Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
Corrosion Measursement, Friction testing and XRD Analysis of Single Layer CrN...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Corrosion tests were conducted in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution using a Potentiostat, in order to analyze the corrosion behavior of the coated samples in sea water environment. Coefficient of friction was measured using a Scratch Tester. XRD analysis of the eroded samples indicated the presence of both CrN and Cr2N (200) in the coatings.
Taguchi analysis of single layer CrN coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel to ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Taguchi analysis was applied to find optimum parameters for the minimization of erosion rate of various coated and uncoated samples. The results of Taguchi experiments also indicated that among all the factors, impact velocity became least significant when samples were coated with CrN whereas it was most significant for uncoated samples. Coating thickness was the second most significant factor in the case of CrN coated samples. PVD- CrN coatings reduced the wear rate by nearly 2 times.
The Influence of Shot Angle Variation at the Process of Dry Shot Peening to t...IJAEMSJORNAL
AISI 316L is the austenitic stainless steel type that widely used in biomedical implant and artificial organs. This material’s cannot be hardened by heat treatment but the mechanical strength could be increased by cold working process. Dry shot peening is the one of cold working process in which the surface specimen bombarded with spherical media called shot to produce a compressive residual stress layer and modify mechanical properties of metal’s surface. The objectives of this research are to investigate the effect of shot angle variation of dry shot peening process on the surface roughness and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L.
Erosive Corrosive Wear Performance of Single Layer CrN Coatings on AISI 304 S...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Steady state analysis was applied to find optimum parameters for the minimization of erosion rate of various coated and uncoated samples. The finding of steady state condition tests indicated that the erosion rate increased with the increase in impact velocity and erodent discharge but decreased with the increase in coating thickness. The results also indicated that erodent discharge was the most significant factor, followed by impingement angle and impact velocity for the CrN coated samples. The SEM characterization of the eroded samples was carried out in order to analyze the topography of the eroded surface to investigate the wear mechanisms induced by slurry jet erosion test.
Effect of PVD Coating and Carburizing on Wear Characteristics of Low Carbon S...IJERD Editor
Wear is a relative cyclic motion with small amplitude which occurs between two oscillating
surfaces, depending upon the loading conditions, material properties and environment. Surface Engineering
such as surface treatment, coating and surface modifications are employed to minimise the friction and improve
wear resistance of steel. In this work the low carbon steel substrate is coated with Al2O3 by using physical
vapour deposition process and the other sampling material is heat treated by carburizing process. In the present
study, the wear resistance of heat treated and coated steels were evaluated through the pin-on-disk using
variable loads and wear is measured by the wear track width and wear graphs are shown for coated material and
heat treated material. Finally, the comparison is concluded by observing the variations in wear characteristics
between the two samples. Furthermore morphological study of wear is made for in-depth analysis
Corrosion Measursement, Friction testing and XRD Analysis of Single Layer CrN...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Corrosion tests were conducted in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution using a Potentiostat, in order to analyze the corrosion behavior of the coated samples in sea water environment. Coefficient of friction was measured using a Scratch Tester. XRD analysis of the eroded samples indicated the presence of both CrN and Cr2N (200) in the coatings.
Taguchi analysis of single layer CrN coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel to ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Taguchi analysis was applied to find optimum parameters for the minimization of erosion rate of various coated and uncoated samples. The results of Taguchi experiments also indicated that among all the factors, impact velocity became least significant when samples were coated with CrN whereas it was most significant for uncoated samples. Coating thickness was the second most significant factor in the case of CrN coated samples. PVD- CrN coatings reduced the wear rate by nearly 2 times.
The Influence of Shot Angle Variation at the Process of Dry Shot Peening to t...IJAEMSJORNAL
AISI 316L is the austenitic stainless steel type that widely used in biomedical implant and artificial organs. This material’s cannot be hardened by heat treatment but the mechanical strength could be increased by cold working process. Dry shot peening is the one of cold working process in which the surface specimen bombarded with spherical media called shot to produce a compressive residual stress layer and modify mechanical properties of metal’s surface. The objectives of this research are to investigate the effect of shot angle variation of dry shot peening process on the surface roughness and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L.
Erosive Corrosive Wear Performance of Single Layer CrN Coatings on AISI 304 S...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Steady state analysis was applied to find optimum parameters for the minimization of erosion rate of various coated and uncoated samples. The finding of steady state condition tests indicated that the erosion rate increased with the increase in impact velocity and erodent discharge but decreased with the increase in coating thickness. The results also indicated that erodent discharge was the most significant factor, followed by impingement angle and impact velocity for the CrN coated samples. The SEM characterization of the eroded samples was carried out in order to analyze the topography of the eroded surface to investigate the wear mechanisms induced by slurry jet erosion test.
Effect of PVD Coating and Carburizing on Wear Characteristics of Low Carbon S...IJERD Editor
Wear is a relative cyclic motion with small amplitude which occurs between two oscillating
surfaces, depending upon the loading conditions, material properties and environment. Surface Engineering
such as surface treatment, coating and surface modifications are employed to minimise the friction and improve
wear resistance of steel. In this work the low carbon steel substrate is coated with Al2O3 by using physical
vapour deposition process and the other sampling material is heat treated by carburizing process. In the present
study, the wear resistance of heat treated and coated steels were evaluated through the pin-on-disk using
variable loads and wear is measured by the wear track width and wear graphs are shown for coated material and
heat treated material. Finally, the comparison is concluded by observing the variations in wear characteristics
between the two samples. Furthermore morphological study of wear is made for in-depth analysis
The present research work is on bronze alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash particulate in
weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9%. The specimens can be produced by Liquid metallurgy technique (Stir casting
method) will be used to produce metal matrix composites using Aluminum Copper alloys as matrix material. The
produced composites will be characterized with respect to mechanical properties and wear properties. Results
obtained from the above investigation, it can be seen that the rate of wear is decreased with increasing bronze and
will be helpful for the end of users in the foundry of automobile and aerospace industries.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
The influence of silicon carbide SiC abrasive particles of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 size on carburized digger tooth steel was studied. Four types of steel, with different hardness, were tested at two constant linear sliding speeds and under various loads of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50N. Tests were carried out for sliding time of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5min. Experimental results showed that there was consistent reduction in abrasive wear as the hardness of the materials was increased. It was found that wear increased with the increase of applied load, linear sliding speed and sliding time. Also, it was noticed that the wear increased with increase in abrasive particle size, and the most effective size was 40 . SEM observations of the worm surface showed that the cutting and ploughing were the dominant abrasive wear mechanisms.
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy Absorption of SFRC Co...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of the experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). A total of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study, it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens. Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRP-confined cylinders were found to slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimental Study on High Performance Concrete by using Partial Replacement ...ijtsrd
The conventional concrete has lost its usage nowadays as it does not set out the present need. The term ‘High Performance’ is because of the essential usage, materials and proportions of this concrete are specifically chosen for properties such as high workability, high density and low permeability. The main objective of this study is to deal with the effects of cementitious materials in High Performance Concrete HPC for mix design of M40 grade concrete. Hence, copper slag which is the industrial by product is used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate by 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 and 75 with 20 of fly ash by the volume of cement with water cement ratio 0.36. Super plasticizer conplast SP430 is used as chemical admixture at the rate of 1.2 of cement which improves the workability. From this experimental study, so far the utilization of copper slag and fly ash observed with gradual improvement in mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strength in HPC. By evaluating the optimum percentage of copper slag, J. Grijasri | U. Karunya | A. Thomas Eucharist "Experimental Study on High Performance Concrete by using Partial Replacement of Copper Slag and Fly Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30460.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/30460/experimental-study-on-high-performance-concrete-by-using-partial-replacement-of-copper-slag-and-fly-ash/j-grijasri
Study of some Mechanical Properties of Galvanized 4140 SteelsIJAEMSJORNAL
The effect of three different galvanizing processes on the microstructure and tensile behavior and hardness of galvanized AISI 4140 steels was investigated. The thicknesses of the galvanized layers were measured as 34 μm, 90 μm and 140 μm for the electro galvanized, zinc-rich coated and hot dip galvanized AISI 4140 steels, respectively. No significant increase in tensile strength was observed with the galvanizing process. It was even observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength compared to the samples that were not galvanized. It is concluded that galvanizing processes is not effective in improving the tensile performance of AISI 4140 steels.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
The present research work is on bronze alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash particulate in
weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9%. The specimens can be produced by Liquid metallurgy technique (Stir casting
method) will be used to produce metal matrix composites using Aluminum Copper alloys as matrix material. The
produced composites will be characterized with respect to mechanical properties and wear properties. Results
obtained from the above investigation, it can be seen that the rate of wear is decreased with increasing bronze and
will be helpful for the end of users in the foundry of automobile and aerospace industries.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
The influence of silicon carbide SiC abrasive particles of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 size on carburized digger tooth steel was studied. Four types of steel, with different hardness, were tested at two constant linear sliding speeds and under various loads of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50N. Tests were carried out for sliding time of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5min. Experimental results showed that there was consistent reduction in abrasive wear as the hardness of the materials was increased. It was found that wear increased with the increase of applied load, linear sliding speed and sliding time. Also, it was noticed that the wear increased with increase in abrasive particle size, and the most effective size was 40 . SEM observations of the worm surface showed that the cutting and ploughing were the dominant abrasive wear mechanisms.
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy Absorption of SFRC Co...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of the experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). A total of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study, it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens. Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRP-confined cylinders were found to slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimental Study on High Performance Concrete by using Partial Replacement ...ijtsrd
The conventional concrete has lost its usage nowadays as it does not set out the present need. The term ‘High Performance’ is because of the essential usage, materials and proportions of this concrete are specifically chosen for properties such as high workability, high density and low permeability. The main objective of this study is to deal with the effects of cementitious materials in High Performance Concrete HPC for mix design of M40 grade concrete. Hence, copper slag which is the industrial by product is used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate by 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 and 75 with 20 of fly ash by the volume of cement with water cement ratio 0.36. Super plasticizer conplast SP430 is used as chemical admixture at the rate of 1.2 of cement which improves the workability. From this experimental study, so far the utilization of copper slag and fly ash observed with gradual improvement in mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strength in HPC. By evaluating the optimum percentage of copper slag, J. Grijasri | U. Karunya | A. Thomas Eucharist "Experimental Study on High Performance Concrete by using Partial Replacement of Copper Slag and Fly Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30460.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/30460/experimental-study-on-high-performance-concrete-by-using-partial-replacement-of-copper-slag-and-fly-ash/j-grijasri
Study of some Mechanical Properties of Galvanized 4140 SteelsIJAEMSJORNAL
The effect of three different galvanizing processes on the microstructure and tensile behavior and hardness of galvanized AISI 4140 steels was investigated. The thicknesses of the galvanized layers were measured as 34 μm, 90 μm and 140 μm for the electro galvanized, zinc-rich coated and hot dip galvanized AISI 4140 steels, respectively. No significant increase in tensile strength was observed with the galvanizing process. It was even observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength compared to the samples that were not galvanized. It is concluded that galvanizing processes is not effective in improving the tensile performance of AISI 4140 steels.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
Double Skin Composite (DSC) plates are subjected to impact required to cause complete perforation and the accompanied failure modes are investigated. The amount of energy absorbed is calculated by capturing the residual velocity of penetrator after perforating the lower plate. The difference in initial kinetic energy and residual kinetic energy is the amount of energy absorbed by the panel. In the present paper a non-linear three-dimensional finite element models for Double Skin Composite panels subjected to dynamic loading is introduced. Pilot model is used to investigate the failure pattern in the composite panel when subjected to impact loads by rigid steel penetrator, while the other models are used to analyze the energy absorption capacity of such system when perforated. Results showed that such elements have good ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation, due to ductility of lower plate skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
Ahmed ibrahim razooqi...corrosion conduct of austenitic stainless steel 316 l...ahmed Ibrahim
Corrosion conduct of Austenitic stainless steel 316L subjected
to surface treatment.
Abstract. The influence of low temperature liquid nitriding as a surface heat treatment analogy
with laser peening treatment at the various of throbs on pitting corrosion of the “AISI 316L
Austenitic stainless steel” is investigated in this paper. According to typical ASTM (G71-31) a
number of corrosion examination samples are equipped with the measurements of (15 * 15 * 3)
mm which distributed into the many groups. Three sets were exposed to liquid nit riding
process at temperatures of (500, 400, 300) Co for one hour. The specimens (without coating)
were exposed to a number of the throbs (1,2,3) by laser peening. Microstructure varia tions,
compression residual stress, hardness, were inspected in this work. The corrosion and its
variables (potential cell, current density) were also evaluated using the potential stat
examination and applying the Tafel method using saltwater solution (3.5% NaCl). Tafle
equation was used to compute the corrosion degree. The results revealed that the liquid
nitriding participated to raise the corrosion rate at (500) Co, compared to the original metal
because of chromium nitride and also leaser peening participated to the increase in the
corrosion rate due to plastic deformation which led to the heterogeneity in the microstructure
but liquid nitriding at temperature (400) oC gave the best result where it was closer to the parent
metal’s, also laser peening at one throb showed the lower corrosion rate.
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Research into Properties of Spot Welded Steel Sheetsijtsrd
The contribution deals with parameter optimalization of resistance spot welding for hot dip zinc coated steel sheets. The mechanical properties and metallographic observation of welded joints on galvanized steel sheets were performed. Uncoated sheets from the same material were used for comparison of particular properties. The results showed that welding parameter optimalization is very important for welding of galvanized steel sheets. LuboÅ¡ KaÅ¡c¡k | Denis Cmorej "Research into Properties of Spot Welded Steel Sheets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29773.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29773/research-into-properties-of-spot-welded-steel-sheets/lubo%C5%A1-ka%C5%A1c%C3%A1k
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
Through this paper an attempt is made to study and review a special welding technology of friction stir welding (FSW) which is a solid-state joining process. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a recent advanced technique, invented by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991, that utilizes a nonconsumable rotating welding tool to generate frictional heat and plastic deformation at the welding location; thereby, affecting the formation of a joint while the material is in the solid state. In particular, FSW can be used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and other high temperature metallic alloys that are difficult to weld by conventional fusion welding method. FSW is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining process in a decade The comprehensive body of knowledge that has built up with respect to the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys. This study addresses the current state of understanding and development of the FSW process. The principles of weld formation, welding parameters, design principles, including metal flow and thermal history, before discussing how process parameters affect the weld properties Danail Abdullah"A Review of Friction Stirs Welding" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd124.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/124/a-review-of-friction-stirs-welding/danail-abdullah
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatment
1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Volume, 06 || Issue, 08|| August – 2016 ||
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 27
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with
Surface Treatment
Dr. Zeyad D. Kadhim1
, Dr. Mohammed Abdulraoof Abdulrazzaq2
,
Sally M. Abd3
1
Assitant Prof., Material Engineering Department, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq.
2
Lecture, Material Engineering Department, Al Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq.
3
Engineer, Material Engineering Department, Al Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq.
الخالصة:
مقاًمةالكاللٌالبلىفيمشكباتالفٌالرالمستخذميفيالصناعاتالمختلفييمكنتحسينياباستخذامالمعامالتالسطحييٌمنيزىالمعامالتاستخذامطشقالطالءللفٌالرلتحسي
نالخٌاصالميكانيكييٌبصٌسىعاميتقليلعمشالكاللللجزءالمعذنييعزىالىٌجٌدالشقٌقالصغيشىالتيتتكٌنعسطحالجزءًتمتذالىكاللمادىمحذثيفشلفجائيللمعذنبذ
ًنانزاسمسبقايضايمكنتحسينمقاًميالكاللباستخذامالشٌتبيننكٌالتيمنخاللياتعمالجياداتالضغطعلىتاخيشاًالغاءتكٌنٌنمٌشقٌقالكالل.اناليذفمنيزاالعمليٌىا
يجادحذالكاللللفٌالرالمتٌسطالكاسبٌنالغيشمعاملٌايجادىللفٌالرالمطليبالكشًمالمصلذلمذه20دقيقيٌللفٌالربعذاجشاءالشٌتبيننكلمذه20
دقيقيٌمقاسنيحذالكالاللناتجمنكلمجمٌعة.
فييزاالبحثاجشيفحصالكاللباستخذامعيناتصغيشىمنالفٌالربقطش4ملمٌتمطالءىبالكشًمالمصلذلمذه20
دقيقو.ايضاتماجشاءفحصالكاللللفٌالربعذعمليةالشٌتبيننكلمذه20دقيقيٌرلكبضشبالمعذنبكشاتصغيشىمنالفٌالر.
اظيشتالنتائجالعملييانالطالءبالكشًمالمصلذيعملعلىتقليلعمشالكالالًحذالكاللمقاسنيمعالفٌالرالغيشمعاملمنجانباخشاظيشتالنتائجانعملييالشٌتبيننكادتالىزيا
دىعمشالكاللٌتحسينمقاًميالمعذنللكاللمقاسنيمعالفٌالرالغيشمعاملٌالفٌالرالمطليبالكشًمالمصلذ.
I. INTRODUCTION
Steels are the most important group of engineering materials as they have widest diversity of application than
any other engineering materials. Furthermore, plain carbon steels are widely used for many industrial
applications and manufacturing on account of their low cost and easy fabrication [1]. Medium-carbon steels
have a carbon content of 0.29 to 0.60 wt. %. They balance ductility and strength and has good wear resistance;
used for large parts, forging, and automotive components [2]. Metals when subjected to repeated cyclic load
exhibit damage by fatigue which this failure may be defined as the most common types of fractures in
machines and probably constitute about 90% of all fractures, Fatigue fractures can develop at a stress level
below the yield strength [3]. A metal’s fatigue strength will be less than its yield strength, as determined in a
tensile test.
ABSTRACT
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be
improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the
mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro
cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue
resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose
compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue
cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and
hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them.
Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard
chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on
samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental
results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue
limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was
23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of
samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the
samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
Keywords: shot peening, fatigue, AISI 1039 medium carbon steel, chromium coating
2. Comparison Of Fatigue Characteristic For AISI 1039 Steel With Surface Treatment
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 28
The endurance limit is the limiting value of stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite
number of stress cycles [4]. The fatigue failure occurs after four different stages, namely: Crack initiation at
points of stress concentration, Crack growth, Crack propagation, and Final rupture [5].
Shot peening is one of the most common surface treatments to improve the fatigue strength of the metallic
products. Such treatment involves blasting the surface of the products with steel or glass shots at high Velocity
[6]. Shot peening is a very effective way to relieve tensile stress built up in the manufacturing process and to
produce very high compressive residual stress near the specimen’s surface. Both fatigue limit and fatigue life
can be greatly increased. The effect of shot peening is a critical issue for the damage tolerance design and
analysis and needs to be carefully investigated [7].
Increasing the wear, tear and corrosion resistance of many aeronautical components steel is obtained through a
hard chromium superficial treatment. Systems of superficial coatings, which improve these properties, reduce
the fatigue life of these components drastically due to the coating cracks starting and penetrating through the
substrate. The result of crack propagation in the substrate, implicates in a reduction of the useful life of a
component. Experiments with hard chrome electroplated high strength steels showed that despite of an
increasing in wear, tear and corrosion resistance, a reduction of the fatigue strength, when compared with
uncoated material, was observed [8].
The main objective of this research is to find the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium
coating medium carbon steel AISI 1039 by using superficial treatments like the electro deposition method and
shot peening process.
Some research significance which is somewhat similar to this subject shown below:
(Bruce D. et al.) : Studied Validation of HVOF Thermal Spray Coatings as a Replacement for Hard Chrome
Plating on Hydraulic/Pneumatic Actuators. All fatigue specimens were fabricated from round bar taken from the
same heat treating lot for each material. They found the fatigue performance of the HVOF coatings was equal or
superior to that for EHC. The only spalling seen with HVOF coatings (other than one sample with WC/Co Cr at
run out) was for Cr3C2/Ni Cr at high stress. Other HVOF coatings developed circumferential cracks at high
cycles. This type of coating cracking has been observed to occur in HVOF coated landing gear without causing
deleterious performance results, such as leakage, corrosion or seal damage. [9]
(Padilha, R.Q. et al.) : Studied the influence of electroless nickle interlayer thickness on fatigue strength of
chromium-plated AISI 4340 steel. Specimens were prepared from bars with approximate diameter of 14.4 mm
and length of 6 m, with hardness equal to 23 HRc. Samples were submitted to heat treatment, to reach hardness
of 38-42 HRc and 49-53 HRc, respectively. After final preparation, specimens were subjected to a stress
relieving heat treatment at 190 oC for 4 hours to reduce residual stresses induced by machining. Rotating
bending fatigue tests were conducted using a sinusoidal load of frequency 50 Hz and load ratio R= -1, at room
temperature, considering as fatigue strength the complete specimens fracture or 107 load cycles. Twelve groups
of fatigue specimens were prepared to obtain S-N curves for rotating bending fatigue tests, They found from
comparison between curves the effect of hard chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength reduction of AISI
4340 steel, for hardness equal to 39 HRc and 52 HRc and also S-N curves indicate the importance of the
electroless nickel underlayer as a barrier to crack propagation. [10]
(Valdas Kvedaras et al.) : Showed Fatigue Strength of Chromium-Plated Steel. In this research The specimens
were prepared from this material and had minimal diameter of 7.52 mm and gauge length of 20 mm. The surface
of specimens was grinded. The fatigue tests were carried out by rotating-beam fatigue machine (MUI-6000)
with frequency of load alternation 3000 cycles/min. The hardness was measured by microhardness testing tester
(PMT-3). The cross-sectional micrographs were ex-amined using optical microscope “Neophot”. The micro-
structure has been developed by etching polished surface with 3 % nitric acid solution in ethanol. The testing
was done at room temperature. The results of experimental investigations have shown, that after pyrolytic
chromium-plating the fatigue strength of investigated steel can be improved as well as considerably worsened.
[11]
(Gejza Rosenberg et al.) : Studied effect of shot peening on fatigue properties of steel in different structural
states. In this work, there are presented results of tests on smooth samples as well as on samples with stress
concentrator (a drilling hole, size d = 4mm). The expectations, that shot peening of flat steel samples improves
resistance to fatigue failure, were approved by all tested structural states by all tested structural states. The tests
on samples with the drilled hole showed, that effect of shot peening on fatigue properties may be negative, if the
hole was drilled after shot peening of surface of samples. [12]
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(Voorwald et al.) : Investigated the influence of shot peening in chromium-electroplated AISI 4340 steel
fatigue life and the influence of different shot materials, this is, steel and ceramic shots. It was observed that
peened chromium electroplated AISI 4340 steel presented around 100% of recovering in fatigue limit in both
peening condition. It is also possible to observe the great decrease in fatigue strength due to chromium coating,
around 47%. Fatigue limit for base material is 800 Mpa while fatigue strength for coated material is 420 MPa
and the shot peeing increased fatigue strength of base material. Peening using ceramic shots presented a lower
scatter than peening with steel shots. [13]
(B. GÖLGELİ and K. GENEL) : Showed Fatigue strength improvement of a hard chromium plated AISI 4140
steel using a plasma nitriding pre-treatment.in this research test specimens of 4-mm diameter had been plasma
nitrided at 510°C for 4, 8 and 12 h. It was found that HC-plated specimens with a coating layer of 23 ± 2 μm
thickness showed approximately 33% reduction in fatigue strength when compared to quenched and tempered
(Q&T) specimens. An application of the PN pre-treatment before the plating process was effective in improving
the fatigue performance of HC-coated steel. An improvement of 71% in the fatigue strength of pre-treated
specimens was recorded as compared with the specimens, which were HC plated only. The results also indicated
that prolonged nitriding time did not cause better improvement in the fatigue performance. [14]
II. MATERIAL SELECTION AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
In this research work the medium carbon steel (AISI 1039) has been used, and the chemical composition of this
material in weight percentage associated with the American standard is signified in table 1:
Table 1: The chemical composition analysis.
C% Si% Mn% P% S% Fe%
STANDARD: 1039
ASTM
0.36-0.44 0.4 0.7-1 ≤ 0.040 ≤ 0.050 98.47-98.94
Experimental 0.390 0.173 0.796 0.009 0.022 Bal.
The mechanical properties of this alloy are: (179) HRC, yield strength of 510 MPa, ultimate tensile of 605 MPa.
The application of medium carbon steel include automotive parts, connecting rods, gears, shafts, Axles, bolts,
studs, rolls, pins, spindles, crank shaft, torsion bars, ratchets, rams, sockets, worms, light gears, guide rods, and
hydraulic clamps.
Firstly the stress relief processes were carried out by placing all samples in the electric furnace at 200 C0 for a
period of 4 hours.
2.1. Tensile test specimen:
The specimen for tensile test were prepared from the base metal after the stress relief process by dimensions
according to ASTM, as shown in figure (1), and the tensile test was carried out with WDW 2000 model No. M
353 tensile device.
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Figure 1: Tensile test specimen with dimension in mm.
2.2. Roughness test:
Surface roughness was measured for the specimens used in this research by using the surface roughness
measuring device ( pocket surf ) , and the surface roughness values was ( 0.44 ) µm.
2.3. Hardness test:
The Brinell hardness values of specimens were carried out for untreated , shot peened and coated with hard
chromium by using 412A/413A INNOVA TEST Micro hardness device.
2.4. Fatigue test:
The samples were prepared by using conventional lathe (Harrison600, M350, EW700) and get the dimensions of
the fatigue specimens with accordance to the standard dimension of the ( HSM20 alternating bending fatigue
machine) as shown in figure (2)
Figure 2: Rotating bending fatigue testing specimen.
Three groups of fatigue specimens were prepared to obtain S –N curves for bending fatigue tests:
Specimens of base alloy.
Specimens of base alloy with conventional hard chromium electroplating.
Specimens of base alloy peened with steel shots.
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2.5. Shot peening process:
Shot peening technique was done by using spherical ball of steel of diameter 1mm and carried out on ten
samples of fatigue specimens, the standoff distance are 100:1 mm, 12 bar Average blasting pressure and the rest
condition summarized in table (2). The shot peening device used was shot tumblast control panel model STB-
OB, machine NO.03008 05 types.
Table 2: Shot peening condition
Ballspeed
(m/s)
Shot hardness
HRC))
Shot size
(mm)
Coverage
)%(
4048-501-1.3100
2.6. Electroplating with hard chromium process:
Generally accepted as a critical step in most electroplating processes, surface preparation of metals prior to the
metal electroplating is done in order to give maximum bond of the plated coating to the substrate and prepare
apart for subsequent finishing electroplating. Surface preparation include the following steps [15]:
1- Alkaline cleaners: These cleaners are largely intended to neutralize acidic species and soften the water to
prevent formation of insoluble calcium and magnesium soaps. Sodium hydroxide is the most important
alkali in cleaners, and in this step the samples immersing in hot solution of (75gm/l) NaOH holding with 3
minutes at 50 C.0
2- Water rinsing.
3- Immersing in dilute H2SO4 acid bath holding with 1 minute at room temperature, in order to remove
contaminants, oxides and rust from the outer layer of the metal.
4- Water immersing.
The electro coating cell consists of Chrome Chemical Bath, Anode, Cathode potentials, part to be coated,
Heaters, rectifiers & Electrical control systems. Initially the bath has to be heated up to the required temperature.
Cathode potential has to be connected to the part to be deposited and anode electrode has to be connected to the
+ potential .Before starting the process the part should be thoroughly cleaned and it should be ensured that it is
free from all kinds of surface marks/defects. Then deposition of hard chrome deposit is started by separation of
ions from the chemical bath due to the flow of current to the part to be deposited. The amount of current flow
and the duration of process will vary depends upon size of the component [16].
The conventional hard chromium electroplating was carried out from a chromic acid solution with 250 g/l of
CrO3 and 2.5 g/l of H2SO4, at 50-55 ºC, with a current density from 30 to 46 A/dm2, and speed of deposition
equal to 25 μm/h. A bath with catalyst based on sulphate was employed. Also the coating was done on ten
specimen within 20 minutes plating time, so the coating layer was (47.1 ) µm.
The electro deposition shown in figure (3) below:
Figure 3: Electro deposition cell.
2.7. Metallurgical examination :
For microstructure examination, surface of specimens were grounded by using ( 60, 120, 320 , 1200 , and 2000)
sic emery papers. Polishing was performed using alumina slurry with particle size of 7µm. The polished samples
were cleaned by water and alcohol and then dried. The polishing and grinding processes were carried out by
using MP-IS metallurgical preparation grinder /polish NO.1226. Samples were etched using etching solution
contains 2% Nitric acid and 98% Methyl alcohol.
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Finally, each sample was then observed and photographed at a magnification of 200X by using EMIJI
microscope.
The broken samples were examined by using scanning electron microscope TESCAN, VEGA 3 LMU with
OXFORD EDX detector (INCA XMAW20) device in order to determine the beginning of the crack , its
propagation and the microstructure.
2.8. Condition of the specimens:
Three groups were used in the presented research, each group contain ten samples of the tested steel and the
conditions for these groups illustrated in the table (3) below:
Table 3: Condition of the groups used in this research.
ConditionGroup of the specimen
Untreated or dry Med. Carbon steelA
47.1µm thickCoating with hard CrB
20Min. shot peened steelC
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this research work, the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 has been investigated. It can
be seen from the figure (4) the microstructure of this alloy after the stress relief process for 4 hour at 200C0 in
electric furnace. The microstructure of this alloy consist of two phases pearlite (dark region) and ferrite (white
region). The hardness value of this steel was (105.63) HRC, this value was less than the hardness value for the
same steel before the stress relief due to eliminate the dislocations lines and remove the stresses, which may be
exist in the structure of steel (as received).
Figure 4: The microstructure for medium carbon steel AISI 1039 after stress relief at 200C0 for 4 hours,
magnification (200X).
3.1 Tensile test:
It can be seen from the figure (5) the stress-strain diagram for this alloy, It can be remarked that the ultimate
tensile strength was (755) Mpa and yield strength was (675) while the percentage of elongation was (16) %.
Figure 5: stress-strain diagram for medium carbon steel AISI 1039 after stress relief for 4 hours at 200C0.
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3.2. Fatigue test:
Rotating bending fatigue test were performed by using fatigue testing machine of type (HSM20).
3.2.1 Group A: Fatigue test of dry medium carbon steel:
Ten samples were prepared for fatigue test at room temperature, the surface roughness of these samples were
(0.44) µm. The stresses were applied in the range of (398-179.1) Mpa.
The results of dry steel are listed in table (4):
Table 4: Fatigue test results of dry steel.
No. of cycles (RPM)Stress(MPa)Sample
97872398A1
103253358.28A2
112546318.47A3
137248238.8A4
158356218.94A5
207989199A6
234835194A7
321498189A8
465831184.1A9
1046478179.1A10
The S x N curves of the rotating bending fatigue tests for dry steel group shown in figure (6).
This group contain ten samples of AISI 1039 medium carbon steel and submitted to hard chromium coating with
20 minutes plating time, so the thickness of this layer was (47.1) µm.
The chrome layer contraction during the electroplating process generates high equi biaxial tensile stresses in the
coating and compression stresses in the substrate. So, in the coating with simple hard chrome layer, the "benefit"
given to the substrate is counteracted by the micro cracks density contained in the coating, which when
submitted to the tensile residual stresses action in addition to external loads, propagates and reduces the life
fatigue of a component.
Figure 6: The S-N Curve for medium carbon steel AISI 1039 after stress relief at 200C0 for 4 hours.
From this group (dry medium carbon steel AISI 1039) it is observed that the fatigue limit of AISI 1039 steel was
at 179.1 MPa.
3.2.2 Group B: Fatigue test of 20 minutes shot peened medium carbon steel AISI 1039.
The results of the fatigue test of 20 minute shot peening medium carbon steel are listed in the table (5).
Table 5: Fatigue test results at 20 minutes shot peening.
No. of cycles (RPM)Stress(MPa)Sample
1841929398B1
2784363378.18B2
3939675358.28B3
5490174338.37B4
6274839328.423B5
7045021318.47B6
7483264313.495B7
8089411308.519B8
8735476303.54B9
10496873298.566B10
The S x N curves of the rotating bending fatigue tests for 20 minutes shot peening group shown in figure (7)
below:
Figure 7: The S-N curve for shot peened medium carbon steel AISI 1039.
This group was tested with 20 minutes shot peening, the diameter of steel balls used was 1mm. From Fig (6), it
can be observed the excellent recuperation on fatigue strength of the group submitted to shot peening
pretreatment. It is well known that the process induces compressive residual stresses at the surface and
subsurface, in a depth which depends on the intensity, size, material and hardness of the shot and percentage of
recovering. The compressive residual stresses arises as a result of the resistance of the adjacent area of the
material to the plastic deformation caused by the shot, which act arresting or delaying the cracks
nucleation/propagation
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3.2.3 Group C Fatigue test of medium carbon steel coated by hard chromium layer with (47.1) µm thick:
The results of the fatigue test of steel coated with hard chromium are listed below in table (6):
Table 6: Fatigue test results of 20 min. hard Cr coating
No. of cycles (RPM)Stress(MPa)Sample
36543199C1
54364179C2
365154159.235C3
1142582139.33C4
1625395129.378C5
2417483119.42C6
4304340109.4C7
6745216104C8
875419899.52C9
1273020094.546C10
The S x N curves of the rotating bending fatigue tests for steel group which coated with hard chromium shown
in figure (8).
Figure 8: The S-N Curve for medium carbon steel AISI 1039 coated by hard chromium layer with (47.1) µm
thick.
From Fig. (9) it can be remarked the S-N curves for medium carbon steel AISI 1039, first curve for steel without
any surface treatment, the second for steel treated with shot peening process while the third one for steel coated
with hard chromium. It was observed that shot peeing improved the fatigue strength of steel. More over the
former presented a higher fatigue limit of 298.566 MPa against 179.1 MPa of untreated steel while hard Cr
coating reduced the fatigue strength of base materials due to high residual tensile stress and micro cracks that
may be exist in coating layer so it presented a lower fatigue limit of 79.61 MPa against 179.1 MPa of untreated
steel.
However, the peening treatment with steel shots, presented good results, it will be increasing the fatigue strength
of AISI 1039 steel up to levels of base steel. In this situation, the compressive residual stress field induced on
material surface due to shot peening treatment acted decreasing the harmful effects of micro cracks in chromium
layer.
In all situations presented, the influence of chromium or shot peening is more significant in high cycle fatigue
tests than in low cycle fatigue tests. High stress on low cycle causes crack propagation so fast after crack
nucleation, no matter whether the specimen is the base material or electroplated or peened. In samples without
shot peening or chromium it is natural that the crack beginning comes from the surface. Chromium layer acts as
an artificial surface for the samples and this surface is full of micro cracks that quickly propagates under high
stress.
The residual tensile stresses induced a fast crack propagation, no matter if the crack is come from chromium
layer or surface defects.
In chromium electroplated samples submitted to high cycle fatigue tests or lower stresses, it is not necessary a
nucleation of a crack from surface as chromium layer provides several micro cracks. The nucleation phase of
fatigue crack is skipped and the fatigue process go straight to second phase, this is, propagation, reducing the
time needed to lead the component to failure. Lower stresses do not surpass the compressive residual stress field
on peened specimens allowing shot peening treatment to act as a barrier to crack propagation, delaying the
second phase of fatigue process. These mechanisms illustrate how Cr decreases fatigue life of AISI 1039 steel
when chromium electroplated and how shot peening treatment increases its fatigue life.
Figure 9: S-N comparative curves.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results obtained from experimental work for three groups of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 the
conclusions can be illustrated below:
1- Experimental results indicate a significant reduction in AISI 1039 steel fatigue strength when coating the
steel with hard chromium.
2- Hard chromium electroplating causes residual tensile stresses which leading to fast crack propagation so the
fatigue strength decreased.
3- The compressive residual stress field induced on material surface due to shot peening treatment delaying
the cracks nucleation/propagation so there is an improving in fatigue strength for steel.
4- Hardness values and fatigue strength increased with treated the steel by using shot peening process.
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5- Shot peening treatment give good results by increasing the fatigue limit of steel in which fatigue limit in
this work was 298.566 MPa.
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