinal
reinforcement. The longitudinal reinforcement provided in the
tension region of the beam can improve the shear strength of
RC beams due to dowel action of the flexural tensile
reinforcement. Due to the dowel action of tension
reinforcement, the quantity of shear reinforcement required to
resist the transverse forces has been observed to be decreased.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 28
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Percentage of Longitudinal Reinforcement
ReinforcementIndex(r*fy)
a/d=1
a/d=2
a/d=3
a/d=4
a/d=5
a/d=6
Fig4. Reinforcement Index vs. % Longitudinal Reinforcement
for 60 MPa Concrete
The variation of the reinforcement index vs. shear span-to-
depth ratio in various beams with concrete compressive
strength of 20, 40 and 60 MPa are shown in Figs. 5 to 7
respectively with different percentage flexural tensile
reinforcement. The shear reinforcement index increases with
increasing the shear span-to-depth ratio. This can be explained
by the fact that the shear strength of RC beams, at very low to
low shear span-to-depth ratio behaving like a deep and short
beams respectively, is very high. The shear reinforcement
required is reduced at small a/d ratios. In RC beams with large
a/d ratios, the failure tends to be flexure-shear or flexure
mode. In such beams, the shear capacity is relatively less and
the failures are more like flexural failures. The shear capacity
is very small. Hence, at large a/d ratios, the minimum shear
reinforcement tends to be increased.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a/d
ReinforcementIndex(r*fy)
ρl =0.5
ρl =1.0
ρl =1.5
ρl =2.0
ρl =2.5
ρl =3.0
Fig5. Reinforcement Index vs. Shear span-to-depth ratio for
20 MPa Concrete
The minimum shear reinforcement calculated according to the
ACI and IS codes corresponding to the ultimate shear strength
of the beam, which is equal to the concrete shear strength of
0.48 MPa (for fc’= 60 MPa) and 0.4 MPa respectively.
However, the provisions by the codes of practice are
independent of the shear-span-to-depth ratio and also the
percentage of the longitudinal reinforcement. Figs. 2 to 7 show
the variation of the shear reinforcement with percentage
flexural reinforcement, ρl and the shear span-to-depth, (a/d)
ratio for different compressive strengths of concrete.
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a/d
ReinforcementIndex(r*fy)
ρl =0.5
ρl =1.0
ρl =1.5
ρl =2.0
ρl =2.5
ρl =3.0
Fig6. Reinforcement Index vs. Shear span-to-depth ratio for
40 MPa Concrete
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a/d
ReinforcementIndex(r*fy)
ρl =0.5
ρl =1.0
ρl =1.5
ρl =2.0
ρl =2.5
ρl =3.0
Fig7. Reinforcement Index vs. Shear span-to-depth ratio for
60 MPa Concrete
Fig. 8 shows the variation of the shear reinforcement index
with compressive strength for a/d = 3.0 and ρl = 2.4%. It can
be observed that the shear reinforcement decreases with
increase in the longitudinal tension reinforcement, ρl and
increases with increase in the shear span-to-depth ratio, a/d
ratio. The objective of codes of practice for minimum
reinforcement in shear must also be to ensure minimum
ductility apart from ensuring the minimum strength of a
member is greater than its diagonal cracking strength. It is also
clear that the addition of even small quantity of web
reinforcement increases the ductility of a member but one
needs to quantify the minimum ductility that has to be
developed within the member.
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Fig8: Shear Reinforcement Index vs. Compressive Strength
(a/d = 3.0, pl = 2.4%).
Table-2: Beam Dimensions
6. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
6.1. Materials and Beam Dimensions
Portland Pozzolona Cement was used for preparation of the
reinforced concrete beams and other companion specimens.
The width of the beams was maintained constant at 150 mm
maintaining two dimensional similarity. Twelve reinforced
concrete beams of three different sizes were cast and tested
with depths of beams 200 mm, 400 mm and 600 mm, with the
effective depths of 161mm, 345mm and 536mm respectively.
The effective span-to-effective depth ratio for all the six
beams tested was 6.0. The shear span-to-effective depth ratio
was 3.0. The beam dimensions are shown in Table 2. The
compressive strength of concrete was varied between from 50
MPa to 60 MPa. A stress-reinforcement index representing the
quantity of shear reinforcement, (r*fy) equal to 0.4 was
estimated corresponding to the minimum shear reinforcement
required as per the IS 456-2000. Two more value of these
indices 0.6 and 0.8 were also adopted in this study anticipating
the minimum shear reinforcement to be achieved for high
strength concrete with large size beams, as the ductility
decreases with increase in the strength of concrete and the size
of the beam. The beams of depth 200 mm and 400 mm were
cast in steel moulds, while 600 mm depth beams were cast in
moulds made of well seasoned wood. The beams were
demolded after 24 hrs and subsequently cured for 28 days
before testing. To obtain the tensile and compressive strength
of concrete companion cylinders of 150 mm diameter and
cubes of 150 mm size were cast and tested along with the
beams.
Twelve geometrically similar reinforced concrete beams of
three different sizes made of medium strength concrete were
cast and tested under three-point loading using a closed loop
MTS testing system of 500 kN capacity. The properties of the
steel reinforcement used in this programme are shown in
Table 3. The compressive strength of concrete in the beams is
shown in Table 4. The flexural tensile reinforcement in all the
beams was 2.5%. the number of flexural reinforcing bars
corresponding to the above percentage reinforcement is shown
in Table 4. The spacing of the closed stirrups was varied to
study the ductility and minimum shear reinforcement
provisions by different codes of practice. The shear
reinforcement in the beams was varied in terms of shear
reinforcement index. The shear reinforcement index is the
product of the shear reinforcement ratio multiplied by the
yield strength. Table 4 shows the flexural and shear
reinforcement details in the beam.
Table-3: Properties of Web and Longitudinal Reinforcement
Diameter
Area
(mm2)
Yield Strength
(N/mm2)
Ultimate Strength
(N/mm2)
3 mm 6.69 447 491
4 mm 10.17 400 480
5 mm 18.65 479 521
6 mm 28.26 425 530
16 mm 201.00 521 656
20 mm 314.00 595 662
Beam
B
mm
D
mm
d/b
le
mm
le/d a/d
H20-0.0 150 161 1.1 966 6.0 3.0
H20-0.4 150 161 1.1 966 6.0 3.0
H20-0.6 150 161 1.1 966 6.0 3.0
H20-0.8 150 161 1.1 966 6.0 3.0
H40-0.0 150 345 2.3 2070 6.0 3.0
H40-0.4 150 345 2.3 2070 6.0 3.0
H40-0.6 150 345 2.3 2070 6.0 3.0
H40-0.8 150 345 2.3 2070 6.0 3.0
H60-0.0 150 536 3.6 3216 6.0 3.0
H60-0.4 150 536 3.6 3216 6.0 3.0
H60-0.6 150 536 3.6 3216 6.0 3.0
H60-0.8 150 536 3.6 3216 6.0 3.0
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Table-4: Flexural and Shear Reinforcement Details
6.2. Load vs. Deflection
The variations of load with deflection of beams of depths 200
mm, 400 mm and 600 mm are shown in Figs. 9 to 11, which
demonstrate that with increase in SRI the ductility of beams
increases. The ultimate loads for 200 mm depth beams with
SRI 0.0 and 0.6 were 112 and 150 kN and the corresponding
deflections are 2.4 mm and 5.3 mm respectively. Similarly, for
400 mm depth beams with SRI 0.0 and 0.8 the ultimate loads
were 240 kN and 270 kN with the corresponding deflections
6.4 mm and 7.4 mm respectively. Also, for the beams of depth
600 mm with SRI of 0.0 and 0.8 the ultimate loads were 340
kN and 460 kN and the deflections at the peak loads were 8.5
mm and 9.8 mm respectively. The comparison of these trends
shows that the increase in the deflection at the peak load with
the corresponding increase of SRI for 200 mm depth beams
seems to be higher. This clearly indicates that the stirrups are
more effective in resisting the shear force in the members with
smaller depths than the beams of larger depths. On the
contrary the failures of the large size beams are more brittle
than the small size beams. This phenomenon changes the
participation of stirrup for different depths, which needs
serious evaluation. Figs. 9 to 11 reveal that the minimum
quantity of reinforcement specified by codes may be sufficient
for small size beams as adequate ductility has been achieved.
However, it is inadequate for the large size beams (depth of
600 mm) made of HSC because the web reinforcement
snapped after reaching the ultimate load for r*fy = 0.4 and 0.6
for beams of depth 600 mm.
Fig9. Load vs. Deflection in beam HSC-200.
Fig10. Load vs. Deflection in beam HSC-400.
Fig11. Load vs. Deflection in beam HSC-600.
Beam fck, MPa Ast Asv r*fy
H20-0.0 50.4 3 -16mm Nil 0.0
H20-0.4 57.1 3-16mm 3mm @100 c/c 0.4
H20-0.6 50.1 3-16mm 4mm @90 c/c 0.6
H20-0.8 47.0 3-16mm 4mm @70 c/c 0.8
H40-0.0 58.5 6-16mm Nil 0.0
H40-0.4 57.1 6-16mm 4mm @135 c/c 0.4
H40-0.6 50.1 6-16mm 5mm @200 c/c 0.6
H40-0.8 52.1 6-16mm 5mm @150 c/c 0.8
H60-0.0 58.5 6-20mm Nil 0.0
H60-0.4 57.1 6-20mm 5mm @300 c/c 0.4
H60-0.6 50.1 6-20mm 6mm @267 c/c 0.6
H60-0.8 52.1 6-20mm 6mm @200 c/c 0.8
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6.3. Modes of Failure
Of all the twelve beams tested, three of them were without
web reinforcement failed in shear with a very distinct diagonal
crack forming on one side of the beam. The crack widths,
crack pattern and also how the cracks were propagated with
the application of the load was monitored and also recorded.
The cracks were formed symmetrically on either side of the
beam with further loading but the final failure was due to one
major diagonal crack widening up. The cracks in all the beams
extended from the load point to the adjoining support.
6.3.1. H-0.0 Series
The mode of failure for all the three depths of beams without
web reinforcement (SRI equal to 0.0) is shown in Fig. 12. The
beams developed secondary cracks along the longitudinal
reinforcement due to deterioration of the bond and the failure
was due to the shear-tension failure. Since sufficient end
anchorage was designed, there was no anchorage failure
observed. The beams of depth 400 mm and 600 mm depth
were provided with longitudinal reinforcement in two layers.
The failure pattern in H0.0 beams is shown in Fig. 12.
Fig12. Crack Profile for H-0.0 Series beams at 1.7 MPa Stress
level
6.3.2 H-0.4 Series
The beams H-0.4 had a web reinforcement corresponding to
SRI 0.4 MPa. The beams with 200 mm depth exhibited a
ductile behaviour, whereas the beams of 400 mm depth
exhibited a very sudden failure before switching on from the
load control to the displacement control system during testing.
All the stirrups across the diagonal crack passing through it
was snapped. Though the failure of all the beams in this series
was also due to shear-tension failure but only a single
secondary crack along the longitudinal reinforcement was
observed unlike in the case of beams without web
reinforcement where two distinct secondary cracks were
observed.
Fig13. Crack Profile for H-0.6 Series beams at Ultimate Stress
level
6.3.3. H-0.6 Series
The beam H60 of H-0.6 series exhibited local crushing of
concrete in the vicinity of the load point due to the combined
action of the shear and compression. Spalling of concrete took
place in addition to the diagonal cracking prior to the failure.
The beams of depth 200 mm and 600 mm developed the
splitting cracks along the longitudinal reinforcement.
However, the H40 beams failed in shear-compression mode
without any secondary cracking along the longitudinal
reinforcement. The failure patterns for this series are shown in
Fig. 13.
6.3.4 H-0.8 Series
All the beams in this series failed in shear-tension mode
accompanied by local crushing and spalling of concrete.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The minimum shear reinforcement specified by IS and BS
code are independent of the compressive strength of
concrete, and inadequate for HSC beams. However, ACI,
CSA and AASHTO provisions represent as a function of
compressive strength of concrete but are independent of
a/d ratio and ρl.
2. The model proposed in this study predicts reasonably well
the minimum web reinforcement for all type of beams
based on the compressive strength of concrete, a/d ratio
and ρl.
3. From the load deflection response for the beams tested
with SRI = 0.4 MPa and from the nature of failure
observed, it has been found that the provision of SRI of 0.4
MPa is inadequate.
4. For variation in SRI from 0.0 to 0.4, there is no significant
enhancement of shear strength for all depths of beams thus
indicating that the minimum web reinforcement proposed
by the IS and BS codes of practice need to be re-evaluated.
80 kN
40 kN 40 kN
180 kN
90 kN 90 kN
260 kN
130 kN 130 kN
150 kN
75kN 75
278k
139 kN 139kN420 kN
210 210
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5. Based on the load-deflection response it has been observed
that with increase in SRI (rfy) the shear ductility increases
only up to a certain critical limit of 0.6. Therefore, for a
given strength of concrete increasing the web
reinforcement beyond the critical limit does not improve
the ductility significantly.
6. The energy absorption ratio is not enhanced significantly
by increasing SRI from 0.0 to 0.4 for the beams of 400mm
and 600mm depths compared to the beams of 200mm
depth. Participation of shear reinforcement is more
effective in small size beams compared to the large size
beams.
REFERENCES
[1] Hung Lin and Feng-Sheng Lee, “Ductility of High
Performance Concrete Beams with High Strength
Lateral Reinforcement”, ACI Structural Journal, V. 98,
No.4, July-Aug. 2001, pp. 600-608.
[2] Lin and Lee, “Shear Behaviour of High Workability
Concrete Beams”, ACI Structural Journal, V. 100,
No.5, Sept.-Oct. 2003, pp. 599-608.
[3] Yuliang Xie., Shuaib. H. Ahmad., Tiejun, Yu., and
Chung. W., “Shear Ductility of RC Beams of Normal
and High Strength Concrete” ACI Journal, V. 91 No.2,
1994, pp. 191-198.
[4] Johnson, M.K., and Ramirez, J. A., “Minimum Shear
Reinforcement in Beams with HSC”, ACI Structural
Journal, V. 86 No.4, July-August 1989, pp. 376-382.
[5] Robert Frosch, “Behaviour of large Scale Reinforced
Concrete Beams with Minimum Sear Reinforcement”,
ACI Structural Journal, V. 97 No.6, Nov.-Dec. 2000,
pp. 814-820
[6] Yoon, Y.S., Cook, W D., and Mitchell, D., “Minimum
Shear Reinforcement in Normal Medium and High
Strength Concrete Beams”, ACI Structural Journal, V.
93 No.5, Sept.-Oct. 1996, pp. 576-584.
[7] Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale., “Design of
Conc. Structures for Buildings” 1984
[8] Roller, J.J., and Russell, H. G., “Shear Strength of HSC
Beams with Web Reinforcement”, ACI Structural
Journal, V. 87 No.2, March-April 1990, pp. 191-198.
[9] Ozcebe, G., and Ersoy, U., and Tankut, T., “Evaluation
of Minimum Shear Reinforcement Requirements for
HSC”, ACI Journal, V. 96 No.3, May-June 1999, pp.
361-368.
[10] ACI Committee 318, “Building Code requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318-99), American Concrete
institute, Michigan.
[11] Agelakos, D., Bentz, E.C., and Collins, M.P., “Effect of
concrete strength and Minimum Stirrups on Shear
Strength of Large Members” ACI Structural Journal,
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[12] AASHTO LRFD Bridge design Specifications and
Commentary, 2nd
edn., American Association of State
Highway Transportation Official, Washington DC.,
2000
[13] IS 456: 2000, Indian Standard, Code of Practice for
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Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[14] BS 8110: Part 1:1985, “Code of Practice for Design and
Construction,” British Standards
[15] Injaganeri, S S., “Studies on Size Effect on Design
Strength and Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Beams
in Shear”, Ph. D. Thesis, IIT Madras.
[16] Shah, S P., and Ahmad, S H., “High Performance
Concrete: Properties and Applications, McGraw-Hill
Inc., Newyork.
Notation
a = shear span
a/d = shear span-to-depth ratio
As = area of tension reinforcement
Asv = Area of shear reinforcement
b = breadth of beam
d = effective depth in mm
fc
’
= cylindrical compressive strength in MPa
fy = yield strength of longitudinal steel
fvs = yield strength of shear reinforcement
ρl = longitudinal reinforcement ratio
r = Asv / bSv
Sv = Spacing of stirrups
vcr = diagonal cracking strength
vu = ultimate shear strength
Vult= factored shear force at the critical section