The document summarizes research on the bond between concrete and steel reinforcement. It discusses how bond is achieved through adhesion, friction, and mechanical interlocking. It also examines different bond failure modes and factors that affect bond strength. The effects of steel fibers on bond are explored, finding they can increase toughness and confinement, but their benefit decreases with distance from the surface due to segregation. Bond testing methods are outlined, including pull-out, beam, and splice tests.
This document presents research on steel fiber reinforced concrete and its use in building structures. Twelve reinforced concrete beams were tested with and without steel fibers added at different depths. Beams with full-depth steel fibers showed a 20% increase in ultimate load capacity compared to control beams without fibers. Beams with fibers at the mid-depth or up to the tensile reinforcement also exhibited increased load capacities and improved cracking behavior over the control beams. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of steel fiber reinforcement in improving the structural performance of concrete beams.
This document discusses steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). SFRC increases the structural integrity of concrete by adding short, discrete steel fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The document outlines the materials used including cement, aggregates, water, and steel fibers. It describes the mix design process and percentages of steel fibers tested. Beams and cubes were cast with the concrete mixtures and cured before testing to determine the compressive and flexural strengths of the SFRC. The results and conclusions are summarized, with references provided.
This document discusses steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC). It begins with an introduction to fibre reinforced concrete and why fibres are added to concrete to improve properties. It then classifies fibre types and focuses on SFRC, describing steel fibre types, composition, mixing, and improved properties like tensile strength and impact resistance. Limitations and applications are covered, along with conclusions and references.
For normal structures we use concrete to build it. But as concrete is a brittle material and it has almost no ductility, it fails in massive load or shock. For giving some ductility to concrete and to fill up the internal micro cracks in concrete we use several fibers. Then the total concrete works as a composite material. Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete is a composite material having cement, aggregate, and steel fibers.
This document summarizes research on the durability of fibre reinforced concrete. It discusses how fibres can improve the properties of concrete, including increased tensile strength and resistance to cracking. It outlines the methodology of the research, which involves testing concrete reinforced with different types and amounts of fibres, including steel, glass, natural and artificial fibres. The research examines the effect of fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete beams. It also evaluates the durability of fibre reinforced concrete exposed to chloride and sulfate attacks. The results indicate that natural fibre reinforced concrete has the highest tensile strength and best durability. The research concludes that fibre reinforcement improves concrete properties and durability.
Evaluating the application limits of Unreinforced & Steel Fiber Reinforced Co...MECandPMV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Recent tunnel cases with unreinforced and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete tunnel linings
2. Existing Design Codes and Design Recommendations framework
3. Numerical analyses of the unreinforced concrete tunnel linings under static and seismic loading conditions. T1 & T2 tunnels of Maliakos - Kleidi Motorway and T26 tunnel of Athens - Patras Motorway in Greece.
4. Numerical analyses of SFRC tunnel linings under static loading conditions.
5. Some critical thoughts about the geostatic loads on to the tunnel final linings.
6. Some critical thoughts about the ground elastic modulus for the design of tunnel linings
7. Conclusions
Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beam under Cyclic LoadingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper describes the influence of steel fibre distribution on the ultimate strength of concrete
beams. An experimental & analytical investigation of the behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with
conventional steel bars and steel fibres under cyclic loading is presented. It is now well established that one of
the important properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is its superior resistance to cracking and
crack propagation. As a result of this ability to arrest cracks, fibre composites possess increased extensibility
and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate load and the fibres are able to hold the matrix together
even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to impart to the fibre composite pronounced post –
cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete. The transformation from a brittle to a ductile type
of material would increase substantially the energy absorption characteristics of the fibre composite and its
ability to withstand repeatedly applied, shock or impact loading. Tests on conventionally reinforced concrete
beam specimens, containing steel fibres in different proportions, have been conducted to establish loaddeflection
curves. It was observed that SFRC beams showed enhanced properties compared to that of RC beams
with steel fibres. The experimental investigations are validated with the analytical studies carried out by finite
element models using ANSYS.
Keywords: Steel fiber, concrete, properties, crack, ductility, technology.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It provides a brief history of FRC, noting that fibers were initially asbestos but have since been replaced by steel, glass, and synthetic fibers. The document defines FRC as concrete containing fibers, water, aggregate, and cement. It discusses the types and benefits of fibers, including improved ductility and crack resistance. The document also examines factors that influence FRC properties such as fiber volume, aspect ratio, orientation. It provides examples of FRC applications and concludes that FRC improves energy absorption and can reduce costs compared to conventional concrete.
This document presents research on steel fiber reinforced concrete and its use in building structures. Twelve reinforced concrete beams were tested with and without steel fibers added at different depths. Beams with full-depth steel fibers showed a 20% increase in ultimate load capacity compared to control beams without fibers. Beams with fibers at the mid-depth or up to the tensile reinforcement also exhibited increased load capacities and improved cracking behavior over the control beams. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of steel fiber reinforcement in improving the structural performance of concrete beams.
This document discusses steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). SFRC increases the structural integrity of concrete by adding short, discrete steel fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The document outlines the materials used including cement, aggregates, water, and steel fibers. It describes the mix design process and percentages of steel fibers tested. Beams and cubes were cast with the concrete mixtures and cured before testing to determine the compressive and flexural strengths of the SFRC. The results and conclusions are summarized, with references provided.
This document discusses steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC). It begins with an introduction to fibre reinforced concrete and why fibres are added to concrete to improve properties. It then classifies fibre types and focuses on SFRC, describing steel fibre types, composition, mixing, and improved properties like tensile strength and impact resistance. Limitations and applications are covered, along with conclusions and references.
For normal structures we use concrete to build it. But as concrete is a brittle material and it has almost no ductility, it fails in massive load or shock. For giving some ductility to concrete and to fill up the internal micro cracks in concrete we use several fibers. Then the total concrete works as a composite material. Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete is a composite material having cement, aggregate, and steel fibers.
This document summarizes research on the durability of fibre reinforced concrete. It discusses how fibres can improve the properties of concrete, including increased tensile strength and resistance to cracking. It outlines the methodology of the research, which involves testing concrete reinforced with different types and amounts of fibres, including steel, glass, natural and artificial fibres. The research examines the effect of fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete beams. It also evaluates the durability of fibre reinforced concrete exposed to chloride and sulfate attacks. The results indicate that natural fibre reinforced concrete has the highest tensile strength and best durability. The research concludes that fibre reinforcement improves concrete properties and durability.
Evaluating the application limits of Unreinforced & Steel Fiber Reinforced Co...MECandPMV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Recent tunnel cases with unreinforced and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete tunnel linings
2. Existing Design Codes and Design Recommendations framework
3. Numerical analyses of the unreinforced concrete tunnel linings under static and seismic loading conditions. T1 & T2 tunnels of Maliakos - Kleidi Motorway and T26 tunnel of Athens - Patras Motorway in Greece.
4. Numerical analyses of SFRC tunnel linings under static loading conditions.
5. Some critical thoughts about the geostatic loads on to the tunnel final linings.
6. Some critical thoughts about the ground elastic modulus for the design of tunnel linings
7. Conclusions
Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beam under Cyclic LoadingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper describes the influence of steel fibre distribution on the ultimate strength of concrete
beams. An experimental & analytical investigation of the behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with
conventional steel bars and steel fibres under cyclic loading is presented. It is now well established that one of
the important properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is its superior resistance to cracking and
crack propagation. As a result of this ability to arrest cracks, fibre composites possess increased extensibility
and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate load and the fibres are able to hold the matrix together
even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to impart to the fibre composite pronounced post –
cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete. The transformation from a brittle to a ductile type
of material would increase substantially the energy absorption characteristics of the fibre composite and its
ability to withstand repeatedly applied, shock or impact loading. Tests on conventionally reinforced concrete
beam specimens, containing steel fibres in different proportions, have been conducted to establish loaddeflection
curves. It was observed that SFRC beams showed enhanced properties compared to that of RC beams
with steel fibres. The experimental investigations are validated with the analytical studies carried out by finite
element models using ANSYS.
Keywords: Steel fiber, concrete, properties, crack, ductility, technology.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It provides a brief history of FRC, noting that fibers were initially asbestos but have since been replaced by steel, glass, and synthetic fibers. The document defines FRC as concrete containing fibers, water, aggregate, and cement. It discusses the types and benefits of fibers, including improved ductility and crack resistance. The document also examines factors that influence FRC properties such as fiber volume, aspect ratio, orientation. It provides examples of FRC applications and concludes that FRC improves energy absorption and can reduce costs compared to conventional concrete.
The document discusses the use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) in industrial floors. It begins with an introduction to the characteristics and requirements of industrial floors, including strength, durability, and resistance to impacts and chemicals. Next, it describes the properties of FRC and how fibers improve the tensile strength and ductility of concrete. The document then compares the properties of FRC and conventional concrete, finding that FRC has higher strength, durability at high temperatures, and crack resistance. It presents a case study of an industrial floor construction project in New Zealand that successfully used steel fiber reinforced concrete.
ppt on high performance concrete (steel fibre)9597639444
1) Steel fiber reinforced concrete has higher strength and durability than conventional concrete due to the inclusion of short, randomly distributed steel fibers.
2) Testing showed that concrete cubes with 5% steel fibers by weight had a 13.55% increase in compressive strength over conventional concrete.
3) Columns made with 5% steel fibers could carry over 14% more load than conventional concrete columns before failure. The addition of steel fibers improves several properties of concrete including flexural strength, impact resistance, and fatigue resistance.
Steel fibers for reinforced concrete kasturi metalKasturi Metal
Introduction on Steel and PP Fibers and Fiber reinforced Concrete Concept. Clear information on how fiber reinforced concrete can act as a super crack resistor and make brittle concrete more ductile.
Kasturi Metal Composites P Ltd , India is the largest manufacturer of fibers for concrete reinforcement in India. Its Brand Duraflex™ Steel Fibers – Glued and Loose, and Durocrete™ Macro and Micro Polypropylene Fibers is the most preferred brand in India for various national and International Projects.
This document discusses glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC). It begins by defining fiber reinforced concrete and discussing the effects of fibers in concrete, including improved crack resistance and reduced permeability. Several types of glass fibers are described, and the properties of glass fibers and GFRC are outlined. These include high tensile strength, impact resistance, fire endurance, and resistance to cracks in concrete. The document also covers mixing, casting, and applications of GFRC, as well as tests conducted to evaluate the compressive and flexural strength of GFRC. Results showed that GFRC exhibited higher strength properties than normal concrete.
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. This document discusses FRC, including its history, types of fibers used, applications, and mechanical properties. It also provides a case study comparing the effects of straight and hooked steel fibers on properties like workability, strength, and toughness. The study found that hooked fibers had better dispersion and increased flexural strength, toughness, and energy absorption compared to straight fibers. In conclusion, the document provides a detailed overview of FRC and how fiber type and content can influence its mechanical behavior.
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented.
Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers – each of which lend varying properties to the concrete.
Fiber reinforced concrete is a concrete consisting of cement, water, aggregates, and discontinuous fibers. There are many types of fibers that can be used including steel, plastic, glass, and natural materials. Fiber reinforced concrete has advantages over plain concrete like improved toughness and flexural strength. It is also more economical than using steel reinforcement and is less prone to corrosion. Some common applications of fiber reinforced concrete include pipes, slabs, countertops, and tiles.
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete and different types of fibers that can be used. It describes various fiber materials including steel, glass, synthetic polymers like polypropylene and nylon, carbon, and natural fibers. For each type of fiber, the document discusses their properties, manufacturing methods, how they work to improve concrete properties, and common applications. Polypropylene fibers are discussed in more depth as one of the most common and cost-effective synthetic fiber options for concrete reinforcement.
AN INVESTIGATION ON GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE USING ECO SANDVikaas Balaji
WE HAVE FOUND THAT BY ADDING 2% AND 4% OF GLASS FIBRE IN CONCRETE MIX AND INSTEAD OF RIVER SAND AND M-SAND WE HAVE USED ECO SAND TO ACHIEVE STRENGTH IN CONCRETE IN RESPECTIVE DAYS (7 AND 28 DAYS)
This document provides an introduction to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses the benefits of FRC such as improved tensile strength and ductility. It also outlines different types of fibres that can be used, factors that affect the properties of FRC like fibre type and volume, and applications of FRC such as overlays and precast products. Current developments in FRC including high fibre volume microfibre systems and slurry infiltrated fibre concrete are also mentioned.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), including different types of fibers used (steel, glass, synthetic), their properties, and applications. Steel fiber reinforced concrete uses thin steel wires to improve structural strength and reduce cracking. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses fiberglass for insulation and crack prevention. Synthetic fibers like plastic and nylon improve properties like pumpability and prevent cracking and spalling. FRC provides benefits like increased tensile strength, energy absorption, impact resistance, and wear resistance. Common uses include highways, hydraulic structures, and precast applications.
Flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced ferrocement concreteSanthosh Jayaraman
Ferro cement
The term Ferro cement is most commonly applied to a mixture of Portland cement and sand applied over layers of woven or expanded steel mesh and closely spaced small-diameter steel rods. It can be used to form relatively thin, compound curved sheets to make hulls for boats, shell roofs, water tanks, etc. It has been used in a wide range of other applications including sculpture and prefabricated building components. The term has been applied by extension to other composite materials including some containing no cement and no ferrous material. These are better referred to by terms describing their actual contents.
Fibre reinforced concrete is a type of concrete containing fibres that increase its structural integrity. It is made of Portland cement reinforced with randomly distributed fibres. The fibres are used to overcome concrete's weakness in tension and brittleness. Common fibre types include steel, glass, carbon and polypropylene. Factors like fibre volume, aspect ratio, orientation and relative stiffness affect FRC properties. FRC exhibits improved tensile cracking behaviour and increased toughness, energy absorption and fracture resistance compared to conventional concrete.
Fiber reinforced concrete - Fibers types and properties, Behavior of FRC in compression, tension including pre-cracking stage and post-cracking stages, behavior in flexure and shear.
Fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material made of cement, mortar or concrete with closely spaced fibers added. The fibers, which can include glass, carbon, polypropylene or nylon, increase the tensile strength and crack resistance of the concrete.
Fiberglass reinforced concrete (GFRC) specifically uses glass fibers in the mix. It provides an ultra-strong yet flexible concrete that protects against environmental damage. GFRC is lightweight, durable, and can be cast into complex shapes.
Some key properties and applications of fiber reinforced concrete include increased tensile strength, impact resistance, limited crack growth, use in pavement overlays, industrial floors, bridges, canal linings, blast resistant structures, and pre
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It provides a history of fiber usage in concrete, describes different fiber types including steel, plastic, glass and natural fibers. The document discusses why fibers are used to improve properties like toughness, tensile strength and ductility. It also covers factors affecting FRC properties, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and includes a case study on steel fiber reinforced concrete pavement.
Improvement of properties of concrete by adding fibersRavi Kant
This document discusses a study on improving the properties of concrete by adding fibers. It summarizes that concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. It then discusses different types of fibers that can be added like steel fibers, polypropylene fibers, carbon fibers, and glass fibers. The study focuses on adding steel fibers and polypropylene fibers to concrete mixtures to test their effect on compressive and tensile strength. The results showed that mixtures with both steel and polypropylene fibers had higher strengths compared to plain concrete at 7 and 28 days. Applications of fiber reinforced concrete included industrial floors, building structures, tunnels and more.
The document discusses performance of concrete blended with steel fibers. It aims to increase the compressive strength, tensile strength and ductility of concrete. It describes factors affecting the workability of concrete such as water content, mix proportions, size and shape of aggregates, grading of aggregates, and use of admixtures. It also discusses tests to measure workability including slump test and compaction factor test. Compressive strength testing of hardened concrete is also covered.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
The document discusses the use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) in industrial floors. It begins with an introduction to the characteristics and requirements of industrial floors, including strength, durability, and resistance to impacts and chemicals. Next, it describes the properties of FRC and how fibers improve the tensile strength and ductility of concrete. The document then compares the properties of FRC and conventional concrete, finding that FRC has higher strength, durability at high temperatures, and crack resistance. It presents a case study of an industrial floor construction project in New Zealand that successfully used steel fiber reinforced concrete.
ppt on high performance concrete (steel fibre)9597639444
1) Steel fiber reinforced concrete has higher strength and durability than conventional concrete due to the inclusion of short, randomly distributed steel fibers.
2) Testing showed that concrete cubes with 5% steel fibers by weight had a 13.55% increase in compressive strength over conventional concrete.
3) Columns made with 5% steel fibers could carry over 14% more load than conventional concrete columns before failure. The addition of steel fibers improves several properties of concrete including flexural strength, impact resistance, and fatigue resistance.
Steel fibers for reinforced concrete kasturi metalKasturi Metal
Introduction on Steel and PP Fibers and Fiber reinforced Concrete Concept. Clear information on how fiber reinforced concrete can act as a super crack resistor and make brittle concrete more ductile.
Kasturi Metal Composites P Ltd , India is the largest manufacturer of fibers for concrete reinforcement in India. Its Brand Duraflex™ Steel Fibers – Glued and Loose, and Durocrete™ Macro and Micro Polypropylene Fibers is the most preferred brand in India for various national and International Projects.
This document discusses glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC). It begins by defining fiber reinforced concrete and discussing the effects of fibers in concrete, including improved crack resistance and reduced permeability. Several types of glass fibers are described, and the properties of glass fibers and GFRC are outlined. These include high tensile strength, impact resistance, fire endurance, and resistance to cracks in concrete. The document also covers mixing, casting, and applications of GFRC, as well as tests conducted to evaluate the compressive and flexural strength of GFRC. Results showed that GFRC exhibited higher strength properties than normal concrete.
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. This document discusses FRC, including its history, types of fibers used, applications, and mechanical properties. It also provides a case study comparing the effects of straight and hooked steel fibers on properties like workability, strength, and toughness. The study found that hooked fibers had better dispersion and increased flexural strength, toughness, and energy absorption compared to straight fibers. In conclusion, the document provides a detailed overview of FRC and how fiber type and content can influence its mechanical behavior.
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented.
Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers – each of which lend varying properties to the concrete.
Fiber reinforced concrete is a concrete consisting of cement, water, aggregates, and discontinuous fibers. There are many types of fibers that can be used including steel, plastic, glass, and natural materials. Fiber reinforced concrete has advantages over plain concrete like improved toughness and flexural strength. It is also more economical than using steel reinforcement and is less prone to corrosion. Some common applications of fiber reinforced concrete include pipes, slabs, countertops, and tiles.
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete and different types of fibers that can be used. It describes various fiber materials including steel, glass, synthetic polymers like polypropylene and nylon, carbon, and natural fibers. For each type of fiber, the document discusses their properties, manufacturing methods, how they work to improve concrete properties, and common applications. Polypropylene fibers are discussed in more depth as one of the most common and cost-effective synthetic fiber options for concrete reinforcement.
AN INVESTIGATION ON GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE USING ECO SANDVikaas Balaji
WE HAVE FOUND THAT BY ADDING 2% AND 4% OF GLASS FIBRE IN CONCRETE MIX AND INSTEAD OF RIVER SAND AND M-SAND WE HAVE USED ECO SAND TO ACHIEVE STRENGTH IN CONCRETE IN RESPECTIVE DAYS (7 AND 28 DAYS)
This document provides an introduction to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses the benefits of FRC such as improved tensile strength and ductility. It also outlines different types of fibres that can be used, factors that affect the properties of FRC like fibre type and volume, and applications of FRC such as overlays and precast products. Current developments in FRC including high fibre volume microfibre systems and slurry infiltrated fibre concrete are also mentioned.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), including different types of fibers used (steel, glass, synthetic), their properties, and applications. Steel fiber reinforced concrete uses thin steel wires to improve structural strength and reduce cracking. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses fiberglass for insulation and crack prevention. Synthetic fibers like plastic and nylon improve properties like pumpability and prevent cracking and spalling. FRC provides benefits like increased tensile strength, energy absorption, impact resistance, and wear resistance. Common uses include highways, hydraulic structures, and precast applications.
Flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced ferrocement concreteSanthosh Jayaraman
Ferro cement
The term Ferro cement is most commonly applied to a mixture of Portland cement and sand applied over layers of woven or expanded steel mesh and closely spaced small-diameter steel rods. It can be used to form relatively thin, compound curved sheets to make hulls for boats, shell roofs, water tanks, etc. It has been used in a wide range of other applications including sculpture and prefabricated building components. The term has been applied by extension to other composite materials including some containing no cement and no ferrous material. These are better referred to by terms describing their actual contents.
Fibre reinforced concrete is a type of concrete containing fibres that increase its structural integrity. It is made of Portland cement reinforced with randomly distributed fibres. The fibres are used to overcome concrete's weakness in tension and brittleness. Common fibre types include steel, glass, carbon and polypropylene. Factors like fibre volume, aspect ratio, orientation and relative stiffness affect FRC properties. FRC exhibits improved tensile cracking behaviour and increased toughness, energy absorption and fracture resistance compared to conventional concrete.
Fiber reinforced concrete - Fibers types and properties, Behavior of FRC in compression, tension including pre-cracking stage and post-cracking stages, behavior in flexure and shear.
Fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material made of cement, mortar or concrete with closely spaced fibers added. The fibers, which can include glass, carbon, polypropylene or nylon, increase the tensile strength and crack resistance of the concrete.
Fiberglass reinforced concrete (GFRC) specifically uses glass fibers in the mix. It provides an ultra-strong yet flexible concrete that protects against environmental damage. GFRC is lightweight, durable, and can be cast into complex shapes.
Some key properties and applications of fiber reinforced concrete include increased tensile strength, impact resistance, limited crack growth, use in pavement overlays, industrial floors, bridges, canal linings, blast resistant structures, and pre
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It provides a history of fiber usage in concrete, describes different fiber types including steel, plastic, glass and natural fibers. The document discusses why fibers are used to improve properties like toughness, tensile strength and ductility. It also covers factors affecting FRC properties, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and includes a case study on steel fiber reinforced concrete pavement.
Improvement of properties of concrete by adding fibersRavi Kant
This document discusses a study on improving the properties of concrete by adding fibers. It summarizes that concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. It then discusses different types of fibers that can be added like steel fibers, polypropylene fibers, carbon fibers, and glass fibers. The study focuses on adding steel fibers and polypropylene fibers to concrete mixtures to test their effect on compressive and tensile strength. The results showed that mixtures with both steel and polypropylene fibers had higher strengths compared to plain concrete at 7 and 28 days. Applications of fiber reinforced concrete included industrial floors, building structures, tunnels and more.
The document discusses performance of concrete blended with steel fibers. It aims to increase the compressive strength, tensile strength and ductility of concrete. It describes factors affecting the workability of concrete such as water content, mix proportions, size and shape of aggregates, grading of aggregates, and use of admixtures. It also discusses tests to measure workability including slump test and compaction factor test. Compressive strength testing of hardened concrete is also covered.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
This document presents the final report on a research project evaluating the use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for transportation projects in North Dakota. The report discusses literature on SCC, results from a state department of transportation survey on current SCC use, the research program and mix designs tested, plastic and hardened property testing of SCC mixes compared to conventional concrete mixes, and conclusions. The research found that SCC mixes achieved adequate strength and stiffness compared to conventional mixes, though some SCC mixes had a more porous air void system and slightly higher permeability. The results provide guidance to help the North Dakota DOT evaluate using SCC on transportation projects.
This document discusses self-consolidating concrete (SCC), including its design, testing methods, and requirements. SCC is designed to have high flowability and filling ability while maintaining resistance to segregation. Key parameters in designing SCC include aggregate content, paste fraction, powder content, water-cement ratio, and use of high-range water reducers and viscosity-modifying admixtures. Common tests for SCC include slump flow, T500 flow rate, J-Ring, L-Box, and U-Box tests. Visual Stability Index testing is also used to assess resistance to segregation. Proper design and testing help ensure SCC meets requirements for flowability, passing ability, and stability.
The document reviews literature on the optimization of steel frames, moment resisting frames, and buckling restrained braced frames. It discusses several past studies that used optimization techniques and linear/nonlinear analysis methods to minimize weight and seismic response of steel structures. Key findings from experimental testing of buckling restrained braces are also summarized, including the importance of ensuring a ratio of tube buckling strength to core yield strength above 1.5 to prevent global buckling.
Fibre reinforced concrete has fibres added to increase its tensile strength and crack resistance. It has higher ductility, toughness, and post-cracking capacity compared to normal concrete. Various fibre types can be used including steel, glass, carbon and natural fibres. The fibres control cracking, increase strength and durability. Proper fibre volume, aspect ratio and distribution are needed to achieve optimal mechanical properties in the fibre reinforced concrete. Its applications include pavements, structural elements and precast construction.
The document presents a study on the design of M30 grade self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes using different sizes of coarse aggregate. Tests were conducted on fresh and hardened SCC to evaluate flowability, passing ability, segregation resistance, compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. The results showed that SCC mixes with 10mm, 12.5mm, 16mm, and 20mm coarse aggregates met acceptance criteria for workability and strength. The study achieved M30 grade SCC mixes suitable for use with different coarse aggregate sizes.
Black Book Project Report on Digital IndiaRabina Yesmin
This is a BLACK BOOK PROJECT REPORT. This BLACK BOOK PROJECT is having all the required & desirable elements, qualities & characteristics, as good as it is possible to be as per University of Mumbai. Please do not copy the Project. This project will help you to accomplished your black book project report effectively. Thank you !
Summary:
This Project report will give you a glance to see where India will going to stand after 5-10 years as digitally. The objective of research of the Digital India project is to come out with knowledge of innovative ideas and practical solutions to realize Hon’ble Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of a digital India. Prime Minister Modi envisions transforming our nation and creating opportunities for all citizens by harnessing digital technologies
To know about the making technology central to enabling change. We can see the changing and developing technology of India in a digital way.
As digital India is being an Umbrella Programme, that is covering many departments.The programme weaves together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a single, comprehensive vision, so that each of them is seen as part of a larger goal. Each individual element stands on its own, but is also part of the larger picture.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve issues with inadequate concrete compaction. SCC is highly flowable under its own weight and fills formwork without vibration. It was pioneered by Professor Hajime Okamura and has seen increasing use globally since 2000. The document discusses the constituents, properties, testing, and advantages of SCC compared to traditional vibrated concrete.
This document outlines the key concepts and components of research. It defines research as the systematic study of trends or events through careful data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Some key points discussed include:
- The characteristics of good research, which include being empirical, logical, analytical, critical, and methodical.
- The qualities of a good researcher, such as being resourceful, creative, honest, and religious.
- The values of research to humanity, such as improving quality of life, instruction, and satisfying needs through new discoveries and applications.
- The different types of research like basic, applied, and developmental research.
- How research classifications include library, field, and laboratory research.
Iedereen kan inspiratie gebruiken.
Adem, leef, beweeg....geniet van al het moois in de Natuur en op Aarde.
Laat je ziel, hart, geest en lichaam gevoed worden door al die mooie teksten, woorden, kleuren, energieën...
Geniet van alles in dit Leven...schenk jezelf een grotere Levenskwaliteit !
Hugo Van Verdegem, Psycholoog en Energetische Levenscoach
www.hugovanverdegem.be - http://hartsgedragenbewustzijn.wordpress.com/
The document discusses wishes and props for a Latinos event or performance. It mentions Mexicans and Latinos gangsters as possible themes. It asks what common props could be held or worn, and lists potential mascot, special guest, and large props like those suitable for an evening event.
Using Design Psychology for Good and Evil - IGNITE UXPA 2014Susan Mercer
This was part of an IGNITE session at UXPA 2014 in London, called "Super Heroes and Super Villains: Using Design Psychology for Good (and Evil)". I describe a website where users are deceptively encouraged to sign up for junk mail using several dark patterns, and the company sponsoring the website makes money off of every sign up.
This document provides guidance on the research and writing process for an academic essay. It discusses gathering sources, organizing ideas, developing an outline, writing draft sections, and getting peer feedback. Students are encouraged to carefully plan their essay by breaking down the question, researching multiple sources, and mapping out their argument before drafting individual sections. The conclusion restates the main points and considers future directions or implications. Peer review involves giving and receiving feedback to strengthen essays through multiple drafts.
This document discusses family violence and domestic abuse as growing public health concerns. It defines domestic violence, abuse, and what constitutes a family. It outlines the various forms of abuse including physical, emotional, economic, and digital/cyber abuse. The document discusses who can be abused, noting that it can affect anyone regardless of gender, age, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status or other factors. Statistics about the prevalence of domestic violence in the US and its human costs are provided. Risk factors for abuse and myths about abuse are debunked. The trajectory of violence and cultural and structural barriers to care are examined. Guidelines for assessing, intervening in, and preventing domestic violence are proposed.
Dealing fairly with interest-only customers; a good practice guide from HML -...HML Ltd
Since the original version of our Interest-Only Good Practice Guide, the Financial Conduct Authority has published its finalised guidance into interest-only mortgages. This latest version contains the updates between the thematic review and the finalised guidance to help you shape your customer communication strategies.
Este documento ofrece instrucciones sobre cómo hacer una monografía, incluyendo los pasos a seguir como elegir un tema, limitar el alcance, recopilar información, organizar los datos, estructurar la monografía con una introducción, cuerpo, conclusión y bibliografía, y citar las fuentes de manera adecuada usando notas al pie. El autor explica cada paso del proceso de manera detallada para guiar a los estudiantes en la realización correcta de una monografía.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the influence of fusion bonded epoxy coated bars on the tension stiffening effect of self-compacting concrete. 18 direct tension test specimens were made with bar diameters of 8mm, 10mm, and 12mm and specimen lengths of either 40 or 50 times the bar diameter. The results showed that using epoxy coated bars reduced the tension stiffening effect of the self-compacting concrete by 9.4% to 32% compared to uncoated bars. Additionally, reducing the bar diameter from 12mm to 10mm improved the tension stiffening effect by 20-30%. Finally, the spacing of cracks was 7-18% greater when using epoxy coated bars in self
System shear connector digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
The Crack Pattern Of R.C Beams Under LoadingAhmed Abdullah
1. A reinforced concrete beam was tested under static two-point concentrated loading to study the effect of different web reinforcement arrangements on ultimate shear strength.
2. It was observed that diagonal cracks developed first in deeper beams while flexural cracks developed first in shallower beams with sufficient reinforcement.
3. The crack pattern and failure mode were similar across all test beams despite variations in web reinforcement, with diagonal cracks forming first in deeper beams.
Experimental study on strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams using deflected structural steel
reinforcement and the conventional steel reinforcement are conducted in this study. The reinforcement quantity
of both categories was approximately equalised. Mild steel flats with minimum thickness and corresponding
width are deflected to possible extent in a parabolic shape and semi-circular shape are fabricated and used as
deflected structural steel reinforcement in one part, whereas the fabrication of ribbed tar steel circular bars as
conventional reinforcement on the another part of the experiment for comparison in the concrete beams. All the
beams had same dimensions and same proportions of designed mix concrete, were tested under two point
loading system. As the result of experiments, it is found that the inverted catenary flats and their ties, transfers
the load through arch action of steel from loading points towards the supports before reaching the bottom
fibre at the centre of the beam as intended earlier. Thereby the load carrying capacity and the ductility ratio
has being increased in deflected structural steel reinforced beams when compared with ribbed tar steel
reinforced concrete beams, it is also observed that the failure mode (collapse pattern)is safer.
Keywords --Arch profile, Conventional steel reinforcement, Cracks, Collapse, Deflected structural steel,
Ductility ratio.
This document provides an introduction and background on fiber reinforced concrete beam-column joints. It discusses that beam-column joints are crucial for transferring loads between connecting structural elements. Past earthquakes have shown poor performance of joints can have consequences. Fiber reinforced concrete has potential to improve seismic energy absorption and ductility of joints. The document outlines the different types of joints, forces acting on exterior beam-column joints under gravity and seismic loading, and the need for special detailing and confinement reinforcement to avoid joint failure. The aim of the research is to experimentally investigate the behavior of fiber reinforced concrete beam-column joints under seismic loading.
This document discusses reinforced concrete design. It covers topics such as constituent materials and properties, basic principles, analysis methods, strength of concrete, stress-strain curves, modulus of elasticity, assumptions in design, failure modes, design philosophies, safety provisions, structural elements, and analysis of reinforced concrete sections. Flexural failure modes and equations of equilibrium for reinforced concrete design are also presented.
This document examines deflection criteria for masonry beams and lintels. It discusses previous research that showed masonry walls and beams act compositely, with the masonry in compression and beam in tension. Deflection limits of l/600 are suggested to prevent serviceability issues during construction. Methods for determining deflection of reinforced masonry beams are examined, with recommending using an effective moment of inertia approach. A span limit of l/d=8 is proposed where deflections do not need to be checked.
1) Bond refers to the interaction between reinforcing steel and concrete that allows transfer of stress between the two materials. It ensures strain compatibility for composite action.
2) Bond is achieved through chemical adhesion, friction due to surface roughness, and mechanical interlock from ribs on deformed bars.
3) There are two types of bond - local or flexural bond stress which resists slip, and anchorage or development length bond which develops stress transfer near bar ends. Anchorage is typically provided using bends and hooks.
This research devotes to conduct an investigation into the effects of lateral
reinforcement on the flexural behaviour of Straight Reinforced Concrete Beam
(SRCB). The amount of both longitudinal and lateral reinforcement, beam aspect ratio
(h/d) and shear span of concentrated load to depth ratio (a/d), are considered. The
experimental work includes casting and testing of fifteen SRCB of normal strength with
simple ends. The beams divided into three groups according to h/b ratio which taken
equal to (1.5, 2, and 2.5). The experimental results show that for SRCB with h/b equal
to 2 and under concentrated load at mid-span the ultimate load carrying capacity
increased by (30.8%, and 22.23%) when increasing the shear reinforcement by (50%,
and 100%) respectively. Also, the ultimate strength was increased by about 10.38%
and 16.53% with increment in shear reinforcement of 50%, and 100% respectively for
beams with h/b equal to 1.5 and under two-point load at third point. Finally, the results
appear not only increments in the capacity of ultimate load and decrement in the cracks
width when decreasing the shear reinforcement spacing but also the ductility of the
beams has increased observable.
Experimental performance of flexural creep behavior of ferrocement slabeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into crack propagation and branching in lightly reinforced concrete beams. A total of six beams were cast in two series of varying depths (150mm and 200mm) but with the same width (100mm). Each series included one unreinforced beam and two beams reinforced with steel ratios between 0.25-0.6%. The testing of samples is currently underway. The goal is to observe the effect of beam depth and steel reinforcement ratio on ductility by investigating crack branching behavior. Once testing is complete, conclusions will be drawn about the relationship between size, reinforcement ratio and ductility in reinforced concrete beams.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into crack propagation and branching in lightly reinforced concrete beams. A total of six beams were cast in two series of varying depths (150mm and 200mm) but with the same width (100mm). Each series included one unreinforced beam and two beams reinforced with steel ratios between 0.25-0.6%. The aim was to observe the effect of beam depth and steel ratio on ductility by investigating crack branching. Testing of the samples was underway and the results would be used to understand flexural behavior and crack development in lightly reinforced concrete beams.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
This document reviews the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than 5. The response of deep beams differs from regular beams due to the influence of shear deformations and stresses. Failure modes include flexure, flexural-shear, and diagonal cracking. Previous studies investigated factors affecting shear strength such as concrete strength, reinforcement, and loading conditions. Equations have been proposed to predict shear strength based on test results.
The document summarizes an experiment comparing pre-stressed/post-tensioned reinforcement to traditional steel reinforcement in concrete slabs. Two slabs were fabricated - a post-tensioned slab with 3/4" threaded rod and a rebar reinforced slab with #4 rebar. Material properties were tested, including concrete compressive strength from cylinders. The post-tensioned slab resisted 3.135 kips before cracking compared to 1.200 kips for the rebar slab. Post-tensioning doubled the load at cracking and increased ultimate strength by 1.2x. While post-tensioning increased cracking load and strength, it reduced ductility compared to the rebar slab. The results show post-tensioning can
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
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2 literature review
1. Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCRETE BOND
Bond stress is the shear stress acting parallel to the bar on the interface
between the bar and the concrete. Bond stress may be considered as the rate of transfer of
force between concrete and steel. In other words, if there is bond stress there is change in
steel stress and vice-versa. Bond is due to combined effect of adhesion, friction and
bearing (for deformed bars).
Concrete, on its own, is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a
matter of fact, the compressive strength of concrete is about ten times greater than its
tensile strength. This negative trait is remedied by placing steel reinforcing bars into the
concrete to form reinforced concrete (RC). This approach allows a material with much
higher tensile strength, such as steel, to take on the tensile load that the concrete cannot
support. In order for this relationship to work, however, the concrete and the reinforcing
steel must have a sufficient bond between them so the tensile load can be transferred
effectively to the steel. There are three different aspects that contribute to bond strength:
chemical adhesion, friction, and mechanical interlock. The chemical adhesion is a bond
between the concrete and the steel, the friction is caused by the bar deformations, or ribs,
slipping along the concrete, and the mechanical interlock is a bearing force caused by the
ribs bearing against the concrete (Swenty, 2003).
In order to insure an adequate bond, ACI 318 (2008) regulates how long a bar
must be imbedded into the concrete based on factors such as concrete type, concrete
strength, bar diameter, and bar type. This regulated factor is called the development
length of the bar, and prevents a bond failure from being the controlling failure mode of a
structure.
Bond failure usually occurs in two different ways. In structures, the most
common is known as a splitting failure. A splitting failure occurs when a small clear
cover or small spacing between reinforcing bars exists. The small amount of concrete
around the bars can crack or split, exposing the reinforcement and ultimately leading to
6
2. bond failure. Also contributing to a splitting failure are the mechanical properties of the
surrounding concrete such as concrete tensile strength, bar geometry, and the presence of
transverse reinforcement such as stirrups (ACI Committee 408, 2003). This result tends
to be the more catastrophic of the bond failure modes (Swenty, 2003). Another common
bond failure type is pull-out. This mode occurs when the reinforcing bar slips, and as a
result, the concrete between the bar deformations is crushed, leading to a simple pulling
out of the bar. Usually pull-out controls when there is a larger concrete clear cover and
spacing between the reinforcing bars making splitting less likely. A less common bond
failure is known as a conical failure. This occurs when the concrete cracks propagate
outward from the ribs on a reinforcing bar, and the bar ultimately pulls out along with a
“cone” of concrete upon failure.
Bond slip behavior of reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete members has
a pronounced influence on the design of anchorage of reinforcing bars and their splice
lengths and on the structural ductility. Parameters that affect the concrete-steel bond
properties include concrete density, concrete cover, aggregate type, confinement
conditions (e.g. transverse reinforcement), type, diameter, location and orientation of the
reinforcing bar, and mix additives such as silica fume or fibers (Dancygier, 2010). The
main source of bond of deformed bars is the mechanical interlocking between the
concrete and the lugs of the rebar. Plain bars are more sensitive to the voids beneath
horizontal reinforcement because of the decrease of the contact area between concrete
and steel and hence the adhesion. The bond behavior is significantly affected by the
concrete type in specimens with deformed bars (Soylev, 2011).
The study of Harajli (2004) concentrated on the analytical evaluation of the
average bond strength at failure, or development strength of reinforcing bars embedded in
plain HSC in comparison with NSC. The analysis adopted a numerical solution scheme
of the bond problem and incorporated an experimentally derived local bond stress-slip
response, applicable for both NSC and HSC. The bond strength results predicted by the
analysis were in very good agreement with a collection of experimental data for both
NSC and HSC. The analytical results demonstrated that the average bond stress
distribution along the bar development length at bond failure is generally non-uniform,
7
3. and that the degree of non-uniformity in the corresponding bond stress distribution is
more pronounced for HSC as compared to NSC and increases with an increase in the
development length. Increasing the development length leads to a concentration of the
bond force in only a portion of the bar at the loaded end.
2.2 BOND TESTING
Testing for bond strength is carried out in a variety of ways. The most
common and traditional method is the standard pull-out test. One issue with the pull-out
test is that a compressive stress is induced on the bond that normally does not exist in an
actual structure. To remedy this, ACI 408R-03 outlines several other methods such as the
beam anchorage, beam end, and splice tests that place the bond in situations that are more
similar to those present in the field (ACI Committee 408, 2003). Note that the following
ACI bond tests do not have specimen dimensions. This is because ACI does not specify
specific dimensions.
The pull-out test is popular due to its ease of construction and testing. ASTM
C234 was developed to standardize the testing method, but was later disbanded due to the
high level of inconsistency that the test yields. RILEM, however, has provided a set of
recommendations for the test in order to provide some form of uniformity and minimize
some of the inconsistencies. The RILEM test recommends casting a single reinforcing
bar into a concrete cube with only half of the bar inside the specimen actually bonded to
the concrete, as shown in Figure 2.1 (RILEM 7-II-28, 1994). This approach is to prevent
a conical bond failure at the bottom and is achieved using a bond breaker of some type.
The bar is fed through a metal plate and a pulling force is applied to the bar while the
metal plate pushes up on the concrete block until a bond failure occurs. Usually a device
is installed on the unloaded end of the reinforcing bar in order to measure slip. While this
test has been modified by RILEM, it is still not accepted as an accurate way of
determining development lengths for reinforcement (ACI Committee 408, 2003).
Therefore, this test is commonly used as a means of comparison between a control
specimen of known development requirements and an experimental specimen. Data for
this test is often compiled into force vs. slip and stress vs. slip plots.
8
4. Figure 2.1: Typical pullout specimen (db=bar diameter)
The IS: 2770 (PART IV) 1967 covers the method for the comparison of bond resistance
of different types of reinforcing bars with concrete by means of a pullout test. It states the
whole test procedure with method to calculate the bond stress.
The moulds for bond test specimens shall be of size suitable for casting
concrete cubes of dimensions specified. According to that, 150mm size of cubes is used
for 16mm diameter bars. Apparatus shall be provided for measuring the movement of the
reinforcing bar with respect to the concrete at both loaded end and free ends of the bar.
Dial micrometers shall be used at both locations. At the free end of the bar a dial
micrometer graduated to read 0.0025mm and having a range of not less than 2.5mm shall
be used.
9
5. Figure 2.2 Pullout test specimen with LVDTs
The cube shall be reinforced with a helix of 6mm diameter plain mild steel
reinforcing bar such that the outer diameter of the helix is equal to the size of cube. To
study the effect on bond stress in the situation of without transverse reinforcement, this
helix reinforcement is not used. Instead of that, various doses of steel fiber are used and
its effects are studied. The slip at the loaded end of the bar shall be calculated as average
of the readings of the two dial gauges, corrected for the elongation of the reinforcing bar
in the distance between the bearing surface of the concrete block and point on the
reinforcing bar at which the measuring device was attached.
2.3 EFFECTS OF STEEL FIBERS ON BOND
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) may be defined as a composite material made
with Portland cement, aggregate and incorporating discrete discontinuous fibers. Plain,
unreinforced concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength and a low strain
capacity. The role of randomly distributes discontinuous fibers is to bridge across the
cracks that develop provides some post-cracking ductility. If the fibers are sufficiently
strong, sufficiently bonded to material, and permit the FRC to carry significant stresses
over a relatively large strain capacity in the post-cracking stage. The real contribution of
10
6. the fibers is to increase the toughness of the concrete, under any type of loading. The
fibers tend to increase the strain at peak load, and provide a great deal of energy
absorption in post-peak portion of the load vs. deflection curve. When the fiber
reinforcement is in the form of short discrete fibers, they act effectively as rigid
inclusions in the concrete matrix. The fiber reinforcement may be used in the form of
three – dimensionally randomly distributed fibers throughout the structural member when
the added advantages of the fiber to shear resistance and crack control can be further
utilized. The fiber concrete may also be used as a tensile skin to cover the steel
reinforcement when a more efficient two – dimensional orientation of the fibers could be
obtained (Nguyen)
The effect of fibers on the variation of bond between steel reinforcement and
concrete with casting position has not been sufficiently studied. Bond strength decreases
as concrete depth beneath horizontal reinforcement increases. This phenomenon is known
as top-bar effect and bleeding is considered to be the most important factor behind this
phenomenon. As the heavier materials settle in fresh concrete, bleed water moves
upwards and it is trapped under large aggregates and horizontal reinforcement. The void
formation due to concrete settlement and water accumulation under the reinforcement
causes reduction in bond strength.
The main source of bond of deformed bars is the mechanical interlocking
between the concrete and the lugs of the rebar. Plain bars are more sensitive to the voids
beneath horizontal reinforcement because of the decrease of the contact area between
concrete and steel and hence the adhesion. The bond behavior is significantly affected by
the concrete type in specimens with deformed bars. The results of compressive strength
and splitting tensile strength tests indicate increase in compressive strength but no
increase in splitting tensile strength by steel fiber addition with respect to the control
specimen. Steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens remained integral after the pullout
failure. The strength term does not change for steel fiber reinforced concrete as the tensile
strength did not change by steel fiber addition. Steel fiber has a confinement effect and
the development length can be reduced by confinement factor. However, as the
contribution of steel fibers to bond strength depends on crack length and width. The
11
7. confinement with fiber decreases as the concrete depth increases due to segregation of
steel fibers. Therefore, there is need for an additional top-bar factor to define the decrease
of confinement for top-cast bars. The steel fiber reinforced concrete had higher bond
strengths. However, the decrease in bond strength from bottom cast to top cast bar was
higher, mainly due to segregation of steel fibers. The superiority in the bond strength was
attributed to the improvement in the fracture behavior by the presence of steel fibers
(Soylev 2011).
Concrete is most widely used construction material in the world. However, it
has some deficiencies such as low tensile strength, low post cracking capacity, brittleness
and low ductility, limited fatigue life, not capable of accommodating large deformations,
low impact strength. The weakness can be removed by inclusion of fibers in the mix. The
fibers can be imagined as an aggregate with an extreme deviation in shape from the
rounded smooth aggregate. The fibers interlock and entangle around aggregate particles
and considerably reduce the workability, while the mix becomes more cohesive and less
prone to segregation. Fibers help to improve the compressive strength, flexural strength,
tensile strength, post peak ductility performance, pre-crack tensile strength, fatigue
strength, impact strength and eliminate temperature and shrinkage cracks. Fibers act as
crack arrester restricting the development of cracks and thus transforming an inherently
brittle matrix into a strong composite with superior crack resistance (Shende, 2011).
It is known that the addition of steel fibers leads to a reduction of crack
width of bending elements in reinforced concrete. It is however, not established whether
this effect is only due to prove transfer of tensile force by the fibers across cracks or also
because of an improvement of bond of the embedded deformed bar reinforcement by
fibers. As the cover decreases, the bond strength decreases. The corner position of the bar
leads to a lower bond strength than the edge position. The results also show that the bond
splitting strength depends primarily on the relative cover irrespective of fiber addition
within the investigated range of fiber contents. However the post-peak ductility after
reaching the bond splitting strength is markedly enhanced by fiber addition. The observed
reduction of crack width and deformation of reinforced concrete bending members with
steel fiber addition is caused by the transfer of tensile force across primary cracks by the
12
8. fibers, acting as randomly oriented reinforcing bars. The post-peak ductility of specimens
failing by splitting is greatly improved by fiber addition (Rostasy, 1988).
13