Friction stir welding was a promising welding technology from the same moment of its existence because of its easy use, being ecologically friendly processed and with no need for filler metal. The present paper discusses the investigate the mechanical properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for joining Al 6061 aluminum alloy welding was performed on pipe. The pipe sections, 30mm, and relatively thin walled 2, 3 and 4 mm. Wire welded as similar alloy joints using (FSW) process In order to investigate the effect of rotation speed 485,710, 910, 1120,1400 and 1800 RPM and travel speeds 4, 8 and 10 mm/min. On mechanical propertie.
This work also focuses on mathematic models such as regression analysis (RA) to predict the tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy. The Tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of weld joints were predicted by taking the parameters Tool rotation speed, material thickness and travel speed as a function. The results obtained through regresion analysis The models have been proved to be successful in terms of agreement with experimental results ratio 94.6%.
Experimental Investigation of Tensile Strength and Deflection Characteristics...IOSR Journals
This document presents an experimental investigation of the tensile strength and deflection characteristics of friction stir welded aluminum AA 6351 alloy joints. Tensile and deflection tests were carried out on friction stir welded specimens made with different tool rotational speeds. The results showed that tensile strength and breaking load increased with increasing rotational speed up to 950 rpm, but decreased at higher speeds. Deflections of friction stir welded specimens under different loads were similar to those of the base material specimens, indicating that friction stir welding does not negatively impact the deflection properties of the aluminum alloy. Overall, the joints welded at 950 rpm exhibited the highest tensile strength and breaking load compared to other welding conditions tested.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM PLATES (5083) WELDED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING IAEME Publication
Using arc welding, gas welding and other welding process, it is very difficult to weld the aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding, on the other hand, can be used to join most Al alloys and
better surface finishing is achieved. Although the work piece does heat up during friction stir weld, the temperature does not reach the melting point.
Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys - A Reviewmsejjournal
The selection of proper material for each application is a critical part in every manufacturing industry.
In the field of aerospace and automobile the major requirement is light weight yet strong material which
can possess every aspect of design parameters. Magnesium alloy one of the major raw material used in
these industries due to its light weight, good thermal conductivity etc. Also Friction stir welding is the
joining process that is being used in these industries as it is a solid state joining process. This paper
gives a detailed review about Friction Stir welding of Mg alloys. The review period is considered from
2009 to 2015.A detailed review about Friction stir welding of Mg alloys has not been done before in this
manner. This review work may be a ready reference for subsequent researchers.
Finite element modeling and bending stress analysis of non standard spur geareSAT Journals
Abstract Gears are toothed wheels, transmitting power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive engagement of teeth. Having a higher degree of reliability, compactness, high velocity ratio and finally able to transmit motion at a very low velocity, gears are gaining importance as the most efficient means for transmitting power. A gearing system is susceptible to problems such as interference, backlash and undercut. The contact portions of tooth profiles that are not conjugate is called interference. Furthermore due to interference and in the absence of undercut, the involute tip or face of the driven gear tends to dig out the non-involute flank of the driver. The response of a spur gear and its wear is an engineering problem that has not been completely overcome yet. With the perspective of overcoming such defects and for increase the efficiency of gearing system, the use of a non-standard spur gear i.e., an asymmetric spur gear having different pressure angles for drive and coast side of the tooth comes into picture. This paper emphasis on the generation of an asymmetric spur gear tooth using modeling software and bending stress at the root of Asymmetric spur gear tooth is estimated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software and results were compared with the standard spur gear tooth. Keywords: Asymmetric spur gear, Bending stress, Finite element method, Pressure angle
Ahmed ibrahim razooqi -- study the microstructure and mechanical properties ...ahmed Ibrahim
Ahmed Ibrahim Razooqi ---
Study the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir spot welding of carbon steel 1006 to aluminum alloy aa2024-t3.
Friction stir spot welding-FSSW has been suggested as effectual process to welding difficult materials such as dissimilar materials and
thin sheet of metal alloys. In this study, using dissimilar materials were welded carbon steel-1006 on upper plate and aluminum alloy
AA2024-T3 on lower plate. Macrostructure, micro-structural analysis and mechanical properties of the joints are done. The effect of
penetration depth, dwell time and spindle speed on tensile shear load are investigated with invariable of other parameter during welding
process. The maximum tensile shear load (3.31KN) was occurred when using 0.4mm of penetration depth, 10 sec of dwell time and 1400
rpm of spindle speed. Also, two type of failure shape was observed interfacial fracture of carbon steel sheet and pull -out fracture of
AA2024-T3 sheet.
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
Improvement of tensile strength of butt welded joints prepared by vibratory w...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on improving the tensile strength of butt welded joints prepared using vibratory welding. Researchers designed a vibratory setup to induce mechanical vibrations into the weld pool during manual metal arc welding. Testing was conducted on mild steel butt joints welded with and without vibration at different voltages. Results showed that tensile strength increased with higher vibration amplitude and acceleration. Metallographic analysis found that vibration caused dendrites to break up into smaller dendrites, refining the microstructure and improving properties compared to joints welded without vibration. In conclusion, tensile strength was highest in joints prepared with vibratory welding compared to conventional welding without vibration.
Experimental Investigation of Tensile Strength and Deflection Characteristics...IOSR Journals
This document presents an experimental investigation of the tensile strength and deflection characteristics of friction stir welded aluminum AA 6351 alloy joints. Tensile and deflection tests were carried out on friction stir welded specimens made with different tool rotational speeds. The results showed that tensile strength and breaking load increased with increasing rotational speed up to 950 rpm, but decreased at higher speeds. Deflections of friction stir welded specimens under different loads were similar to those of the base material specimens, indicating that friction stir welding does not negatively impact the deflection properties of the aluminum alloy. Overall, the joints welded at 950 rpm exhibited the highest tensile strength and breaking load compared to other welding conditions tested.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM PLATES (5083) WELDED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING IAEME Publication
Using arc welding, gas welding and other welding process, it is very difficult to weld the aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding, on the other hand, can be used to join most Al alloys and
better surface finishing is achieved. Although the work piece does heat up during friction stir weld, the temperature does not reach the melting point.
Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys - A Reviewmsejjournal
The selection of proper material for each application is a critical part in every manufacturing industry.
In the field of aerospace and automobile the major requirement is light weight yet strong material which
can possess every aspect of design parameters. Magnesium alloy one of the major raw material used in
these industries due to its light weight, good thermal conductivity etc. Also Friction stir welding is the
joining process that is being used in these industries as it is a solid state joining process. This paper
gives a detailed review about Friction Stir welding of Mg alloys. The review period is considered from
2009 to 2015.A detailed review about Friction stir welding of Mg alloys has not been done before in this
manner. This review work may be a ready reference for subsequent researchers.
Finite element modeling and bending stress analysis of non standard spur geareSAT Journals
Abstract Gears are toothed wheels, transmitting power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive engagement of teeth. Having a higher degree of reliability, compactness, high velocity ratio and finally able to transmit motion at a very low velocity, gears are gaining importance as the most efficient means for transmitting power. A gearing system is susceptible to problems such as interference, backlash and undercut. The contact portions of tooth profiles that are not conjugate is called interference. Furthermore due to interference and in the absence of undercut, the involute tip or face of the driven gear tends to dig out the non-involute flank of the driver. The response of a spur gear and its wear is an engineering problem that has not been completely overcome yet. With the perspective of overcoming such defects and for increase the efficiency of gearing system, the use of a non-standard spur gear i.e., an asymmetric spur gear having different pressure angles for drive and coast side of the tooth comes into picture. This paper emphasis on the generation of an asymmetric spur gear tooth using modeling software and bending stress at the root of Asymmetric spur gear tooth is estimated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software and results were compared with the standard spur gear tooth. Keywords: Asymmetric spur gear, Bending stress, Finite element method, Pressure angle
Ahmed ibrahim razooqi -- study the microstructure and mechanical properties ...ahmed Ibrahim
Ahmed Ibrahim Razooqi ---
Study the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir spot welding of carbon steel 1006 to aluminum alloy aa2024-t3.
Friction stir spot welding-FSSW has been suggested as effectual process to welding difficult materials such as dissimilar materials and
thin sheet of metal alloys. In this study, using dissimilar materials were welded carbon steel-1006 on upper plate and aluminum alloy
AA2024-T3 on lower plate. Macrostructure, micro-structural analysis and mechanical properties of the joints are done. The effect of
penetration depth, dwell time and spindle speed on tensile shear load are investigated with invariable of other parameter during welding
process. The maximum tensile shear load (3.31KN) was occurred when using 0.4mm of penetration depth, 10 sec of dwell time and 1400
rpm of spindle speed. Also, two type of failure shape was observed interfacial fracture of carbon steel sheet and pull -out fracture of
AA2024-T3 sheet.
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
Improvement of tensile strength of butt welded joints prepared by vibratory w...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on improving the tensile strength of butt welded joints prepared using vibratory welding. Researchers designed a vibratory setup to induce mechanical vibrations into the weld pool during manual metal arc welding. Testing was conducted on mild steel butt joints welded with and without vibration at different voltages. Results showed that tensile strength increased with higher vibration amplitude and acceleration. Metallographic analysis found that vibration caused dendrites to break up into smaller dendrites, refining the microstructure and improving properties compared to joints welded without vibration. In conclusion, tensile strength was highest in joints prepared with vibratory welding compared to conventional welding without vibration.
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
1) The document investigates the effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal of mild steel.
2) Testing was conducted on mild steel specimens welded with varying current from 80-100 amps using MMAW. Hardness was measured in the parent metal, HAZ and weld metal.
3) Results showed that as welding current increased, welding time decreased and welding speed increased due to a higher electrode melting rate. Hardness of the HAZ and weld metal decreased with increasing current due to higher heat input.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of weld strength in friction stir welding of different grades of aluminum alloy using different tool geometries. Specifically, it analyzes welding 6061, 7005, and 8011 aluminum alloys with a cylindrical tool and tapered threaded tool. Tensile testing found that the tapered threaded tool produced stronger welds across all aluminum grades compared to the cylindrical tool, with strengths increasing up to 30%. This is because the threaded tool generates more friction and distributes the metal more evenly in the weld zone. Visual analysis also found the threaded tool produced better surface finish quality than the cylindrical tool.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
INVESTIGATION ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF SIMILAR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS (AA6061) ...RenukaReddyVudumula
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is the latest innovative and most complex process that is widely applied to the welding of lightweight alloys, such as aluminum alloys. this process provides the frictional heating and plastic deformation realized at the interaction between a non-consumable welding tool that rotates on the contact surfaces of the work-pieces. The welding tool is positioned vertically on the material and then moved at welding speed along the joint line.
The plasticized material is transferred behind the tool, forming a welded joint.
In this research, a new approach for friction-stir welding of similar alloys of aluminum alloy 6061 and using cerium particles. The weld mechanical properties of the welds were investigated in this research. The effects of friction-stir welding process parameters such as tool rotational and traverse speeds were also examined. Mechanical properties of the welded parts will be examined by using tensile test, Impact test, and Hardness test.
FSW PROCESS DISSIMILAR (Al) AT 3G POSITIONMin Dzulkiflee
This document summarizes a research project on friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar aluminum alloys. The objectives were to design an FSW weld for joining different aluminum series in a 3G position, evaluate the best welding parameters such as rotational and transverse speed, and analyze tensile strength properties. FSW was performed using different transverse speeds and a fixed rotational speed. Tensile testing showed the highest strength was achieved with a transverse speed of 86mm/min, meeting the project's objectives.
Modeling and Simulation of Base Plate of Friction Stir Welding-Advanced Weldi...ijsrd.com
Friction stir processing is an emerging technique based on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW). It is a solid-state joining method that is energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and versatile. It is considered by many to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. The basic concept of friction stir processing is remarkably simple. A rotating tool with pin and shoulder is inserted in the material to be joined, and traversed along the line of interest. The heating is localized, and is generated by friction between the tool and the work piece, with additional adiabatic heating from metal deformation. A processed zone is produced by movement of material from the front of the pin to the back of the pin.
INVESTIGATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDING AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL BE...Journal For Research
AISI310 is widely used in the manufacture of heat exchangers, radiant tubes, muffles, furnace parts, food processing equipments. Welding is widely used fabrication method in such type of industrial applications; but unfortunately welding induces few problems such as residual stresses and induced distortions. Residual stresses have significant effect on performance of the weld joint subjected to loading. The AISI310 is welded using matched filler material. Thus the weld joint consist of two different materials having different behavior under tensile loading. In this study residual stresses are estimated by using Labeas and Diamantakos formula and values are assigned as an initial stress in FEM of weld joint. The weldment specimen model is subjected to tensile loading and effect of residual stress on local yielding is investigated. The ANSYS is used for this purpose. The response of weld joint to monotonically increasing tensile load is determined experimentally by conducting the transverse and longitudinal tension tests on UTM. The stress-strain behavior of the weld joint is studied vis a vis virgin 310 stainless steel alloy.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
Optimization of friction stir welding process parameter using taguchi method ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is relatively new solid state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile. Welding is a multiinput-output process in which quality of welded joint is depends upon a input parameter. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. There are so many methods of optimization in which Taguchi method and Response surface methodology are selected for optimization of process parameter. In this review the effect of process parameter on welded joint studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and Response surface methodology. The study of Friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and High density polyethylene sheets shows the improvement in welded joint quality by optimization of process parameter. The main process parameters which affect the strength of welded joint is tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile. Keywords: Friction stir welding (FSW), Optimization, Taguchi Method Response surface Methodology Prediction models
Characterization and processing of friction stir welding on copper weldseSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on friction stir welding of copper. It discusses how copper, aluminum, and stainless steel plates were welded using friction stir welding with varying tool profiles, rotational speeds, and welding speeds. Microstructure analysis found intermixing of the metals in the welded regions. Copper to copper and aluminum to aluminum welds were of the highest quality, while stainless steel could not be welded to copper or aluminum due to differences in hardness. The best welding results occurred with a tapered tool, rotational speed of 1120 RPM, and welding speed of 20 mm/min.
Explosion welding is a solid-state process that bonds dissimilar metals through high-velocity impact using a controlled detonation. It involves removing oxides from the metal surfaces, distributing an explosive over one metal surface (the prime component), and detonating the explosive to propel the prime component into intimate contact with the other metal surface (the base component). Finite element modeling was used to simulate the explosion welding process and study factors like flyer plate velocity, contact pressure, shear stress, and normal stress and how they influence bond formation. The simulations matched experimental test results and provided insight into the relationships between operating conditions and the physical parameters that determine welding success.
Optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joining aluminum alloy 6...eSAT Journals
Abstract This investigation represents the effects of parameters of friction stir welding on tensile strength and hardness during welding of Aluminium Alloy 6105. A fabricated FSWM set up was used for welding. A high carbon steel tool having 18 mm shoulder diameter and 5.5 mm pin diameter has been used. It was noted that for the friction stir welding of aluminium alloy 6105, maximum tensile strength is 0.0912 KN/mm2, which is obtain at 1250 rpm tool rotation speed, 25 mm/min welding speed and 00 tilt angle. It was also noted that the maximum vicker hardness is 65.7 which is obtain at 1550 rpm rotational speed, 35 mm/min welding speed and 0.50 tilt angle. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Aluminium alloy 6105, tensile strength, hardness, Taguchi L9 orthogonal array
Effect of welding parameters and tool shape on properties of friction stir we...IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely used solid state joining process for soft materials such as aluminium alloys because it avoids many of the common problems of fusion welding. It has many benefits when applied to welding of aluminum alloys. FSW process parameters such as welding speed, rotational speed and tool geometry play vital roles in the weld quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different welding speeds, rotational speeds and tool pin profile on the weld quality of a AA6061 aluminum alloy. A friction stir welding tool consists of rotating shoulder and pin that heats the working piece by friction and moves a softened alloy around it to form a joint. In this research work the effect of the tool shape and welding parameters (rotating speed and welding speed) on the mechanical properties of an aluminium plates will be investigated experimentally. The induced heat during the welding process played the main role in the mechanical and appearance of the joints, which is related to the welding parameters.
Friction stir welding enhancing or improving strategies Jayesh Gupta
The document discusses strategies to enhance friction stir welding of aluminum alloys. It describes how tool rotation direction, welding medium, and reinforcement with nanomaterials can improve joint quality and properties. Specifically, it notes that counterclockwise tool rotation and submerged welding in water reduce weld defects compared to clockwise rotation and air welding. It also explains how reinforcing with silicon carbide nanoparticles increases strength, hardness, and wear resistance by restricting grain growth and reducing size through the pinning effect.
This document analyzes the influence of process parameters like tool speed, feed rate, and shoulder diameter on the mechanical properties of joints fabricated using friction stir welding of aluminum 6061 alloy. Experiments were conducted with tool rotational speeds of 1950, 3080, and 4600 rpm and different feed rates and shoulder diameters. The tensile strength was highest at a tool speed of 3080 rpm, feed rate of 20 mm/min, and shoulder diameter of 20 mm. The tensile strength was most influenced by the tool speed. Overall, the optimal parameters for maximum tensile strength identified were a tool speed of 3080 rpm, feed rate of 20 mm/min, and shoulder diameter of 20 mm.
This document presents a pre-project presentation on measuring residual stress distribution and fatigue life assessment of butt-welded joints. The project aims to experimentally investigate residual stresses in butt welds before and after shot peening, and estimate fatigue life. Literature on welding residual stresses and shot peening was reviewed. Experimental methods will include X-ray diffraction to measure residual stresses and fatigue testing. Work completed includes material selection, welding, and initial residual stress measurements. Remaining work is fatigue testing, hardness testing, and analyzing the effect of shot peening on fatigue life. The project will be conducted over 16 weeks at BNMIT and other collaborating institutions.
Friction Stir Welding along the circumference of Al pipesSubed Satyal
The document summarizes a presentation on friction stir welding of pipes. It discusses the challenges of experimental procedures for friction stir welding pipes including producing good quality welds and eliminating keyhole defects. It describes the methodology used including using a vertical milling machine with a tapered tool profile. It outlines the welding parameters tested and experimental results including visual inspections showing smooth and rough welds. Microhardness tests showed highest values in the stir zone. Microstructures revealed grain changes in the stir, thermomechanically affected, and heat affected zones. Eliminating the exit hole defect is discussed using a sacrificial element. The conclusion is that taper tool profile produced good quality welds and exit holes can be addressed.
1) The document discusses a final project presentation on measuring residual stress distribution and estimating fatigue life of butt welded joints before and after surface treatment.
2) The objectives of the project are to measure residual stresses before and after shot peening, estimate fatigue life before and after treatment, and analyze the effect of residual stress modification on fatigue life.
3) Experimental methods include using X-ray diffraction to measure residual stresses and a rotating fatigue testing machine to estimate fatigue life of butt welded specimens of SS304L and mild steel, with and without shot peening surface treatment.
How many times did you have to get two different API’s to communicate with each other and were left wondering what was the best way to get them talking? XML? JSON? HTTP?
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You have used service oriented architecture but your projects turned out “speaking different languages” and you’re now faced with the arduous task of being the translator.
Life’s too short and #yolo! Although you may have opted for the most appropriate technology, the correct design pattern and the optimal algorithms, if you don’t get your applications talking correctly they will be as good as a plate of spaghetti.
In this presentation I’ll show you the secret many companies have been using for years to be able scale and respond to requests faster.
I will tell you about some of the things you should look for when choosing your messaging system, and what are the things to look for when you start developing your messaging system.
El documento discute el significado de ser un estudiante universitario hoy en día. Explica que la vida universitaria implica no solo el estudio, sino también la expansión de horizontes culturales y el desarrollo de nuevas habilidades. Identifica aspectos positivos como la motivación y el desarrollo académico, así como negativos como la depresión y falta de apoyo. Además, señala que las universidades ofrecen actividades extracurriculares para cultivar el intelecto, el espíritu y la creatividad. Finalmente, con
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
1) The document investigates the effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal of mild steel.
2) Testing was conducted on mild steel specimens welded with varying current from 80-100 amps using MMAW. Hardness was measured in the parent metal, HAZ and weld metal.
3) Results showed that as welding current increased, welding time decreased and welding speed increased due to a higher electrode melting rate. Hardness of the HAZ and weld metal decreased with increasing current due to higher heat input.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of weld strength in friction stir welding of different grades of aluminum alloy using different tool geometries. Specifically, it analyzes welding 6061, 7005, and 8011 aluminum alloys with a cylindrical tool and tapered threaded tool. Tensile testing found that the tapered threaded tool produced stronger welds across all aluminum grades compared to the cylindrical tool, with strengths increasing up to 30%. This is because the threaded tool generates more friction and distributes the metal more evenly in the weld zone. Visual analysis also found the threaded tool produced better surface finish quality than the cylindrical tool.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
INVESTIGATION ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF SIMILAR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS (AA6061) ...RenukaReddyVudumula
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is the latest innovative and most complex process that is widely applied to the welding of lightweight alloys, such as aluminum alloys. this process provides the frictional heating and plastic deformation realized at the interaction between a non-consumable welding tool that rotates on the contact surfaces of the work-pieces. The welding tool is positioned vertically on the material and then moved at welding speed along the joint line.
The plasticized material is transferred behind the tool, forming a welded joint.
In this research, a new approach for friction-stir welding of similar alloys of aluminum alloy 6061 and using cerium particles. The weld mechanical properties of the welds were investigated in this research. The effects of friction-stir welding process parameters such as tool rotational and traverse speeds were also examined. Mechanical properties of the welded parts will be examined by using tensile test, Impact test, and Hardness test.
FSW PROCESS DISSIMILAR (Al) AT 3G POSITIONMin Dzulkiflee
This document summarizes a research project on friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar aluminum alloys. The objectives were to design an FSW weld for joining different aluminum series in a 3G position, evaluate the best welding parameters such as rotational and transverse speed, and analyze tensile strength properties. FSW was performed using different transverse speeds and a fixed rotational speed. Tensile testing showed the highest strength was achieved with a transverse speed of 86mm/min, meeting the project's objectives.
Modeling and Simulation of Base Plate of Friction Stir Welding-Advanced Weldi...ijsrd.com
Friction stir processing is an emerging technique based on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW). It is a solid-state joining method that is energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and versatile. It is considered by many to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. The basic concept of friction stir processing is remarkably simple. A rotating tool with pin and shoulder is inserted in the material to be joined, and traversed along the line of interest. The heating is localized, and is generated by friction between the tool and the work piece, with additional adiabatic heating from metal deformation. A processed zone is produced by movement of material from the front of the pin to the back of the pin.
INVESTIGATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDING AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL BE...Journal For Research
AISI310 is widely used in the manufacture of heat exchangers, radiant tubes, muffles, furnace parts, food processing equipments. Welding is widely used fabrication method in such type of industrial applications; but unfortunately welding induces few problems such as residual stresses and induced distortions. Residual stresses have significant effect on performance of the weld joint subjected to loading. The AISI310 is welded using matched filler material. Thus the weld joint consist of two different materials having different behavior under tensile loading. In this study residual stresses are estimated by using Labeas and Diamantakos formula and values are assigned as an initial stress in FEM of weld joint. The weldment specimen model is subjected to tensile loading and effect of residual stress on local yielding is investigated. The ANSYS is used for this purpose. The response of weld joint to monotonically increasing tensile load is determined experimentally by conducting the transverse and longitudinal tension tests on UTM. The stress-strain behavior of the weld joint is studied vis a vis virgin 310 stainless steel alloy.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
Optimization of friction stir welding process parameter using taguchi method ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is relatively new solid state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile. Welding is a multiinput-output process in which quality of welded joint is depends upon a input parameter. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. There are so many methods of optimization in which Taguchi method and Response surface methodology are selected for optimization of process parameter. In this review the effect of process parameter on welded joint studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and Response surface methodology. The study of Friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and High density polyethylene sheets shows the improvement in welded joint quality by optimization of process parameter. The main process parameters which affect the strength of welded joint is tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile. Keywords: Friction stir welding (FSW), Optimization, Taguchi Method Response surface Methodology Prediction models
Characterization and processing of friction stir welding on copper weldseSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on friction stir welding of copper. It discusses how copper, aluminum, and stainless steel plates were welded using friction stir welding with varying tool profiles, rotational speeds, and welding speeds. Microstructure analysis found intermixing of the metals in the welded regions. Copper to copper and aluminum to aluminum welds were of the highest quality, while stainless steel could not be welded to copper or aluminum due to differences in hardness. The best welding results occurred with a tapered tool, rotational speed of 1120 RPM, and welding speed of 20 mm/min.
Explosion welding is a solid-state process that bonds dissimilar metals through high-velocity impact using a controlled detonation. It involves removing oxides from the metal surfaces, distributing an explosive over one metal surface (the prime component), and detonating the explosive to propel the prime component into intimate contact with the other metal surface (the base component). Finite element modeling was used to simulate the explosion welding process and study factors like flyer plate velocity, contact pressure, shear stress, and normal stress and how they influence bond formation. The simulations matched experimental test results and provided insight into the relationships between operating conditions and the physical parameters that determine welding success.
Optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joining aluminum alloy 6...eSAT Journals
Abstract This investigation represents the effects of parameters of friction stir welding on tensile strength and hardness during welding of Aluminium Alloy 6105. A fabricated FSWM set up was used for welding. A high carbon steel tool having 18 mm shoulder diameter and 5.5 mm pin diameter has been used. It was noted that for the friction stir welding of aluminium alloy 6105, maximum tensile strength is 0.0912 KN/mm2, which is obtain at 1250 rpm tool rotation speed, 25 mm/min welding speed and 00 tilt angle. It was also noted that the maximum vicker hardness is 65.7 which is obtain at 1550 rpm rotational speed, 35 mm/min welding speed and 0.50 tilt angle. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Aluminium alloy 6105, tensile strength, hardness, Taguchi L9 orthogonal array
Effect of welding parameters and tool shape on properties of friction stir we...IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely used solid state joining process for soft materials such as aluminium alloys because it avoids many of the common problems of fusion welding. It has many benefits when applied to welding of aluminum alloys. FSW process parameters such as welding speed, rotational speed and tool geometry play vital roles in the weld quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different welding speeds, rotational speeds and tool pin profile on the weld quality of a AA6061 aluminum alloy. A friction stir welding tool consists of rotating shoulder and pin that heats the working piece by friction and moves a softened alloy around it to form a joint. In this research work the effect of the tool shape and welding parameters (rotating speed and welding speed) on the mechanical properties of an aluminium plates will be investigated experimentally. The induced heat during the welding process played the main role in the mechanical and appearance of the joints, which is related to the welding parameters.
Friction stir welding enhancing or improving strategies Jayesh Gupta
The document discusses strategies to enhance friction stir welding of aluminum alloys. It describes how tool rotation direction, welding medium, and reinforcement with nanomaterials can improve joint quality and properties. Specifically, it notes that counterclockwise tool rotation and submerged welding in water reduce weld defects compared to clockwise rotation and air welding. It also explains how reinforcing with silicon carbide nanoparticles increases strength, hardness, and wear resistance by restricting grain growth and reducing size through the pinning effect.
This document analyzes the influence of process parameters like tool speed, feed rate, and shoulder diameter on the mechanical properties of joints fabricated using friction stir welding of aluminum 6061 alloy. Experiments were conducted with tool rotational speeds of 1950, 3080, and 4600 rpm and different feed rates and shoulder diameters. The tensile strength was highest at a tool speed of 3080 rpm, feed rate of 20 mm/min, and shoulder diameter of 20 mm. The tensile strength was most influenced by the tool speed. Overall, the optimal parameters for maximum tensile strength identified were a tool speed of 3080 rpm, feed rate of 20 mm/min, and shoulder diameter of 20 mm.
This document presents a pre-project presentation on measuring residual stress distribution and fatigue life assessment of butt-welded joints. The project aims to experimentally investigate residual stresses in butt welds before and after shot peening, and estimate fatigue life. Literature on welding residual stresses and shot peening was reviewed. Experimental methods will include X-ray diffraction to measure residual stresses and fatigue testing. Work completed includes material selection, welding, and initial residual stress measurements. Remaining work is fatigue testing, hardness testing, and analyzing the effect of shot peening on fatigue life. The project will be conducted over 16 weeks at BNMIT and other collaborating institutions.
Friction Stir Welding along the circumference of Al pipesSubed Satyal
The document summarizes a presentation on friction stir welding of pipes. It discusses the challenges of experimental procedures for friction stir welding pipes including producing good quality welds and eliminating keyhole defects. It describes the methodology used including using a vertical milling machine with a tapered tool profile. It outlines the welding parameters tested and experimental results including visual inspections showing smooth and rough welds. Microhardness tests showed highest values in the stir zone. Microstructures revealed grain changes in the stir, thermomechanically affected, and heat affected zones. Eliminating the exit hole defect is discussed using a sacrificial element. The conclusion is that taper tool profile produced good quality welds and exit holes can be addressed.
1) The document discusses a final project presentation on measuring residual stress distribution and estimating fatigue life of butt welded joints before and after surface treatment.
2) The objectives of the project are to measure residual stresses before and after shot peening, estimate fatigue life before and after treatment, and analyze the effect of residual stress modification on fatigue life.
3) Experimental methods include using X-ray diffraction to measure residual stresses and a rotating fatigue testing machine to estimate fatigue life of butt welded specimens of SS304L and mild steel, with and without shot peening surface treatment.
How many times did you have to get two different API’s to communicate with each other and were left wondering what was the best way to get them talking? XML? JSON? HTTP?
Sound familiar?
You have used service oriented architecture but your projects turned out “speaking different languages” and you’re now faced with the arduous task of being the translator.
Life’s too short and #yolo! Although you may have opted for the most appropriate technology, the correct design pattern and the optimal algorithms, if you don’t get your applications talking correctly they will be as good as a plate of spaghetti.
In this presentation I’ll show you the secret many companies have been using for years to be able scale and respond to requests faster.
I will tell you about some of the things you should look for when choosing your messaging system, and what are the things to look for when you start developing your messaging system.
El documento discute el significado de ser un estudiante universitario hoy en día. Explica que la vida universitaria implica no solo el estudio, sino también la expansión de horizontes culturales y el desarrollo de nuevas habilidades. Identifica aspectos positivos como la motivación y el desarrollo académico, así como negativos como la depresión y falta de apoyo. Además, señala que las universidades ofrecen actividades extracurriculares para cultivar el intelecto, el espíritu y la creatividad. Finalmente, con
[1] O documento apresenta uma grelha de análise de conteúdo para analisar narrativas sobre experiências de risco sexual sem preservativo. [2] A grelha categoriza informações sobre o contexto físico, emocional e cognitivo, motivos, emoções, papéis de género, atitudes em relação a preservativos, normas sociais e consequências. [3] Isto permite uma análise sistemática das narrativas para compreender melhor os fatores que influenciam a tomada de decisão nessas situações.
O documento discute como a espectroscopia pode fornecer informações sobre a estrutura molecular e interações entre moléculas através da análise do espectro observado. A espectroscopia envolve a interação da radiação eletromagnética com a matéria, resultando em transições eletrônicas, vibrações moleculares ou ambas.
This document is a resume for John Anthony Schnebelen Jr. that outlines his education including a Bachelor's in Biology from Drury University, work experience in retail, management, and as an instrumentation specialist, and skills in areas such as Microsoft Office, AutoCAD, and SQL. He is looking for experience relevant to his biology degree and eventually wants to earn a Master's degree in the biological sciences.
El documento proporciona un formato para vincular clientes a una tarjeta inteligente. Solicita información básica como nombre, NIT, dirección, teléfono, correo electrónico, régimen fiscal, actividad económica y representantes legales. También pide adjuntar documentos de identificación y registro en las bases de datos y archivos físicos de la compañía una vez completado.
רקע והיסטוריה של אלקטרה מוצרי צריכה, תחילת התהליך- התעוררו צרכים, האתגרים המרכזיים בניהול המשאב האנושי באלקטרה, כיצד מוציאים ניהול הדרכה "החוצה"? ניהול מיקור חוץ ע"י מנהל משאבי אנוש, עוצמות השיטה, יתרון ייעוצי ארגוני, חולשות השיטה, אתיקה בout sourcing , טיפים למנהלי משאבי אנוש, ציפיות מחברת ייעוץ המספקת את השירות.
מצגת מאת ישראל עברון סמנכ"ל משאבי אנוש ומנהל, אלקטרה מוצרי צריכה.המצגת הוצגה בכנס משאבי אנוש 2003 ביזום המי"ל ואיגוד מנהלי משאבי אנוש.
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Resume of Marc Richards - Mechanical SupervisorMarc Richards
Marc Richards is a 27-year-old mechanical supervisor with 8 years of experience in maintenance roles and 4 years of experience in supervisory roles on coal mines. He has experience managing up to 50 personnel and takes responsibility for planning, coordinating, and executing maintenance work safely and to a high quality. He is currently a field services supervisor overseeing dragline maintenance across 3 sites in Queensland.
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Este documento describe los pasos para configurar una red inalámbrica básica. Explica cómo conectar un enrutador a un modem, agregar dispositivos como computadoras portátiles y teléfonos a la red mediante el uso de contraseñas Wifi, y probar la conectividad de la red.
El documento describe tres visitas realizadas a centros de salud en La Merced, San Ramón y Perené. En cada visita, los estudiantes fueron guiados por personal médico que explicó el funcionamiento, personal y servicios ofrecidos. El informe incluye tablas sobre los niveles de atención médica, objetivos de la práctica y detalles sobre los recursos, actividades y conclusiones de cada visita.
The document analyzes the mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloy AA6063 plates compared to metal inert gas arc welded AA6063 plates. Tensile strength and Rockwell hardness tests were performed on specimens cut from the welded plates. The results showed that the friction stir welded plates had superior tensile strength and hardness compared to the metal inert gas welded plates. Specifically, the ultimate tensile strength was higher and elongation was greater for friction stir welded specimens. Additionally, the Rockwell hardness values were higher for friction stir welded plates compared to metal inert gas welded plates. Therefore, the study demonstrated that friction stir welding can improve the quality and mechanical properties of welded aluminum alloy joints over conventional
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This document summarizes research on optimizing parameters for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys. It first provides background on FSW and discusses how parameters like tool rotation speed, tilt angle, and travel speed affect weld strength. The document then reviews several other studies investigating these parameters. One study found that a tool rotation speed of 900 rpm, travel speed of 75 mm/min, and axial force of 3 kN produced the highest tensile strength for an aluminum alloy. Another identified tilt angle as the most influential parameter for weld strength. Finally, the document describes using the Taguchi method to optimize FSW parameters for aluminum alloy, identifying tilt angle as most significant. It concludes that tool rotation speed, travel
This document summarizes a study that investigated the mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded AA1100 aluminum alloy joints. Different welding parameters were tested, including tool rotation speed (800-1400 rpm) and material positioning (advancing vs. retreating side). Microhardness, tensile, and fracture surface tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties. Optical and SEM microscopy were used to analyze the microstructural evolution. The goal was to understand how processing parameters affect properties and defect development in similar AA1100 alloy joints.
Experimental Investigation for Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy Al 60...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloy Al 6061 joints considering different friction stir welding parameters. Specifically, it examines the effects of tool shape (taper or threaded), welding speed, and feed rate on the tensile strength, impact toughness, and microhardness of the welded joints. Experiments were conducted according to a Taguchi L8 orthogonal array design of experiments. Results indicated that welding speed had the greatest influence on tensile strength, feed rate most influenced impact toughness and microhardness, and the optimal parameters were a taper tool, 600 RPM welding speed, and 40 mm/min feed rate. These parameters produced joints with maximum mechanical property strengths.
Investigation and analysis of metallurgical and mechanical properties of aa11...Alexander Decker
1. The document investigates the mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA1100 aluminum alloy fabricated at different tool rotational speeds and material positions.
2. Tensile tests, microhardness tests, and optical/SEM microscopy of the welds were used to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of the joints.
3. The results showed that joints welded at 1200 rpm had the optimum properties, with smooth weld surfaces and good tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. Microhardness was also highest at this welding condition.
A Review on Effect of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Friction Stir...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes research on the effect of process parameters on the tensile strength of friction stir welded aluminum alloys. It discusses how friction stir welding is a solid-state joining technique used in aerospace, automotive, and other industries. Process parameters like tool rotation speed, traverse speed, and axial force influence weld quality and tensile strength. Several studies investigated how adjusting these parameters affected strength of the welded joints. The optimum parameters were found to produce joints with tensile strengths close to the base metal. Overall, it was concluded that process parameters have a significant impact on weld strength and need to be optimized to achieve the highest possible strength.
This document presents an optimization study of friction stir welding process parameters for aluminum alloys to achieve maximum tensile strength. Experiments were conducted using Taguchi's design of experiments method to evaluate the effects of rotational speed, tool tilt angle, and travel speed on joint strength. Analysis of variance revealed that tool tilt angle was the most influential parameter, contributing 47.39% to tensile strength, followed by travel speed at 42.18%. The optimal parameters predicted were 1300 rpm rotational speed, 1° tool tilt angle, and 60 mm/min travel speed, which were expected to yield a maximum tensile strength of 285 MPa. Experimental validation of these optimal parameters produced a joint strength of 288 MPa, close to the predicted value.
Experimental Investigations of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) on Al 6061 : A Cas...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy 6061. The study used a milling machine to conduct FSW trials with different tool pin profiles at various welding parameters. Initial trials failed due to tool breakage. Failure analysis found the main causes were tool material, rpm, and tool profile/vibrations. Modifying the tool to a tapered, threaded pin profile and increasing rpm to 1200 led to a successful weld with tensile strength of 66MPa, demonstrating FSW is possible on conventional machine tools. The study explored using FSW to join common aluminum alloys for applications like automotive and construction.
This document reviews the friction stir welding (FSW) process. FSW is a solid-state welding technique invented in 1991 that uses a rotating tool to generate heat and plasticize materials being joined, allowing them to bond without melting. It can weld materials like aluminum alloys that are difficult to weld using conventional fusion welding. The document discusses the principles of FSW, factors that affect weld microstructure and properties like tool parameters and heat flow, and summarizes several studies that examined the effects of FSW parameters and post-weld treatments on mechanical properties and microstructure of welded aluminum alloys.
Study and Analysis of the Fatigue Behaviour of Friction Stir Butt Welded Dis...IRJET Journal
1) The study analyzed the tensile strength and fatigue behavior of friction stir butt welded dissimilar aluminum alloys AA6082 and AA5754.
2) Fatigue tests showed the dissimilar welds had lower tensile strength and fatigue strength than the base materials AA6082 and AA5754, but comparable strength to AA5754.
3) The fatigue performance of the AA6082 and AA5754 friction stir welded joints showed a shallower stress-life (S-N) curve with improved fatigue performance at lower stress ranges.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE WELD STRENGTH IN FRICTION STIR WELDING (FSW) OF ...IAEME Publication
This research deals with the determination of the weld strength of the aluminum alloy of different grades in friction stir welding (FSW). The different grades of the plates are welded by the
different tool geometry namely as cylindrical tool and the tapered threaded tool. During the welding the rotational speed of tool and feed rate of the tool are kept constant. Testing of the specimens is carried out by ASME –SEC-IX and the weld strengths are compared.As a result it is found that the
threaded tool geometry gives the better weld strength and also the surface finish.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of weld strength in friction stir welding of different grades of aluminum alloy using different tool geometries. Specifically, it analyzes welding 6061, 7005, and 8011 aluminum alloys with a cylindrical tool and tapered threaded tool. Tensile testing found that the tapered threaded tool produced stronger welds across all aluminum grades compared to the cylindrical tool, with strengths increasing up to 30%. This is because the threaded tool generates more friction and distributes the metal more evenly in the weld zone. Visual analysis also found the threaded tool produced better surface finish quality than the cylindrical tool.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development of grnn based tool for hardness measurement of homogeneousIAEME Publication
This document describes the development of a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model to relate vibration parameters to the hardness of homogenous welded joints under vibratory welding conditions. Physical experiments were conducted on welded steel joints where vibration was applied during welding. The voltage and time of vibration were the input parameters and hardness values at different joint locations were the output parameters. A GRNN model was created using experimental data and calibrated against unused data, achieving 97-99% accuracy, to predict hardness based on vibration parameters. The model provides an effective tool for analyzing the relationship between vibration welding inputs and mechanical property outputs.
4 ijcmes oct-2016-1-correlations on dissimilar materials by friction stir wel...IJCMESJOURNAL
Recently many reports on Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of various dissimilar systems such as Aluminium to Copper and Aluminium to Brass been reported. FSW of Aluminium, Copper and Brass has captured important attention from manufacturing industries, such as Shipbuilding, Automotive, Railway and Aircraft production. Brass materials are widely used as engineering materials in industry because of their high electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength, and high corrosion resistance. Copper and its alloys are widely used in industrial applications due to their excellent electrical & thermal conductivities, good strength, corrosion & fatigue resistance. The aim of present study was analogy of the microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joint of Aluminium to Copper and Aluminium to Brass plates in 4mm thickness.
The document experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel sections with triangular web corrugations. Three beam specimens with varying web depths of 200mm, 250mm, and 300mm were tested under two-point loading. The results show that flexural capacity increases with web depth. All beams failed by crushing of the top flange and lateral torsional buckling. Finite element analysis using ANSYS software correlated well with experimental results. The triangular web corrugations improved flexural strength compared to flat webs and prevented failure in the web or shear zones.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses multi response optimization of friction stir welding (FSW) parameters for aluminum alloy AA6105 using the Taguchi method. It first provides background on welding processes including FSW. It then discusses factors that affect FSW quality like rotational speed, welding speed, and tilt angle. The document proposes using an L9 orthogonal array experiment with three control factors and mechanical properties and microstructure as response variables. The methodology involves conducting experiments, applying Taguchi analysis and ANOVA to optimize parameters for properties like tensile strength and hardness. The research aims to minimize defects and improve joint quality of AA6105. Equipment for FSW and response testing is also detailed.
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Similar to 1 ijcmes dec-2015-17-optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joining aluminum pipes using regression analysis (20)
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
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Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
1 ijcmes dec-2015-17-optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joining aluminum pipes using regression analysis
1. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-1, Issue-1, Nov-Dec, 2015]
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Optimization of Friction Stir Welding
Parameters for Joining Aluminum Pipes Using
Regression Analysis
A.M. Khourshid1
, Ahmed. M. El-Kassas2
, H. M. Hindawy3
, I. Sabry4
1,2,3
Prof. Dr. Production Eng., Faculty of Eng., Tanta University,Egypt
4
Ph.D. Faculty of Eng., Tanta University,Egypt
Abstract— Friction stir welding was a promising welding
technology from the same moment of its existence because
of its easy use, being ecologically friendly processed and
with no need for filler metal. The present paper discusses
the investigate the mechanical properties in order to
demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for
joining Al 6061 aluminum alloy welding was performed
on pipe. The pipe sections, 30mm, and relatively thin
walled 2, 3 and 4 mm. Wire welded as similar alloy joints
using (FSW) process In order to investigate the effect of
rotation speed 485,710, 910, 1120,1400 and 1800 RPM
and travel speeds 4, 8 and 10 mm/min. On mechanical
propertie.
This work also focuses on mathematic models such as
regression analysis (RA) to predict the tensile strength,
the percentage of elongation and hardness of friction stir
welded 6061 aluminum alloy. The Tensile strength, the
percentage of elongation and hardness of weld joints
were predicted by taking the parameters Tool rotation
speed, material thickness and travel speed as a function.
The results obtained through regresion analysis The
models have been proved to be successful in terms of
agreement with experimental results ratio 94.6%.
Keywords— Friction stir welding, Aluminum pipe,
Regression analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) [1] the
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process was invented and
patented in 1991 meaning that in terms of a
manufacturing process it is a relatively new one. FSW is a
modification on an already known method of joining
metal via frictional heating known simply as Friction
welding.
Friction welding (FW), , is a joining process which has
been in development for more than 100 years. This form
of joining is most suited to material which is in rod or
pipe form. It involves rotating or oscillating one rod
whilst keeping the other stationary. The two are brought
together and friction results. This in turn causes heat.
Once sufficient heat has been generated the two rods are
pushed together with a force which forges the two rod
sections together. The excess extruded material from the
circumference of the join can then be removed leaving a
welded section[2].
In FSW the heat is generated by a non-consumable tool
which is rotated at high speed, plunged into and traversed
through the material creating a join at the rear of the tool.
The forging force in this case is the downwards force
exerted by the spindle. The friction stir welding process is
a simple one by its nature. It uses simple technology to
produce state-of-the-art joins in previously difficult to
weld or un-weldable materials [6]. A simple breakdown
of the processing steps result in: Material positioning, tool
plunge, tooling traverse and pull out/run off, these stages
will be described in detail below.
The advantage of hydroforming of FSW tubes is the
tailoring of the starting materials that can vary in
thickness and/or composition to optimize weight or
performance. This tailoring is typically carried out in
stamping by welding sheets of different thickness
together. The blank is then stretch formed and drawn,
resulting in a part with optimized weight [3-6]. Recently,
more, attempts have been made to weld dissimilar
aluminum alloys, which ultimately could provide
flexibility in design as well as optimize strength, weight,
and corrosion resistance [7-9]. To date, no work has been
reported on the welding of tailor welded tubes for
hydroforming
The mechanical properties in order to demonstrate the
feasibility of friction stir welding for joining Al 6061
aluminum alloy welding was performed on pipe with
different thickness 2 ,3 and 4mm, five rotational speeds
(485,710,910,1120,1400 and1800) RPM and a travel
speed (4,8 and 10) mm/min was applied. This work
focuses on regresion analysis to predict the tensile
strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of
friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy.
The tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and
hardness of weld joints were predicted by taking the
2. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-1, Issue-1, Nov-Dec, 2015]
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parameters tool rotation speed, material thickness and
travel speed as a function
II. HEXPERMINTAL WORK
Material: The chemical composition and mechanical
properties of Al 6061 aluminum pipe parts used in the
present study as delivered by the Miser Aluminum
company are given in Tables (1-2).
Table (1) Chemical composition (weight %) of Al 6061
aluminum pipe
Weig
ht %
Al Si Fe C
u
Mi
n
M
g
Cr Zn Ti
6061 Ba
ll
0.
6
0.7
0
0.
2
0.1
5
0.8
0
0.3
3
0.2
3
0.1
2
Table (2) the mechanical properties of Al 6061 aluminum
pipe
Alloy
Ultimate Tensile
Strength
σ UTS M pa
Elongati
on
EL%
Hardness
VHD
6061 252.690 8 86
Design and constructed
Setup friction stir welding: constructed apparatus is
mounted on the drilling press machine bed to the two
work pieces of the studied materials which will be welded
by friction stir welding technique, Fig. (1). Showing
Illustration, Drawing and Construction Setup friction stir
welding for pipe parts
Fig.1: Friction stir welding machine
Tensile Testing:
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a
fundamental material science test in which a sample is
subjected to uniaxial tension until failure. The results
from the test are commonly used to select a material for
an application, for quality control, and to predict how a
material will react under other types of forces. Properties
that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate
tensile strength (UTS), maximum elongation (EL %).
Vickers Hardness Testing:
The hardness number is determined by the load over the
surface area of the indentation and not the area normal to
the force, and is therefore not a pressure. The HV number
is then determined by the ratio F/A where F is the force
applied to the diamond in kilograms-force and A is the
surface area of the resulting indentation in square
millimeters.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Visual inspection of the upper (external surface of
welded specimens) showed uniform semicircular surface
ripples, caused by the final sweep of the trailing edge of
rotating tool shoulder over weld nugget, under the effect
of probe overhead pressure. The presence of such surface
ripples, known as onion rings. Fig. (2-3) shows the
surface appearances of the weld the interface between the
crystallized nugget zone and the parent metal is relatively
diffuse on the retreating side of the tool, but quite sharp
on the advancing side of the tool.
Fig. 2: Exit Pin
Fig. 3: Finished pipe
Tensile Test Results
The quality of the welds was assessed based on
tensile tests, Tensile tests were performed on the base
metal and welded specimens, Transverse tensile
properties such as tensile strength, percentage of
elongation and joint efficiency of the FSW joints have
been evaluated. At each condition three specimens are
tested and average of the results of three specimens was
measured, it can be Inferred that the rotational speed and
thickness are having an influence on tensile properties
of the FSW joints show in Fig. (4-6).
3. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-1, Issue-1, Nov-Dec, 2015]
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parameters tool rotation speed, material thickness and
travel speed as a function
II. HEXPERMINTAL WORK
Material: The chemical composition and mechanical
properties of Al 6061 aluminum pipe parts used in the
present study as delivered by the Miser Aluminum
company are given in Tables (1-2).
Table (1) Chemical composition (weight %) of Al 6061
aluminum pipe
Weig
ht %
Al Si Fe C
u
Mi
n
M
g
Cr Zn Ti
6061 Ba
ll
0.
6
0.7
0
0.
2
0.1
5
0.8
0
0.3
3
0.2
3
0.1
2
Table (2) the mechanical properties of Al 6061 aluminum
pipe
Alloy
Ultimate Tensile
Strength
σ UTS M pa
Elongati
on
EL%
Hardness
VHD
6061 252.690 8 86
Design and constructed
Setup friction stir welding: constructed apparatus is
mounted on the drilling press machine bed to the two
work pieces of the studied materials which will be welded
by friction stir welding technique, Fig. (1). Showing
Illustration, Drawing and Construction Setup friction stir
welding for pipe parts
Fig.1: Friction stir welding machine
Tensile Testing:
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a
fundamental material science test in which a sample is
subjected to uniaxial tension until failure. The results
from the test are commonly used to select a material for
an application, for quality control, and to predict how a
material will react under other types of forces. Properties
that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate
tensile strength (UTS), maximum elongation (EL %).
Vickers Hardness Testing:
The hardness number is determined by the load over the
surface area of the indentation and not the area normal to
the force, and is therefore not a pressure. The HV number
is then determined by the ratio F/A where F is the force
applied to the diamond in kilograms-force and A is the
surface area of the resulting indentation in square
millimeters.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Visual inspection of the upper (external surface of
welded specimens) showed uniform semicircular surface
ripples, caused by the final sweep of the trailing edge of
rotating tool shoulder over weld nugget, under the effect
of probe overhead pressure. The presence of such surface
ripples, known as onion rings. Fig. (2-3) shows the
surface appearances of the weld the interface between the
crystallized nugget zone and the parent metal is relatively
diffuse on the retreating side of the tool, but quite sharp
on the advancing side of the tool.
Fig. 2: Exit Pin
Fig. 3: Finished pipe
Tensile Test Results
The quality of the welds was assessed based on
tensile tests, Tensile tests were performed on the base
metal and welded specimens, Transverse tensile
properties such as tensile strength, percentage of
elongation and joint efficiency of the FSW joints have
been evaluated. At each condition three specimens are
tested and average of the results of three specimens was
measured, it can be Inferred that the rotational speed and
thickness are having an influence on tensile properties
of the FSW joints show in Fig. (4-6).
4. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-1, Issue-1, Nov-Dec, 2015]
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increasing the rotational speed. Such observation could
be understood in the light of relative increase in the
degree of plastic deformation an frictional heat generate
at higher rotational speeds, which effect the dynamic
crystallization as well as the dynamic recovery at the
TMAZ . In general, the Hardness decreases from the base
metal towards the weld centerline show in fig (10-12).
IV. MATHEMTICAL MODLING
Regression analysis
The tensile strength of the joints is the function of
rotational speed, welding speed, and axial force and it can
be expressed as
Y = f (N, T, F)
Where
Y-The response.
N- Rotational speed (RPM).
T- material thickness,.
F – travel speed (mm/min).
For the three factors, the selected polynomial (regression)
could be expressed as
Y = k+ aN + bT + cF
Where k is the free term of the regression equation, the
coefficients a, b, and c are linear terms [12-18]
Table (3): Estimated regression coefficients of
mathematical models (Al 6061)
Regression
Coefficients
Tensile
Strength
Elongation% Hardness
k 160 5 62
A 0.036 0.001 0.009
B 7.05 0.542 3.67
C -1.44 -0.067 0.604
MINITAB 15 Software Packages are used to calculate
the values of these coefficients for different responses.
After determining the coefficients, the mathematical
models are developed. The developed final mathematical
model equations in the coded form are given below:
Tensile strength = 160 + 0.0364 (N) -7.05 (T) - 1.44 (F)
Elongation % = 5 - 0.001 (N) + 0.542 (T) + 0.067 (F)
Hardness(VH) = 62 + 0.0099 (N) - 3. 67 (T) - 0.604 (F)
The validity of regression models developed is tested by
drawing scatter diagrams. Typical scatter diagrams for all
the models are presented in Fig. (13-15). The observed
values and predicted values of the responses are scattered
close to the 45° line, indicating an almost perfect fit of the
developed empirical models.
Fig. 13: Relation between experimental tensile strength
and predicted tensile strength
Fig. 14: Relation between experimental elongation% and
predicted elongation%
Fig.15: Relation between experimental hardness and
predicted hardness
V. CONCLUSION
1. The FSW weld efficiency increase with increase
rotation speed and decrease travel speed.
2. The FSW efficiency increases with decrease the
material thickness.
3. The joint efficiency of FS welded(ratio of ultimate
tensile strength of welded joint to that of the base
material was found 80 , 78% and 76% for 6061 at
thickness 2,3and 4mm.
4. The hardness values decrease gradually across the
weld, with the minimum hardness value in the weld
center or weld nugget.
5. A regression analysis model has been developed for
the prediction of tensile strength and hardness as a
function of rotation speed, material thickness and
5. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-1, Issue-1, Nov-Dec, 2015]
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travel speed. The models have been proved to be
successful in terms of agreement with experimental
results ratio 94.6% .
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