Mind Body
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This document discusses several philosophical theories of mind: 1. Behaviourism views mental states as dispositions to behave in certain ways. 2. Identity Theory claims mental states are identical to brain states. Advances in neuroscience support this view. 3. Functionalism defines mental states based on their causal relationships and functions, not the underlying physical implementation. This allows for the possibility of artificial intelligence. 4. Eliminative Materialism argues that talk of mental states should be eliminated and reduced completely to physical descriptions of the brain. It claims beliefs and desires do not truly exist.
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This document outlines several theories regarding the relationship between the mind and the physical brain/body:
1. Behaviourism views mental states as dispositions to behave in certain ways.
2. Identity Theory claims mental states are identical to specific brain states. Advances in neuroscience support this view.
3. Functionalism defines mental states as functional roles that relate inner states to behaviors, arguing this allows for the possibility of non-biological entities like aliens or AI having minds.
4. Eliminative Materialism takes the radical position that mental states do not exist at all and are merely illusions caused by habits of speech.
edu
This document discusses several philosophical theories of mind:
1) The mind is biological in nature and closely tied to brain states (John Searle's view).
2) The mind can be understood as a series of functional states that process inputs and outputs (functionalism).
3) Mental states are just physical states of the brain and are identical to neural patterns (identity theory).
4) The concept of mind may be eliminated as our understanding of the brain improves (eliminative materialism).
Ontology Powerpoint
Ontology refers to theories of reality and existence. There are several categories of ontological theories: monism believes there is only one type of reality; dualism believes there are two (e.g. mind and body); pluralism believes reality is composed of many kinds of things. Descartes' dualism defined mind and body as completely distinct substances that interact mysteriously. Other theories like behaviorism, identity theory, and functionalism are monist attempts to explain mind and body as one substance. Pluralism argues reality is too complex to fit into just one or two categories.
edu
The document discusses different views on the relationship between the mind and the brain. It describes John Searle's view that conscious experience emerges from the brain's neural networks and biochemical processes. It also explains functionalism, which sees the mind as the output of the brain's computational processes. Additionally, it outlines reductive materialism, which identifies mental states with specific brain states, and eliminative materialism, which denies the existence of concepts like the mind and believes neuroscience will replace folk psychology explanations.
BRAINS, MINDS, AND CONSCIOuSNESSNo area of the debate betwee.docx
BRAINS, MINDS, AND CONSCIOuSNESS
No area of the debate between biology and religion has been
more contentious than the debate about brains and minds.
Without a doubt this topic hits particularly close to home, since
it concerns the essence of who we are. You cannot experience
a single thought or feeling without perhaps wondering whether
it is an element of your self-consciousness or a purely physical
event, a firing of brain cells in response to some external stimu-
lus. What do the contemporary neurosciences – neurophysiology,
neuroimmunology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, cogni-
tive science – have to tell us about the nature of thought? Do
they support our sense of being free beings? Do they undercut
the belief in the existence of souls?
Probably the hardest position to defend would be the view
that what occurs in the brain has nothing to do with our
thought. After all, if I have a stroke or a brain hemorrhage while
writing this paragraph it will be less coherent than if my brain
is functioning normally, and the text might make no sense at all.
If you ingest drugs or a large amount of alcohol before reading
this chapter or attending a lecture you are likely to experience
it and recall it differently. (Probably it will strike you as funnier.)
6
THE NEUROSCIENCES
Clayton, P. (2018). Religion and science : The basics. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
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Let us leave such strongly ‘separationist’ or ‘dualist’ positions
aside for a moment, then, since there seems to be much evi-
dence against them. (Don’t worry; we’ll return to them later.)
This opens up space for the opposite response:
Correlations between brain states and mental experiences are no big
deal. After all, why should we care? All that matters is that scientists
acknowledge that we have real thoughts and mental experiences, that
our consciousness is not merely an illusion.
Perhaps, after a little more reflection, you want to add, ‘Well,
yes, and thought has to serve some causal function; it has to do
something. As long as the neurosciences still allow us to say that
our thoughts give rise to other thoughts and actions, we’re okay.
I intend to raise my hand, and a moment later my arm goes up.
Isn’t it obvious that my intention is the reason or explanation for
why my hand is now over my head?’
But, it turns out, this is exactly what is in dispute in the recent
debate. Francis Crick has formulated the implications of con-
temporary neuroscience in the strongest terms:
The Astonishing Hypothesis is that ‘You’, your joys and your sorrows,
your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity
and free will, are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly
of nerve cells and their associated molecules. As Lewis Carroll’s Alice
might have phrased it: ‘You.
Understanding mind and behavior Class 11 PSYCHOLOGY
This is a really helpful presentation if you are curious to know about the mind . This is a topic of class 11th psychology Chapter 1 What is psychology?. The content is limited up to the level of class 11 psychology. This presentation will help cover up these topics:
1) Why it is hard to define mind
2) What is mind?
3) Types of mind
4) Difference b/w mind and brain
5) Relationship b/w mind and brain
6) Mind-body connection / PSYCHO-NEURO-IMMUNOLOGY
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4.Where is the mind?
The fourth in a series of lectures on Internalism and Externalism in the Philosophy of Mind by Marianne Talbot, University of Oxford
Thought and Reason
This document discusses human thought and reason. It explores the nature of thoughts and how rational cognition allows humans to have great intellectual achievements. Rational thought is not different in kind between routine tasks like basic math problems and more complex achievements in science and art. Thoughts can be composed of ideas or concepts, and language allows the communication of thoughts between individuals and the formation of society. Reasoning is an ongoing process of building arguments from basic beliefs through perception.
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Emotivism[1]
This document provides background information on emotivism and discusses the key philosophers and ideas associated with this view. Emotivism is an ethical theory that claims moral judgments are non-cognitive expressions of attitude or preference. It is considered a noncognitivist view. The theory is also known as the "hurrah-boo" theory because moral judgments are seen as expressions of approval or disapproval rather than statements of fact. The document examines the views of philosophers like A.J. Ayer and C.L. Stevenson who were influential in developing emotivism and considers some common criticisms of the view.
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Alasdair MacIntyre argues that modern society lacks moral virtues and is in a state of ethical confusion. He believes we need to reassert Aristotle's ideas of moral and intellectual virtues in institutions like medicine, education, politics, and business. MacIntyre analyzed Aristotle's works and was alarmed that Western philosophy had ignored virtue theory. In his influential book "After Virtue", he says using moral terms like good, bad, right, and wrong no longer makes sense today.
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Natural law.
The document discusses Thomas Aquinas's theory of natural law, which he developed based on the work of Aristotle. It explains key aspects of Aristotle's view that things have a natural telos (purpose) and act according to their nature. For Aristotle, human nature is defined by reason. The document then outlines Aquinas's perspective that natural law is the moral code humans are naturally inclined towards, as revealed by God. Aquinas believed the four purposes of human life are living in society, reproducing, learning, and worshipping God. Any actions that enable these purposes are considered good. The document discusses how Aquinas viewed morality, sin, intentions versus actions, and how his framework is used today, particularly regarding issues like homosexuality.
Good recap and rule utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham developed Act Utilitarianism, which judges the morality of individual acts based on their consequences and ability to maximize happiness as calculated by his hedonic calculus. John Stuart Mill modified this approach with Rule Utilitarianism, which judges acts based on whether they conform to rules that maximize overall happiness if universally followed. A key difference is that Rule Utilitarianism prohibits acts like torture that maximize happiness in isolated cases but undermine the social rules required for general well-being.
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Kant
Kant's deontological ethics argues that morality is derived from duty rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will that does one's duty. He proposes the categorical imperative - only act based on principles that could become universal laws. This means treating people as ends in themselves, never merely as means. Kant believes rational beings have intrinsic worth and morality requires upholding absolute moral rules and duties regardless of outcomes.
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Doing philosophy
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Introduction to philosophy[1]
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Ethical egoism holds that individuals should act in their own self-interest exclusively without moral duties to help others. The document discusses several arguments for and against this view. It presents objections that ethical egoism cannot resolve conflicts of interest and is arbitrarily biased toward the self. Alternately, recognizing our equal humanity and common needs provides reason to consider the interests of others, such as donating to relieve global famine. Overall the document critically examines arguments for and against ethical egoism as a moral theory.
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