Minerals are naturally occurring substances with a defined internal structure. They are essential to life and used widely in industry. Minerals can be metallic like iron, manganese, copper, or non-metallic like mica, salt, and limestone. India has major deposits of important minerals like iron ore, manganese, bauxite, and coal. Energy resources include conventional sources like coal, petroleum, and electricity as well as non-conventional sources like solar, wind, and nuclear power. Conservation efforts include using energy-efficient appliances and recycling waste to reduce resource usage.

2. What is Mineral ?
• Mineral is a homogenous , naturally
occurring substance with a definable
internal structure .
• It is found in varied forms in natural,
ranging from the hardest diamond to
the softest talc .

3. Importance of minerals
• They are indispensable part of our
lives.
• Life processes can’t occur without
minerals.
• The food we eat contains minerals.
• Cars , buses are manufactured from
minerals.

4. Classification of minerals
Metallic
Ferrous
(contain iron)
e.g. iron ore ,
manganese.
Non-ferrous
e.g. copper ,
lead & tin.
Precious
e.g. gold ,
platinum ,
& silver.

5. Non-metallic
e.g. mica , salt ,
Granite , limestone .
Energy minerals
Coal petroleum
Natural gas .

6. Occurrence of minerals
(i)Igneous & metamorphic rocks
(ii) Sedimentary rocks
(iii) Weathered rocks
(iv) Alluvial deposits
(v) Ocean water

7. Ferrous minerals
(i)Iron ore –
- Backbone of industrial development.
- Magnetite is the finest ore & has 70% iron.
- Hematite ore has 50 -60 % iron content .
- Limonite ore has 40 -60 % iron content .
- Siderite ore has 40 -50 % iron content .

8. Production of iron ore
showing state wise share

9. (ii) Manganese –
- Used in manufacturing of steel & ferro
-manganese alloy , bleaching powder ,
insectides & paints .
- 10 kg manganese required to manufactured 1
tone of steel .
- Largest producer – Orissa .

10. Production of manganese
showing state wise share

11. Non – ferrous minerals
(i) Copper –
- Production of cu is critically deficient in India .
- Cu is malleable , ductile & a good conductor .
- Used in electrical cables & chemical industries .
- Malghat mines in MP produce 52% of copper .
- Khetri mines in Rajasthan is also famous for
cu production .

12. (ii) Bauxite –
- It is a clay like substance .
- Bauxite deposits formed by decomposition of
rocks rich in aluminium silicates .
- Aluminium combines the strength of metals with
extreme lightness & with good conductivity &
malleability.
- Largest producer – Orissa (45%)

13. Production of copper & bauxite

14. Non-metallic minerals
(i)Mica –
- Made up of a series of plates or leaves.
-It can be clear, black ,green or brown.
- Mica deposits r found in the northern edge of
Chota nagpur plateau.
-Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of
Jharkhand is the leading producer.

15. Rock mineral
- Limestone
- Found in association with rocks composed
of calcium carbonates or calcium &
magnesium carbonates.
- Found in sedimentary rocks.
-Raw material for cement industry.
- Essential for smelting iron ore in the blast
furnace.

16. Production of limestone

18. Conservation of minerals
-Minerals can be conserved in by the following
measures:
· Use of improved technologies to allow use of
low grade minerals at low costs
· Using substitutes
· Use of scrap metals
· Recycling of metals is good way in which the
mineral resources can be conserved.
-They can be used in a judicious manner

19. Energy resources
Understanding energy resources involves
considering all types of energy source from
various scientific and technological standpoints,
with a focus on the uses, limitations and
consequences of using energy that is available
to humanity.

20. Conventional sources of energy
(i) Coal –
- Used for power generation , to supply energy- to
industry as well as for domestic needs .
- India is highly dependent on coal .
- Formed due the compression of plant material over
million of years .
- Lignite is a low grade brown coal , which is soft
with high moisture content .
- Coal that has been buried deep & subjected to
increased temperaturesis bituminous coal .
- Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal .

21. (ii) Petroleum –
- Major energy source in India after coal .
- Provides fuel for heat , lighting & manufacturing
industries .
- Also found in fault traps between porous & nonporous rocks .
- 63% of India’s petroleum production is from
Mumbai High .
- Assam is the oldest oil producing state .

22. (iii) Electricity –
- It is mainly generated by 2 ways~ Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing
water .
~ Thermal electricity is generated by using coal,
petroleum & natural gas. There r 310 power
plants in India.

24. Non – conventional sources of
energy
(i) Nuclear & atomic energy
- Obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
- Uranium & thorium r used for generating atomic or
nuclear energy .
(ii) Solar energy
-Solar Energy is the energy received from the sun that
sustains life on earth
-For many decades solar energy has been considered
as a huge source of energy and also an economical
source of energy because it is freely available.

25. (iii) Wind power
-Wind power is produced by using wind generators
to harness the kinetic energy of wind.
- It is gaining worldwide popularity as a large
scale energy source .
(iv) Biogas
- It is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide it is
a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment.

26. - Biogas is best used directly for cooking/heating,
light or even absorption refrigeration rather
than the complication and energy waste of
trying to make electricity from biogas.

27. Conservation of energy resources
- Choose energy efficient appliances when making
new purchases.
- Do not leave appliances on standby.
- Cover your pots while cooking.
- Recycle your organic waste.
- Reduce the number of miles you drive by
walking, biking, carpooling or taking mass
transit wherever possible.

28. The End