IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Study on the Effect of Biaxial Geo-Grid on Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIRJET Journal
1) An experimental study was conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete with the addition of biaxial geogrid.
2) Cube, cylinder, and beam specimens were tested with and without geogrid and steel fibers. The geogrid was placed inside cylindrical molds and on top of beam specimens before pouring concrete.
3) Test results found that geogrid confinement alone increased compressive strength by 6% and splitting tensile strength by 37% compared to conventional concrete. The addition of steel fibers further increased strengths, with 1.5% fibers and geogrid giving the best performance overall.
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Column by Steel JacketingIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete structures often require strengthening to increase their capacity to sustain additional loads,
due to change in use that resulted in additional live loads, deterioration of the load carrying elements, design
errors, construction problems during erection, aging of structure itself or upgrading to confirm to current code
requirements. These situations may require additional concrete elements or the entire concrete structure to be
strengthened, repaired or retrofitted. Common methods for strengthening columns include concrete jacketing,
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and steel jacketing. All these methods have been shown to effectively
increase the axial load capacity of columns.
The experimental study was carried out on RC column on designed and detailed using IS 456:2000 provisions.
The concrete mix design being performed after conducting numerous material test and cube test to validate
expected strength as per specified grade of concrete. The trial testing conducted to estimate load at 1st crack and
failure load for normal RC column with capturing displacement using dial gauges at regular load increment in
UTM. The loading conditions are decided based on failure load to induce cracks in column under 85% loading
of the failure one. In all fifteen specimen casted and tested with three samples for failure load estimation, three
samples each for plate jacketing & angle battening system and three samples each for plate jacketing & angle
battening with column preloaded to 85% of its failure load. The angle batten system proves to be better
compared to full plate retrofitting in terms of load carrying capacity and enhancing confinement effect.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes research testing the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on the flexural strength of high-strength concrete beams. 25 beams were tested with steel fiber volumes from 0.5-4%. Testing showed flexural strength increased with higher fiber volumes. As fiber content increased, the failure mode transitioned from shear to flexure. Load-deflection curves showed higher maximum loads and deflections for beams with more fibers. In conclusion, adding steel fibers increases flexural strength of beams, especially at lower fiber volumes.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
IRJET- Study on the Effect of Biaxial Geo-Grid on Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIRJET Journal
1) An experimental study was conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete with the addition of biaxial geogrid.
2) Cube, cylinder, and beam specimens were tested with and without geogrid and steel fibers. The geogrid was placed inside cylindrical molds and on top of beam specimens before pouring concrete.
3) Test results found that geogrid confinement alone increased compressive strength by 6% and splitting tensile strength by 37% compared to conventional concrete. The addition of steel fibers further increased strengths, with 1.5% fibers and geogrid giving the best performance overall.
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Column by Steel JacketingIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete structures often require strengthening to increase their capacity to sustain additional loads,
due to change in use that resulted in additional live loads, deterioration of the load carrying elements, design
errors, construction problems during erection, aging of structure itself or upgrading to confirm to current code
requirements. These situations may require additional concrete elements or the entire concrete structure to be
strengthened, repaired or retrofitted. Common methods for strengthening columns include concrete jacketing,
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and steel jacketing. All these methods have been shown to effectively
increase the axial load capacity of columns.
The experimental study was carried out on RC column on designed and detailed using IS 456:2000 provisions.
The concrete mix design being performed after conducting numerous material test and cube test to validate
expected strength as per specified grade of concrete. The trial testing conducted to estimate load at 1st crack and
failure load for normal RC column with capturing displacement using dial gauges at regular load increment in
UTM. The loading conditions are decided based on failure load to induce cracks in column under 85% loading
of the failure one. In all fifteen specimen casted and tested with three samples for failure load estimation, three
samples each for plate jacketing & angle battening system and three samples each for plate jacketing & angle
battening with column preloaded to 85% of its failure load. The angle batten system proves to be better
compared to full plate retrofitting in terms of load carrying capacity and enhancing confinement effect.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes research testing the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on the flexural strength of high-strength concrete beams. 25 beams were tested with steel fiber volumes from 0.5-4%. Testing showed flexural strength increased with higher fiber volumes. As fiber content increased, the failure mode transitioned from shear to flexure. Load-deflection curves showed higher maximum loads and deflections for beams with more fibers. In conclusion, adding steel fibers increases flexural strength of beams, especially at lower fiber volumes.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
Evaluation of shear strength of model rock joints by experimental studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Utilization of Demolished Concrete Waste for New Construction and Evaluation ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that utilized demolished concrete waste as an aggregate in new concrete. The demolished concrete was collected, crushed, and sieved to produce demolished concrete aggregate (DCA). DCA was used to replace natural coarse aggregate at rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Concrete mixtures containing DCA were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths compared to a control concrete. Results showed that compressive and tensile strengths increased up to 20% DCA replacement. However, flexural strength decreased with any DCA content. Overall, the study demonstrated the viability of using DCA up to 20% as a partial replacement for natural coarse aggregate in concrete.
Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) in framed structures as Structural Fuses in ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) used as structural fuses in seismic regions. BRBs consist of a steel core laterally restrained by a buckling restrained mechanism, such as a steel tube filled with concrete. This prevents local and global buckling of the core. Experimental tests show BRBs exhibit stable hysteretic behavior with nearly ideal bilinear hysteresis loops during cyclic loading. BRBs are efficient at dissipating energy and enhancing structural performance during earthquakes by undergoing inelastic deformation as structural fuses. The document reviews several international studies that have validated the effectiveness of BRBs through experimental testing and analysis.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
Design, Strength and Failure of Paleobiology Plaster JacketsKeshav Swarup
This document describes an experiment to test the strength of plaster of Paris paleobiology jackets used to protect fossil specimens. Cylindrical plaster specimens were tested in bending and fracture to determine the material's strength (5.178 MPa) and fracture toughness (0.304 MPa√m). A plaster jacket mold was fabricated and tested in bending and compression. The jacket's predicted strength was higher than measured in bending but lower than measured in compression, attributed to differences in stress distributions and geometries between predictions and tests.
Review Paper Based On the Relation between the Strength of Concrete Cubes and...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the review about comparison of the compressive strength of cubes and cylinders of different grades of concrete. The cubes of standard size of 150x150x150 mm were cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each. The cylinders of standard size 150mm dia. and 300mm height are cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Structural Behaviour of Double Skin Hollow –...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the structural behavior of double skin hollow concrete filled steel tubular (DSH-CFST) columns under axial compressive loading. 36 specimens were tested with varying hollowness ratios. Test results showed that DSH-CFST columns can provide higher strength and ductility than solid CFST columns. Stress-strain curves and load-deformation curves were compared for different specimen types. The study found that DSH-CFST columns exhibited up to 77% higher compressive stresses than solid CFST columns. DSH-CFST columns also demonstrated improved ductility compared to solid CFST columns. The results provide information on optimizing the strength and structural performance of DSH-CFST columns
Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Characteristic Behaviour of CFDSST, CFDSSAT &...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study on the behavior of concrete filled double skin steel tube (CFDSST), concrete filled double skin steel aluminum tube (CFDSSAT), and concrete filled double skin steel PVC tube (CFDSSPT) columns with and without external steel rings. A series of axial compression tests were performed on 18 column specimens - 6 of each type. The results showed that the load carrying capacity and ductility of the CFDSST, CFDSSAT, and CFDSSPT specimens increased with the addition of external steel rings compared to those without rings. Of the three types, the CFDSSAT specimens exhibited the highest ultimate load values.
IRJET - Impact of Steel Fibers on the Hardened Properties of High Strength Co...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the impact of adding steel fibers on the hardened properties of high-strength concrete. Three mixes were tested with steel fibers of varying aspect ratios (50, 62.5, 75) added at 1% volume fraction. The compressive strength increased up to 14% with higher aspect ratios. Split tensile strength improved up to 41% and modulus of rupture increased up to 6.5% compared to concrete without fibers. Regression equations were developed to predict the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of rupture based on the fiber aspect ratio. Overall, the study found that steel fibers improved the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete and that higher aspect ratio fibers provided greater improvements.
Finite Element Analysis of Doubly Curved Thin Concrete Shells with Square and...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes doubly curved thin concrete shells of varying sizes and thicknesses using finite element analysis software SAP2000. 12 shell models of square and rectangular plans with rises of 1000mm and 750mm and thicknesses of 50mm, 40mm, and 20mm are created and subjected to uniformly distributed loads ranging from 1-5 kN/m2. The analysis finds that deflections and membrane stresses decrease as rise and thickness increase. Shells with greater rise and thickness experience lower deflections and stresses under load.
IRJET - Experimental Study on the Influence of Reinforcement Corrosion on Fir...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that aims to evaluate the influence of reinforcement corrosion on the fire performance of concrete beams wrapped with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). Sixteen identical concrete beams reinforced with steel bars were manufactured. Some beams were subjected to accelerated corrosion testing to induce different levels of corrosion. The corroded beams and control beams were then exposed to fire testing based on the ASTM E-119-12 standard time-temperature curve. After fire exposure, all beams will undergo four-point bending tests to compare the flexural properties and load capacities of the corroded beams and beams wrapped with GFRP. The study seeks to provide insights into how corrosion and GFRP wrapping affect the behavior of reinforced concrete beams during and
Effect of cold swaging on the mechanical and microstructure characteristics o...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this experimental investigation, the post sintering mechanical treatment was implemented by cold swaging the produced tungsten alloy rods with composition (90W-7Ni-3Fe %wt) by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and appling different reductions of cross sectional area varying from 10% up to 50%. On the mechanical and microstructure properties of the tungsten heavy alloy (89.97W-7Ni-3Fe-0.03 Y2O3 %wt). Elemental powders were mixed for 120 min. Green compacted by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and Finally the specimens were sintered at 1480ºC for 90 min under vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength and hardness were remarkably increased by about 39% and 45% respectively, by the application of 50% area reduction by swaging, relative to the sintered specimens. On the other hand, ductility and impact resistance were deeply decreased by about 75% and 53% respectively, by also, the application of 50% area reduction by swaging. Keywords: Cold Swaging, Liquid Phase Sintering, Tungsten Heavy Alloy, Powder Metallurgy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document analyzes the use of geotextile reinforcement in road embankments built on soft soil using the PLAXIS 2D finite element method. Three analyses were conducted: 1) stability without reinforcement, 2) determining optimal reinforcement length, and 3) stability with varying tensile strengths of geotextile reinforcement. The results showed that factor of safety increased with higher tensile strength up to an optimum value of 600 kN/m. Displacement along the base was also reduced but did not significantly impact the optimum strength determination. The study concluded the optimum tensile strength is influenced by achieving sufficient factor of safety for embankment stability.
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
IRJET- An Investigational Approach of using Recron-3S in Self Compacting Conc...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the use of Recron-3s fibers in self-compacting concrete (SCC). The study tested SCC mixes with 0%, 0.30%, 0.60%, 0.90%, and 1.2% Recron-3s by volume. Tests were performed on fresh and hardened concrete to evaluate the effect of Recron-3s on workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths generally increased with the addition of up to 0.90% Recron-3s compared to normal SCC without fibers. Above 0.90
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Nutrients retention in functional beef burgers with especial emphasis on lipi...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the retention of nutrients, particularly fatty acids, in healthier beef burgers with different amounts of added dry soybean sprouts (DSS). Several burger formulations were prepared with partial replacement of pork fat with soybean oil and 0g/kg, 5g/kg, 10g/kg or 20g/kg of added DSS. Cooking yield increased with higher DSS amounts, indicating it improved water and fat retention. Higher DSS concentrations also led to higher protein and fat retention. Burgers with 5g/kg or 10g/kg DSS had improved ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids after cooking due to reduced saturated fat losses. Multivariate analysis identified
Evaluation of shear strength of model rock joints by experimental studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Utilization of Demolished Concrete Waste for New Construction and Evaluation ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that utilized demolished concrete waste as an aggregate in new concrete. The demolished concrete was collected, crushed, and sieved to produce demolished concrete aggregate (DCA). DCA was used to replace natural coarse aggregate at rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Concrete mixtures containing DCA were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths compared to a control concrete. Results showed that compressive and tensile strengths increased up to 20% DCA replacement. However, flexural strength decreased with any DCA content. Overall, the study demonstrated the viability of using DCA up to 20% as a partial replacement for natural coarse aggregate in concrete.
Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) in framed structures as Structural Fuses in ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) used as structural fuses in seismic regions. BRBs consist of a steel core laterally restrained by a buckling restrained mechanism, such as a steel tube filled with concrete. This prevents local and global buckling of the core. Experimental tests show BRBs exhibit stable hysteretic behavior with nearly ideal bilinear hysteresis loops during cyclic loading. BRBs are efficient at dissipating energy and enhancing structural performance during earthquakes by undergoing inelastic deformation as structural fuses. The document reviews several international studies that have validated the effectiveness of BRBs through experimental testing and analysis.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
Design, Strength and Failure of Paleobiology Plaster JacketsKeshav Swarup
This document describes an experiment to test the strength of plaster of Paris paleobiology jackets used to protect fossil specimens. Cylindrical plaster specimens were tested in bending and fracture to determine the material's strength (5.178 MPa) and fracture toughness (0.304 MPa√m). A plaster jacket mold was fabricated and tested in bending and compression. The jacket's predicted strength was higher than measured in bending but lower than measured in compression, attributed to differences in stress distributions and geometries between predictions and tests.
Review Paper Based On the Relation between the Strength of Concrete Cubes and...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the review about comparison of the compressive strength of cubes and cylinders of different grades of concrete. The cubes of standard size of 150x150x150 mm were cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each. The cylinders of standard size 150mm dia. and 300mm height are cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Structural Behaviour of Double Skin Hollow –...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the structural behavior of double skin hollow concrete filled steel tubular (DSH-CFST) columns under axial compressive loading. 36 specimens were tested with varying hollowness ratios. Test results showed that DSH-CFST columns can provide higher strength and ductility than solid CFST columns. Stress-strain curves and load-deformation curves were compared for different specimen types. The study found that DSH-CFST columns exhibited up to 77% higher compressive stresses than solid CFST columns. DSH-CFST columns also demonstrated improved ductility compared to solid CFST columns. The results provide information on optimizing the strength and structural performance of DSH-CFST columns
Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Characteristic Behaviour of CFDSST, CFDSSAT &...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study on the behavior of concrete filled double skin steel tube (CFDSST), concrete filled double skin steel aluminum tube (CFDSSAT), and concrete filled double skin steel PVC tube (CFDSSPT) columns with and without external steel rings. A series of axial compression tests were performed on 18 column specimens - 6 of each type. The results showed that the load carrying capacity and ductility of the CFDSST, CFDSSAT, and CFDSSPT specimens increased with the addition of external steel rings compared to those without rings. Of the three types, the CFDSSAT specimens exhibited the highest ultimate load values.
IRJET - Impact of Steel Fibers on the Hardened Properties of High Strength Co...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the impact of adding steel fibers on the hardened properties of high-strength concrete. Three mixes were tested with steel fibers of varying aspect ratios (50, 62.5, 75) added at 1% volume fraction. The compressive strength increased up to 14% with higher aspect ratios. Split tensile strength improved up to 41% and modulus of rupture increased up to 6.5% compared to concrete without fibers. Regression equations were developed to predict the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of rupture based on the fiber aspect ratio. Overall, the study found that steel fibers improved the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete and that higher aspect ratio fibers provided greater improvements.
Finite Element Analysis of Doubly Curved Thin Concrete Shells with Square and...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes doubly curved thin concrete shells of varying sizes and thicknesses using finite element analysis software SAP2000. 12 shell models of square and rectangular plans with rises of 1000mm and 750mm and thicknesses of 50mm, 40mm, and 20mm are created and subjected to uniformly distributed loads ranging from 1-5 kN/m2. The analysis finds that deflections and membrane stresses decrease as rise and thickness increase. Shells with greater rise and thickness experience lower deflections and stresses under load.
IRJET - Experimental Study on the Influence of Reinforcement Corrosion on Fir...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that aims to evaluate the influence of reinforcement corrosion on the fire performance of concrete beams wrapped with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). Sixteen identical concrete beams reinforced with steel bars were manufactured. Some beams were subjected to accelerated corrosion testing to induce different levels of corrosion. The corroded beams and control beams were then exposed to fire testing based on the ASTM E-119-12 standard time-temperature curve. After fire exposure, all beams will undergo four-point bending tests to compare the flexural properties and load capacities of the corroded beams and beams wrapped with GFRP. The study seeks to provide insights into how corrosion and GFRP wrapping affect the behavior of reinforced concrete beams during and
Effect of cold swaging on the mechanical and microstructure characteristics o...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this experimental investigation, the post sintering mechanical treatment was implemented by cold swaging the produced tungsten alloy rods with composition (90W-7Ni-3Fe %wt) by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and appling different reductions of cross sectional area varying from 10% up to 50%. On the mechanical and microstructure properties of the tungsten heavy alloy (89.97W-7Ni-3Fe-0.03 Y2O3 %wt). Elemental powders were mixed for 120 min. Green compacted by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and Finally the specimens were sintered at 1480ºC for 90 min under vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength and hardness were remarkably increased by about 39% and 45% respectively, by the application of 50% area reduction by swaging, relative to the sintered specimens. On the other hand, ductility and impact resistance were deeply decreased by about 75% and 53% respectively, by also, the application of 50% area reduction by swaging. Keywords: Cold Swaging, Liquid Phase Sintering, Tungsten Heavy Alloy, Powder Metallurgy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document analyzes the use of geotextile reinforcement in road embankments built on soft soil using the PLAXIS 2D finite element method. Three analyses were conducted: 1) stability without reinforcement, 2) determining optimal reinforcement length, and 3) stability with varying tensile strengths of geotextile reinforcement. The results showed that factor of safety increased with higher tensile strength up to an optimum value of 600 kN/m. Displacement along the base was also reduced but did not significantly impact the optimum strength determination. The study concluded the optimum tensile strength is influenced by achieving sufficient factor of safety for embankment stability.
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
IRJET- An Investigational Approach of using Recron-3S in Self Compacting Conc...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the use of Recron-3s fibers in self-compacting concrete (SCC). The study tested SCC mixes with 0%, 0.30%, 0.60%, 0.90%, and 1.2% Recron-3s by volume. Tests were performed on fresh and hardened concrete to evaluate the effect of Recron-3s on workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths generally increased with the addition of up to 0.90% Recron-3s compared to normal SCC without fibers. Above 0.90
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Nutrients retention in functional beef burgers with especial emphasis on lipi...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the retention of nutrients, particularly fatty acids, in healthier beef burgers with different amounts of added dry soybean sprouts (DSS). Several burger formulations were prepared with partial replacement of pork fat with soybean oil and 0g/kg, 5g/kg, 10g/kg or 20g/kg of added DSS. Cooking yield increased with higher DSS amounts, indicating it improved water and fat retention. Higher DSS concentrations also led to higher protein and fat retention. Burgers with 5g/kg or 10g/kg DSS had improved ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids after cooking due to reduced saturated fat losses. Multivariate analysis identified
Open domain question answering system using semantic role labelingeSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a proposed open domain question answering system that uses semantic role labeling to extract answers from documents retrieved from the web.
2. The system consists of three modules: question processing, document retrieval, and answer extraction. Semantic role labeling is used in the answer extraction module to identify answers based on the question type.
3. An evaluation of the proposed system showed it achieved higher accuracy compared to a baseline system using only pattern matching for answer extraction.
Hydrogen production from glycerol using microbial electrolysis celleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An iterative unsymmetrical trimmed midpoint median filter for removal of high...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The demonstration of fourier series to first year undergraduate engineering s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses improving the pass band droop in cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filters. CIC filters are commonly used for decimation but exhibit high pass band droop. The document proposes a zero rotation approach to improve droop. It compares the magnitude response of the original CIC filter to the proposed filter with zero rotation. The proposed filter shows over 1dB improvement in droop at the pass band frequency. The distribution of zeros is also improved in the proposed approach.
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses using the algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa to remediate polluted water contaminated with the textile dye malachite green.
2. Experiments were conducted with different concentrations of malachite green and Chlorella pyrenoidosa to determine the optimal levels for decolorization. The dye was completely degraded at a concentration of 15 mg/L with Chlorella.
3. Additional experiments adjusting the pH found that pH 7 was optimal for dye degradation, with Chlorella able to degrade the dye at over 95% efficiency across all concentrations tested.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Transient voltage distribution in transformer winding (experimental investiga...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tools description for product development process management in food industrieseSAT Publishing House
This document describes tools that can be used to manage the pre-development phase of the product development process in food industries. It discusses two reference models for structuring the product development process into phases - one by Rozenfeld et al that outlines the process into three macrophases (pre-development, development, post-development) and one by Penso that is adapted for food industries. The pre-development macrophase is described as important because it involves strategic planning activities that guide the development process and determine the future business scenario. The document analyzes tools from literature that could be applied in the two phases of pre-development - product strategic planning and project planning.
Conceptual design of laser assisted fixture for bending operationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of behaviour of composite beams with truss type shear connectoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to optimize the design of truss-type shear connectors used in composite beams. Various parameters of the shear connectors were analyzed, including angle of inclination, bar diameter, and depth of embedment. Angles between 60-75 degrees were found to be most efficient, with minimal changes when bar diameters were varied. The ultimate load capacity was found to be independent of depth of embedment. Additional models analyzed the influence of cohesion and friction at the interface, finding that cohesion up to 2 MPa resulted in behavior similar to a solid beam.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of corrosion of reinforced steel bars in recycled aggregate concrete wi...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the corrosion of reinforced steel bars in recycled aggregate concrete with fly ash. Tests were conducted including salt ponding, linear polarization resistance, impressed voltage, and weight loss. The results showed that recycled aggregate concrete had higher water absorption and lower strength than normal concrete. However, concrete with 10-20% fly ash replacement had corrosion rates close to or equal to normal concrete in the salt ponding and linear polarization resistance tests. The impressed voltage test also indicated recycled concrete with 10% fly ash replacement had a slightly longer time before damage than normal concrete. Therefore, the addition of 10-20% fly ash can improve durability and reduce corrosion in recycled aggregate concrete.
Study of corrosion of reinforced steel bars in recycled aggregate concrete wi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Large number of old buildings and other structures have reached the end of their service life and are being demolished, resulting in generation of demolished concrete. Some of this concrete wastes are used as backfill material and much being sent to landfills. Recycling concrete by using it as replacement to new aggregate in concrete could reduce concrete waste and conserve natural source of aggregate. Recycled aggregate reduce cost savings. Use of recycled aggregate in concrete can be useful for reducing dumping problems and scarcity of virgin aggregates. In present study, in addition to the recycled aggregate, fly ash has been used to study the durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete were compared with Conventional Concrete with varying fly ash content. While the corrosion protection of the reinforcing steel in no substitute for design and the placement of good quality concrete, it does provide for a viable and economical extension of structural integrity and service life in the day to day and practical environment in which concrete structures are constructed. The process of corrosion, its forms of attack and consequent deterioration of reinforcement concrete structures is well understood and documented. This paper explores the economic and practical benefits offered by the application of recycled aggregate concrete and advantages of recycled aggregate concrete with and without admixtures. Keywords: Recycled aggregate, Fly ash, Concrete, and corrosion in steel
INVESTIGATION REPORT ON PRELIMINARY TESTS ON FAILURE OF STRUCTURE AND MONITORINGIRJET Journal
This document presents an investigation report on preliminary tests conducted to study structural failures and rehabilitation methods. Ten concrete beams were cast and tested under loading to study their failure modes. Three beams were kept as control specimens and tested up to ultimate failure. The remaining beams were cracked and then repaired using various methods like GFRP, jute fiber, and steel jacketing. After curing, the repaired beams were load tested to failure. The results found that steel jacketing was the most effective and economical rehabilitation method. Preliminary material tests were also conducted on cement, aggregates, and concrete to verify their properties.
Experimental study of strength and durability of concrete with sodium silicat...eSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in demand for the performance of the material, it is essential to have binder which is reasonably priced, environmental friendly and allow better process efficiency. With respect to the same, Sodium silicate based formulations have been used for increased efficiency. The paper presents the work carried out for the improvement of mechanical properties of fly ash by adding a binder sodium silicate. Sodium silicate is added as a binder with cement and fly ash and then compacted. .The compacts were treated in normal water at room temperature for 3 days, 7days and 28 days. The compressive strength, flexure strength were investigated. Sodium Silicate as surface treatment is also investigated by keeping at compacts in room temperature and curing is done under special condition. Lastly beneficial for protecting from chloride attack is also investigated. It was observed that compressive strength of fly ash increased with curing of sodium silicate and particles were dispersed and deviated from their globular equi axed shaped to multifaceted type. Key Words: Binder, Sodium Silicate, Fly ash, Chloride attack, equi axed shaped, multifaceted type
Deflection control in rcc beams by using mild steel strips (an experimental i...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses an experimental investigation into using mild steel strips as a composite material with traditional reinforced concrete beams to help control deflection.
2) Three types of beams were tested - a control RCC beam, and two beams with mild steel strips embedded vertically along the sides in different configurations to increase stiffness.
3) Preliminary results found that deflection was reduced by about 30% and strength increased by about 25% in the composite beams compared to the control beam.
Experimental studies on confined steel concrete composite beams under pure be...eSAT Journals
Abstract
An experimental investigation of the ultimate strength and behaviour of a new type of composite beam called CSCC beam (Confined Steel Concrete Composite Beam) is a concrete beam shuttered with cold formed steel sheet which acts as a composite beam by means of shear connectors and bracings. Stud shear connectors are used to take up the bond between sheet and concrete. The passive confinement by the cold formed sheet in the sides and bottom influences the strength and ductility of the system. These beams are provides very good confinement of concrete. Totally eight CSCC beams are tested and the entire behaviour of the beams are monitored to predict the physical response of the beams under three different types loading such as pure bending, pure torsion and combined bending and torsion. Two point loading was obtained for pure bending. The deformation criteria (deflection, moment and flexural rigidity) are also included in the investigation throughout the entire load history experimentally. The results obtained by the experimental values which are found to be in good agreement.
Keywords—composite beams; pure bending
1) An experimental study was conducted to compare the compression behavior of normal strength concrete (NSC) and self-compacting concrete (SCC) intermediate columns.
2) Six column specimens with a cross-section of 125x125mm and a height of 1.5m were tested under axial loading. The columns varied in concrete type (NSC and SCC) and longitudinal reinforcement ratio (2.09%, 2.89%, 5.15%).
3) The results showed that as the reinforcement ratio increased, the ultimate load capacity increased and axial deformation decreased for both NSC and SCC columns. However, SCC columns exhibited higher ultimate loads and deformations than NSC columns for the same reinforcement ratio.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR PARAMETERS OF NSC AND SC...IAEME Publication
A total of six intermediate columns with same cross sectional area of 125mm X 125mm were cast and tested. Experimental study was conducted to know the behavior of intermediate columns under axial load made out of Normal strength concrete (NSC) and Self-compacting concrete (SCC). Main objective of this study was to compare the behavior of NSC intermediate columns and SCC intermediate columns for various percentage of steel. Axial load ratio, stiffness ratio were the main parameters which increased as the axial load increased. However in this study, special attention was given on stiffness degradation, energy absorption, ultimate load carrying capacity, shortening index of each intermediate column. The results showed that shortening index, axial load ratio, stiffness ratio and stiffness degradation increased with increase in axial load.
The Study of Flexural and Ultimate Behavior of Ferrocement Lightweight Beam b...IRJET Journal
1. The study examines the flexural and ultimate behavior of ferrocement lightweight beams using autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks.
2. Six beams were tested - three reinforced concrete beams and three ferrocement beams. Testing involved applying a single point load until failure and recording the first crack load, ultimate load, and deflections.
3. Test results found that ferrocement beams gave early warning of failure through initial cracking compared to sudden failure in reinforced concrete beams. Ferrocement beams also experienced greater deflections than reinforced concrete beams under the same loads.
Effect of steel ratio and mineral admixtures on crushing load of short columnseSAT Journals
of type of lateral reinforcement as a confining material and also the
effect of mineral admixtures on compressive strength of concrete in the column composite. For this, the work is carried out in two
phases. In the first phase, Short columns were casted by varying volumetric ratio and spacing of lateral reinforcement. The effect
of spacing, volumetric ratio on ultimate load carrying capacity of short columns is studied. And in the second phase, Short
columns with different types of mineral admixtures like fly ash and GGBS are developed. All the columns were tested in the
Universal Testing Machine of 1000 kN capacity. The effect of these admixtures on ultimate load capacity of short columns is
studied. Also, modes of failures, crack pattern, stress-strain patterns are also studied in both stages. The test results indicate that
with increase in volumetric ratio of steel, the strength and ductility of column increases and the columns in which 20% GGBS is
replaced shows high strength. From the modes of failure it is observed that the short columns shows brittle fracture and zone of
rupture is observed at top and bottom ends of the columns and this zone of rupture is decreases with the decrease in spacing of
ties. The spacing of ties is strongly influencing zone of rupture in all type of columns is observed in this study.
Keywords: Short Column, Volumetric Ratio, Fly Ash, GGBS, Mode of Failure
Analysis of precast shear wall connection state of the art revieweSAT Journals
Abstract The behavior of precast members in whole structure is different than cast in situ member due to their joints condition. So it is important to study the behavior of precast concrete member and its joints for whole structural configuration and loading condition. The precast concrete shear wall system is very important for construction due to economical advantages speed of construction. The connections between panels are extremely important since they affect both the speed of erection and the overall integrity of the structure. Comprehensive review reveals the significance of detailed analysis required for stress distribution form the precast member to the structural system to encounter the shear stresses generated during an earthquake event.
Keywords: Precast, shear wall, connection, cyclic loading
IRJET- Analytical Investigations on Reinforced Concrete BeamsIRJET Journal
This document discusses analytical investigations conducted on reinforced concrete beams. Finite element analysis was performed using ANSYS software to model reinforced concrete beams with varying grades of concrete (M-30, M-40, M-50) and percentages of reinforcement (1.10, 1.30, 1.70). Beams were modeled and analyzed to study their flexural behavior. The results from the finite element analysis were found to be in good agreement with experimental test results, with the analytical models providing conservative estimates of beam capacity compared to experimental values.
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness
Effect of modulus of masonry on initial lateral stiffness of infilled frames ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Studies on reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Journals
Abstract Masonry may be defined as the assemblage of building units joined with the help of cementitious material or any accepted joining material to perform required function. It has its own reputation and performs multi-functions in load bearing structures such as- supporting loads, dividing spaces, thermal and acoustic insulation, weather and fire protection etc, but it has to be provided separately in framed structures. In present scenario, there is a great demand for construction of Multi-storied residential buildings in urban area because of needful requirements. Most of such buildings are constructed using RC-framed structure. On the other hand RC-framed structures are expensive and relatively difficult to construct because of the need for formwork. Masonry has a great benefit since it does not need form work. If moderate to High strength Engineered hollow concrete blocks are available, one can think of providing reinforcement through the core of such Hollow blocks. In this project an attempt has been made to obtain the load carrying capacity of Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry through experimental investigation by considering two different percentages of steels - for this totally four number of Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry prisms (RHCBM) using 12 mm diameter bar and six number of Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry prisms (RHCBM) using 8 mm diameter bar were casted and tested. Further, an attempt has been made to compare the experimental load carrying capacity with the conventional mechanics based approach used for analyzing short columns. There was a fairly good co-relation between the analysis and experiments. Key Words: Unreinforced Masonry, Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry.
Ultimate strength of composite beam with web openings subjected to combined n...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab under cyclic loading (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
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Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab under cyclic loading
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 558
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF INTERIOR R.C.BEAM COLUMN JOINT
WITH AND WITHOUT SLAB UNDER CYCLIC LOADING
Revathi.R1
, Srisanthi .V.G2
1
Research Scholar, Department of civil engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore– 641 014, Tamil
Nadu, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of civil engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore – 641 014,
Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The behavior of reinforced concrete moment resisting frame structures in recent earthquakes all over the world has highlighted
the consequences of poor performance of beam column joints. Beam column joints in a reinforced concrete moment resisting
frame are crucial zones for the transfer of loads effectively between the connecting elements (i.e. beams and columns) in the
structure. In 1976, the design of beam column joint is first recommended and subsequently revision is carried out in the year
1985. Design specifications only for the beam column joints are given in IS 13920:1993. There is no provision for the type of
column joint whether it be Edge column, Corner column or Interior column. Effect of slab is also not considered in this code.
Hence a study and investigation is required on the beam-column joint with slab to suggest improvement in reinforcement detailing
based on influence of slab. Two scaled specimens, one Interior Beam-Column joint with slab (BCJS) and another Interior Beam-
Column joint without slab (BCJ) were made. Tests were carried out in structural laboratory and the results are discussed here.
Keywords: Column joint with slab( BCJS), Beam – Column joint without slab (BCJ), Moment resisting frame, Interior
joint, Energy dissipation, Ductility factor.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In the analysis of reinforced concrete moment resisting
frames, the joints are generally assumed as rigid. In Indian
practice, the joint is usually neglected for specific design
with attention being restricted to provision of sufficient
anchorage for beam longitudinal reinforcement. This may be
acceptable when the frame is not subjected to earthquake
loads. There have been many catastrophic failures reported
in the past 50 earthquakes, in particular with Turkey and
Taiwan earthquakes occurred in 1999, which have been
attributed to beam column joints. The poor design practice
of beam column joints is compounded by the high demand
imposed by the adjoining flexural members (beams and
columns) in the event of mobilizing their inelastic capacities
to dissipate seismic energy. Unsafe design and detailing
within the joint region jeopardize the entire structure, even if
other structural members conform to the design
requirements. Since past three decades, extensive research
has been carried out on studying the behavior of joints under
seismic conditions through experimental and analytical
studies. Various international codes of practices have been
undergoing periodic revisions to incorporate the research
findings into practice.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Hikmat E.Zerbe et al (1990) studied the seismic response
of connections in two bay RC frame subassemblies with a
floor. It was found that the presence of slab increases the
shear strength in the joints and was not affected by the
energy dissipation capacity in continues subassembly.
Lateral load resistance increased by as much as 30 percent at
3 percent lateral drift and degradation of stiffness. Based on
the results, the suggestion is made to include the effect of a
floor slab in the procedure for designing beam-column
connections. Gilson N.Guimaraes et al (1992) studied the
evaluation of joint-shear provisions for interior beam-
column slab connections using high-strength materials of
four interior beam column slab connections constructed with
combinations of normal and high strength and reinforcement
are presented and existing joint shear provisions are
evaluated for use in designs of connections constructed with
high strength materials. Devados Menon et al (2007)
conducted a detailed investigation of the design of RC beam-
column joints. In this study three international code of practice
like ACI 318M-02, NZ 3101:1995, pr EN1998-1 were followed
for designing the RC beam-column joints under seismic load.
The performance specimens which had details as per various
codes were compared. They concluded that there is need to
revise the code IS13920:1993. This had become inadequate in
minimum column width, column/beam flexural strength ratio,
and nominal shear strength of beam column joints and effective
shear area of joint. Burcu B.Canbolat et al (2008) conducted
an experimental investigation on seismic behaviour of
eccentric reinforced concrete beam–column-slab
connections. The study focused on the effect of eccentricity
of spandrel beams with respect to the column. Specimens
included a floor slab and transverse beam to evaluate the
effect of slab participation. Test results indicated that the
floor system significantly reduced the negative influence of
eccentricity and observed that damage was reduced. The
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 559
joint shear stresses resisted by the connections, without
major damage was higher than the current design values.
This was due to the participation of a larger area of the joint
region in the resisting shear, which indicates that
“recommendations for design of beam column connections
in monolithic reinforced concrete structures ( ACI 352R-02)
for effective joint width are conservative”. Bindu.K.R et al
(2008) conducted a detailed investigation on the
performance of exterior beam column joints with cross-
inclined bars under Seismic loading. They investigated the
effect of inclined bars at the joint region. Four exterior beam
column joint were cast and tested under cyclic load. The
specimens which had joint reinforcement as per code IS
13920:1993 with inclined bars and the specimens without
inclined bars were tested. They concluded that the specimen
with inclined bars showed more ductility and energy
absorption capacity than specimen without inclined bars.
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
3.1 Material Properties
The Portland Pozzolana Cement conforming to IS: 1489 –
1991 is used. Cement was stored in a dry cool place during
the course of experimental study. Preliminary tests on
cement are conducted as per IS: 4031 – 1988. The results of
preliminary tests are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Properties of Cement
S.No Properties Test Results
1 Specific Gravity 3.15
2 Standard Consistency 33%
3 Initial Setting Time 120 Min.
4 Compressive Strength at 7 days 32.56 MPa
5 Compressive Strength at 28 days 37.85 MPa
3.2 FINE AGGREGATE
The fine aggregate used in this experimental investigation
was natural river sand confirming to zone III of IS: 383 -
1970. The details of sieve analysis of the fine aggregate are
given below in the Table 2 and properties of fine aggregate
are given in Table 3.
Table 2 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
IS Sieve Size Trai-1 Trai-2
Weight
Retained
(gms)
Cumulative
% Retained
% Weight
Passing
Weight
Retained
(gms)
Cumulative
% Retained
Weight
Retained
(gms)
4.75mm 5.50 1.10 98.90 9.30 1.86 98.14
2.36 mm 9.1 2.92 97.08 8.1 3.48 96.52
1.18 mm 29 8.72 91.28 25.7 8.62 91.38
600 m 84.5 25.62 74.38 77.5 24.12 75.88
300 m 289 83.42 16.58 298.5 83.82 16.18
150 m 75.5 98.52 1.48 71.6 98.14 1.86
75 m 6 99.72 0.28 7.1 99.56 0.44
Pan 1.4 100 0 2.2 100 0
Table 3 Properties of Fine Aggregate
S.No Properties Test Results
1 Fineness Modulus 2.2
2 Specific Gravity 2.6
3 Zone III
3.3 Coarse Aggregate
Crushed granite aggregates particles passing through 20mm
and retained on 4.75mm I.S sieve was used as natural
aggregates which met the grading requirement of IS: 383 –
1970. The properties of coarse aggregate are given below in
the table 4.
Table 4 Properties of Coarse Aggregate
S.No Properties Test Results
1 Specific Gravity 2.6
2 Water Absorption 0.15%
3.4 Water
Potable water available in the laboratory which satisfies
drinking standards was used for the concrete mixing and its
subsequent curing.
3.5 Mix Proportion
Indian standard Institution has brought out mix design
procedure mainly based on the work done in national
laboratories. Mix was designed for M20 grade of concrete.
These are confirmed in IS: 10262 – 1982.
The mix proportion for M20 grade of concrete was 1: 1.65:
2.65 with W/C ratio of 0.5.
3.6 Strength - Related Test for Concrete
The specimens were tested for the following test.
1. Cube compressive test
2. Cylinder splitting tensile strength test
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 560
3.7 Cube Compressive Strength
For cube, compression testing of concrete, 150mm cubes
were used .All the cubes were tested in saturated condition,
after wiping out the surface moisture as shown Fig. 1. Three
cubes were tested at the age of 7 days and 28 days of curing
for concrete using compression testing machine of 2000 kN
capacity. Test result for compressive strength of cube is
given in table 5 and table 6.
Fig. 1 Compressive strength of cube
Table 5 Compressive Strength OF Cube at 7 Days
S.No Name of the Specimen Compressive
Strength in
N/mm2
1 Beam column joint without
slab
18.12
2 Beam column joint with slab 17.36
Table 6 Compressive Strength of Cube at 28 Days
S.No Name of the Specimen Compressive
Strength in N/mm2
1 Beam column joint
without slab
26.34
2 Beam column joint with
slab
27.36
3.8 Splitting Tensile Strength
This is an indirect test to determine the tensile strength of
cylindrical specimens. Splitting tensile strength tests were
carried out on cylinder specimens of size 150 mm diameter
and 300 mm length at the age of 28 days curing, using
compression testing machine of 2000 kN capacity. The load
was applied gradually till the specimens split and readings
were noted. The test set up for the splitting tensile strength
on the cylinder specimen is shown in Fig. 2.Test result was
given in the table 7. The splitting tensile strength has been
calculated using the following formula.
ft= 2P / DL
Where
ft – Splitting tensile strength of the specimen in Mpa
P – Maximum load in N applied to the specimen
D – Measured diameter of the specimen in mm, and
L – Measured length of the specimen in mm
Fig. 2 Split Tensile Test
Table 7 Split Tensile Strength of Cylinder at 28 Days
S.No Name of the Specimen Split tensile
Strength in N/mm2
1 Beam column joint
without slab
2.829
2 Beam column joint with
slab
3.112
3.9 Flexural Strength Test
Beam specimens of size 10 x10 x50 cm were cast and tested
as shown in Fig. 3 to determine the flexural strength of
concrete at the age of 28th days. The bearing surfaces of the
supporting and loading rollers are wiped clean, and any
loose sand or other material removed from the surfaces of
the specimen where they are to make contact with the
rollers. The specimen is then placed in the machine in such a
manner that the load is applied to the uppermost surface as
cast in the mould, along two lines spaced 13.3 cm apart. The
axis of the specimen is carefully aligned with the axis of the
loading device. The load is applied without shock and
increasing continuously at a rate such that the extreme fibre
stress increases at approximately 0.7kg/sq.cm/min that is at
a rate of 180kg/min. The load is increased until the
specimen fails, and the maximum load applied to the
specimen during the test is recorded.
The flexural strength of the specimen is expressed as the
modulus of rupture fb and the results are given in table 8.
Fb= PL / bd2
Where
b – measured width in cm of the specimen
d – measured width in cm of the specimen
P – maximum load in kg applied to the specimen, and
L – Measured length of the specimen in mm
Fig. 3 Tensile Strength of Concrete
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Table 8 Tensile Strength of Concrete at 28 Days
S.No Name of the Specimen Tensile
Strength in N/mm2
1 Beam column joint
without slab
6.534
2 Beam column joint with
slab
5.348
4. ANALYSIS OF FRAME
A four storey two bay frames including 1.5 m foundation
depth multistorey reinforced concrete building falling under
the seismic Zone – III has been analyzed using STADD.pro.
The specimens were designed for seismic load according to
IS 1893(Part I): 2002 & IS 13920: 1993. Based on the
critical combination of load, the value for bending moment,
shear force and axial forces were taken for the design of
Beam - Column joint with slab (BCJS) and Beam – Column
joint without slab (BCJ). The maximum moment occurred at
the ground floor level. Ground floor interior joint is
considered for the experimental work.
The three dimensional view of the building taken for
analysis is shown in Fig.4 and elevation is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 4 Three Dimensional View of the Building
Fig. 5 Elevation of Frame
5. SPECIMEN
Beam – Column joint specimen consisted of four numbers
of beam (North, South, East and West) and two numbers of
column (Top and Bottom).These are monolithically
connected at the joint. Another specimen was made as said
above with 40mm thick slab. Based on the end condition of
building the moment coefficient was calculated. Detailing of
reinforcements are based on the code Sp 34. Following Fig.
6 shows the detail of reinforcements.
It was difficult to make the test specimens to the original
scale to suit the loading arrangement facilities. Hence the
test specimens were reduced to one fourth scale .The cross
section of the reduced beam was 100 mm×100 mm and the
cross section of the reduced column was 100 mm×100 mm.
4 numbers of 10 mm ø bars were used as main bars in the
column. Transverse reinforcement in the column with 6mm
ø bars at a spacing of 40mm c/c up to 120 mm from face of
joint and 60mm c/c for middle portion of 180mm and then
spacing of 40mm c/c for the remaining length. 2 numbers of
8 mm diameter bars as tension reinforcement and 2 numbers
of 8 mm diameter bars as compression reinforcement were
used for all beams and stirrups of 6mm ø bars at a spacing of
50mm c/c up to 150 mm from face of joint and 150mm c/c
for middle portion of 300mm and then spacing of 50mm c/c
for the remaining length were used .The thickness of the
slab was 40 mm.
Fig. 6 Reinforcement Details of Beam-Column Joint
Specimen as per the code IS 13920:1993.
The reinforced concrete Beam-Column joint with slab and
Beam-Column joint without slab specimens were cast and
cured for 28 days. The specimens were placed in the
reaction frame and tested under cyclic loading in the
structural laboratory. The column ends were provided by
pinned connections. On one end of the column, an axial load
of 50 kN was applied by using a hydraulic jack of 500 kN
capacity. Cyclic load was applied at the free end of all the
beams by using a hydraulic jack through load cell. Linear
Variable Differential Transducers (LVDTs) were placed on
the extreme edge of the all beams to show the deflection that
occurred at the point of application of load on the beam. The
following Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show the details of the BCJ and
BCJS specimens respectively.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 562
Fig. 7 Beam-Column joint with slab (BCJS) specimen
Fig. 8 Beam-Column joint with slab (BCJS) specimen
Tests were carried out for the Beam – Column Joint without
slab specimen and Beam – Column Joint with slab specimen
and the results were observed at each end of the beam using
LVDTs placed at the top of the beam.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Load Vs Deflection
Maximum load and corresponding deflection for each cycle
in all the four beams of beam – column joint without slab
(BCJ) and beam – column joint with slab (BCJS) specimens
are given in Table 9 and Table 10. The maximum Load
carrying capacity of BCJ was 20 kN but in BCJS it was 55
kN. Load Vs No.of cycle is also shown in Fig.9 for BCJ and
Fig. 14 for BCJS specimen. The deflection of BCJ was
maximum in 4th
cycle at but it was maximum only at 11th
cycle in BCJS. It indicated that the Beam Column Joint with
Slab (BCJS) showed better results in Load carrying capacity
and in resisting the defection than the Beam Column without
Slab (BCJ). Load Vs Deflection curve of all the Beams of
BCJ are shown in Fig. 10 to 13 and Load Vs Deflection
curve of all the Beams of BCJS are shown in Fig. 15 to 18.
Table 9 Load Carrying of Beam-column Joint without Slab (BCJ) for each cycle
Cycle Max. Load
In each cycle (kN)
Deflection (mm)
North Beam South Beam East Beam West Beam
1st
Cycle 5 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.0
2nd
Cycle 10 8.2 10.5 7.6 9.8
3rd
Cycle 15 12.3 13.2 12.5 12.9
4th
Cycle 20 21.2 22.8 21.0 21.5
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Fig. 9 Load VS No. of Cycle for BCJ
Fig. 10 Load vs. Deflection Curve for North Beam
Fig. 11 Load vs. Deflection Curve for South Beam
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5
LoadinkN
No of Cycle
Load Vs No of Cycle
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
LoadinkN
Deflection in mm
Load vs Deflection curve for North beam
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
LoadinkN
Deflection in mm
Load vs Deflection curve for South beam
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig. 12 Load vs. Deflection Curve for East Beam
Fig. 13 Load vs. Deflection Curve for West Beam
Table 10 Load Carrying Capacities of Beam- Column Joint With Slab (BCJS) for Each Cycle
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
LoadinkN
Deflection in mm
Load vs Deflection curve for East beam
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
LoadinkN
Deflection in mm
Load vs Deflection curve for West beam
Cycle Max. Load
In each cycle (kN)
Deflection (mm)
North Beam South Beam East Beam West Beam
1st
Cycle 5 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.0
2nd
Cycle 10 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.2
3rd
Cycle 15 8.5 8.4 8.0 7.8
4th
Cycle 20 15.6 15.3 15.4 15.0
5th
Cycle 25 18.9 18.3 18.6 18.0
6th
Cycle 30 22.8 22.4 22.6 22.2
7th
Cycle 35 26.5 26.3 25.8 25.8
8th
Cycle 40 29.8 29.6 29.2 29.0
9th
Cycle 45 32.5 32.3 31.9 31.8
10th
Cycle 50 36.8 36.4 35.8 35.6
11th
Cycle 55 40.2 39.8 38.2 38.5
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Fig. 14 Load Vs No of Cycle for BCJS
Fig. 15 Load vs. Deflection curve for North Beam
Fig. 16 Load vs. Deflection curve for South Beam
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
LoadinkN
No of Cycles
Load vs No of cycles
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50
LoadinkN
Deflection in mm
Load vs Deflection curve for North beam
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50
LoadinkN
Deflection in mm
Load vs Deflection curve for South beam
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Fig. 17 Load vs. Deflection curve for East Beam
Fig. 18 Load vs. Deflection curve for West Beam
6.2 Energy Dissipation
6.2.1 Energy Dissipation Capacity of BCJ
The energy dissipation capacity was calculated using the
enclosed area of the load deformation curve. Here the test
result of beam which was in north direction is chosen for
discussion. The energy dissipation of North Beam is shown
in Fig. 19.
Fig. 19 Energy Dissipation Capacity for North Beam of BCJ
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50
LoadinkN
Deflection in mm
Load vs Deflection curve for East beam
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50
LoadinkN
Deflection in mm
Load vs Deflection curve for West beam
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 2 3 4 5
CumulativeEnergydissipation
inkNmm
No of cycle
Energy dissipation curve for North beam
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6.2.2 Energy Dissipation Capacity of BCJS
The energy dissipation capacity was calculated using the
enclosed area of the load deformation curve. The energy
dissipation of North Beam is shown in Fig. 20.
Fig. 20 Energy dissipation capacity for North beam of BCJS
6.3 Crack Patterns
In the beam-column joint without slab specimen(BCJ) , the
cracks developed in the compression and tension side of
beam during loading and the bond between concrete and
reinforcement were reduced consequently. The first crack
occurred near the beam-column junction at 10 kN and
further increase in loading, made the cracks propagated and
the initial cracks started widening. Ultimate crack developed
at beam column joint at 20kN load. Spalling of concrete is
also occurred.Crack pattern is shown in the Fig. 21.
Fig. 21 Crack pattern of Beam-Column joint (BCJ)
specimen
In Beam – Column joint with slab specimen(BCJS) , the
initial cracks were observed at 20 KN on the surface of the
slab on further loading this crack was propagated and found
running towards beam. Ultimate crack developed at beam
column joint at 55 kN load. The deflected shape of the BCJS
specimen is given in the Fig. 22.
Fig. 22 Crack pattern of Beam-Column joint (BCJ)
specimen
6.4 Ductility Factor
Ductility is an important characteristic of any structural
element. It was described as the capacity of a structural
element to undergo deformation beyond yield without losing
much of its strength. Ductility has generally been measured
by a ratio called ductility factor. It is usually expressed as a
ratio of deflection (∆) at ultimate stage to the corresponding
property at yield as shown below
Displacement ductility factor µ∆ = ∆u / ∆y
Where ∆u – Ultimate displacement and ∆y – Yield
displacement
From the experiment it was observed that the Ductility
factor of BCJS specimen is more when compared to BCJ
specimen. The values of displacement ductility factors for
BCJ and BCJS are listed in Table 11 and Table 12
Table 11 Ductility Factor of Beam Column Joint Without
Slab (BCJ)
Sl.No Beam
Direction
Deflection (mm)
At
Yield
∆y
At
Ultimate
∆u
Ductility
Factor
µ∆=( ∆u/∆y)
1 North 8.2 21.2 2.58
2 South 10.5 22.8 2.17
3 East 7.6 21.0 2.76
4 West 9.8 21.5 2.19
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CumulativeEnergydissipationin
kNmm
No of cycle
Energy dissipation curve for North beam
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Table 12 Ductility Factor of Beam Column Joint With Slab
(BCJS)
Sl.No Beam
Direction
Deflection (mm)
At
Yield
∆y
At
Ultimate
∆u
Ductility
Factor
µ∆=( ∆u/∆y)
1 North 8.5 40.2 4.37
2 South 8.4 39.8 4.74
3 East 8.0 38.2 4.78
4 West 7.8 38.5 4.94
7. SUMMARY
An experimental investigation was carried out on BCJ and
BCJS specimen under cyclic loading. The Results of the
experimental study on BCJ specimen and BCJS specimen
were analyzed and compared to reach the concluding points.
In BCJS specimen, it is obviously noticeable that the yield
load carrying capacity was 2 times more than that of the
BCJ specimen and also the ultimate load carrying capacity
was 2.75 times more than that of the BCJ specimen. It is
also clear that in the BCJS specimen, the energy dissipation
capacity of North beam were observed as 3.85 times more
than that of the BCJ specimen.
Noticing the crack pattern in the BCJS and BCJ, a
significant difference was observed. In BCJS first crack was
observed at the top of slab and it propagated towards the
beam, but in BCJ specimen first crack was observed at
Beam – Column joint itself and it widened for further
loading. On finding the different facts of the ductility factor
of North beam in BCJS was increased by 1.83 times than
that of BCJ specimen.
8. CONCLUSIONS
Referring the existing pattern, Indian standard for
earthquake resistant design of structures IS 1893 and Indian
standard for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete
structures IS 13920 do not have any provisions for Beam
Column Joint with Slab. So it is hereby recommended that
the strength of slab plays an important role in beam column
joint and it should be considered and the corresponding
details have to be included in these Indian standards.
REFERENCES
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“Seismic Response of Connections in two-bay R / C
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[2] Gilson N.Guimaraes et al, 1992, “Evaluation of
Joint-Shear Provisions for Interior Beam-Column
Slab Connections Using High-Strength Materials”,
ACI structural journal, Vol. 89,No.1.,Pg. 89-98.
[3] Devados Menon et al, 2007, ”Design of RC Beam
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[4] Burcu B.Canbolat and James K.Wight, 2008,
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