Kant's deontological ethics argues that morality is derived from duty rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will that does one's duty. He proposes the categorical imperative - only act based on principles that could become universal laws. This means treating people as ends in themselves, never merely as means. Kant believes rational beings have intrinsic worth and morality requires upholding absolute moral rules and duties regardless of outcomes.
This is a work that I made in 10th grade about Kant and his theory. Portuguese version available. I hope you like it and share it.
P.S.: In the biography, instead of actually saying it, we did a little role playing of an interview to the philosopher in which on member is the interviewer and the other is Kant. While we were doing the interview the following songs were playing:
- U Can't Touch This
- Just give me a Reason (for the more emotional part)
When it's done well, it has a great impact in the class room. The script is at the end of the presentation.
Hope you like it and please share.
This is a work that I made in 10th grade about Kant and his theory. Portuguese version available. I hope you like it and share it.
P.S.: In the biography, instead of actually saying it, we did a little role playing of an interview to the philosopher in which on member is the interviewer and the other is Kant. While we were doing the interview the following songs were playing:
- U Can't Touch This
- Just give me a Reason (for the more emotional part)
When it's done well, it has a great impact in the class room. The script is at the end of the presentation.
Hope you like it and please share.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Visit www.RMPSuccess.com
Kantian ethics is, arguably, the most beautiful Philosophy written. It is grand, intimidating, and at times quixotic; however, it has been an integral component of the Higher and Intermediate curriculum and thus required the proper intention. When a student is faced with Kant’s lofty descriptions of ‘duty’ and ‘good’ one can’t help but feel for them. I must assure you, whilst bearing in mind everything I have said, for the studious mind it is also one of the most engaging pieces of philosophy and one in which you will be able to write about hopefully with interest.
Virtue ethics focuses not so much on principles or the consequences of action, nor even the action itself so much as on the agent, the person who performs the action, in the light of the circumstances and all of his or her other actions. The focus is on the person’s character, or alternatively, on those traits of character expressed in this and other actions, his or her virtues.
Aristotle’s virtue ethics The most famous virtue ethicist, and in many ways still the starting point for most virtue ethicists, is the great Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In his Nicomachean Ethics (1954), Aristotle laid out a system of virtue ethics which still remains the starting point, if not the model, for most virtue ethicists. A virtue (areté which can also be translated as “excellence”) for Aristotle was the mean between the extremes.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Visit www.RMPSuccess.com
Kantian ethics is, arguably, the most beautiful Philosophy written. It is grand, intimidating, and at times quixotic; however, it has been an integral component of the Higher and Intermediate curriculum and thus required the proper intention. When a student is faced with Kant’s lofty descriptions of ‘duty’ and ‘good’ one can’t help but feel for them. I must assure you, whilst bearing in mind everything I have said, for the studious mind it is also one of the most engaging pieces of philosophy and one in which you will be able to write about hopefully with interest.
Virtue ethics focuses not so much on principles or the consequences of action, nor even the action itself so much as on the agent, the person who performs the action, in the light of the circumstances and all of his or her other actions. The focus is on the person’s character, or alternatively, on those traits of character expressed in this and other actions, his or her virtues.
Aristotle’s virtue ethics The most famous virtue ethicist, and in many ways still the starting point for most virtue ethicists, is the great Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In his Nicomachean Ethics (1954), Aristotle laid out a system of virtue ethics which still remains the starting point, if not the model, for most virtue ethicists. A virtue (areté which can also be translated as “excellence”) for Aristotle was the mean between the extremes.
La presentazione è una libera rielaborazione dei capitoli su Hegel dei testi di Brandolini,
Debernardi, Leggero, Simposio vol 2, Laterza e di Sacchetto, Desideri, Petterlini,
L'esperienza del pensiero vol 4, Loescher.
1Kantian Ethics1724-1804Spent virtually all of his life inAnastaciaShadelb
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Kantian Ethics
1724-1804
Spent virtually all of his life in Konigsberg, East Prussia.
From a Lutheran family.
Never married.
Immanuel Kant
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Distinguish
Utilitarianism—Teleological Theory
Goal directed
Kantian Ethics—Deontological Theory
Duty based
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Kant’s Moral Theory
Kant wanted to “seek out and establish the supreme principle of morality.”
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Morality and Rationality
For Kant, all of morality has its ultimate source in rationality. The categorical imperative, in any formulation, is an expression of rationality, and it is the principle that would be followed in practice by any purely rational being.
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Morality and Rationality
Moral rules are not mere arbitrary conventions or subjective standards. They are objective truths that have their source in the rational nature of human beings.
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Autonomy
For Kant, morality presupposes autonomy.
Autonomous = not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent. Independent in mind or judgment; self-directed.
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Consequences are Morally Irrelevant
For Kant, the consequences of an action are morally irrelevant. Rather, an action is right when it is in accordance with a rule that satisfies a principle he calls the “categorical imperative.”
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Categorical Imperative
And to act out of respect for the law means to follow the “categorical imperative.”
Cf. Hypothetical Imperative
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Categorical Imperative
Kant’s moral theory centers around the categorical imperative.
“Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law.”
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Universality
You must be willing to see your maxim universalized (by similarly situated persons) even though it may turn out on some other occasion to work to your disadvantage.
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Psychological Agreement Not Required
For a maxim to satisfy the categorical imperative, it is not necessary that we be agreeable in some psychological sense to seeing it made into a universal law. Rather, the test is one that requires us to avoid inconsistency or conflict in what we will as a universal rule.
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Similar Cases = Similar Treatment
All things being equal, justice dictates that similarly situated people ought to be treated similarly.
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Other Formulations
“I am never to act unless I am acting on a maxim that I can will to become a universal law.”
“Act as if the maxims you choose to follow always become universal laws of nature.”
“Act so as to treat people as ends unto themselves and never merely as a means.”
...
Chapter 9. Can We Reason about MoralityChapter 8Can We Re.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 9. Can We Reason about Morality?
Chapter 8
Can We Reason about Morality?
Copyright by Paul Herrick, 2020. For class use only. Not for distribution. This chapter: 34 pages of reading.
1. Come, Let Us Reason Together
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., once observed that if a man-made law conflicts with morality, it is unjust and should be repealed because morality, not man-made law, is our highest standard of behavior. Similarly, if a businessman could increase his profits by putting false labels on his products, he should not do so, even if he can get away with it, because it would be immoral. Morality takes precedence over deceptive business practices—no matter how profitable they might be. Morality also takes precedence over unexamined self-interest. A criminal may want to snatch a purse from an old lady walking with a cane, and perhaps he needs the money and could get away with it; however, he should not do so because it would be morally wrong.[endnoteRef:1] Surely these are eminently reasonable observations. [1: Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from the Birmingham City Jail,” reprinted in James M. Washington, ed. A Testament of Hope. Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. (New York: Harper One, 1986), 289-302.]
These thoughts remind us that morality is the ultimate criterion of good and bad, right and wrong, that we ought to live by, all things considered. Morality is ultimate in the sense that the obligations it imposes on us take precedence over all nonmoral considerations, including laws passed by legislatures, the profit and loss calculations of businesses, social customs, instincts, and the irrational impulses of ego, desire, prejudice, unexamined self-interest, and cognitive bias.
One reason to agree with Dr. King, that morality is our highest standard, is that any human law, social custom, institution, business practice, desire, action—even traits acquired through the evolutionary process--can be evaluated and judged on a moral basis, using our faculty of critical thinking.
The principles or “laws” of morality have a number of important properties. First, they are prescriptive rather than descriptive. That is to say, they prescribe how we ought to act, they do not describe how we do in fact act. Put another way, moral principles are not empirical generalizations about the way people actually behave, and they are not statements about the way people have behaved in the past or will behave in the future. Rather, they are norms or standards that we ought to follow, whether or not we do in fact follow them and whether or not we want to follow them. If someday it should come about that most people hate each other, that descriptive fact would not make it moral to hate. Hatred would still be morally wrong. If someday it should happen that every government in the world practices genocide, that descriptive fact would not make genocide morally right—genocide would still be morally wrong. For (again) morality is.
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
HANUMAN STORIES: TIMELESS TEACHINGS FOR TODAY’S WORLDLearnyoga
Hanuman Stories: Timeless Teachings for Today’s World" delves into the inspiring tales of Hanuman, highlighting lessons of devotion, strength, and selfless service that resonate in modern life. These stories illustrate how Hanuman's unwavering faith and courage can guide us through challenges and foster resilience. Through these timeless narratives, readers can find profound wisdom to apply in their daily lives.
2. Two Approaches to Ethics Most philosophers argue that there are two systems for determining what is right or good. The ways in which ´right´or ´good´affect a course of action is the primary difference between two of the most common ethical systems.
9. Think it through A politician has to make a decision about a ´terrorist´who is in police custody. The ´terrorist´ is suspected of having information that could result in the death of a large number of innocent people, but he refuses to talk. The police argue that the only way they will get the ´terrorist´to reveal his information is to torture him. The politician argues that torture is always wrong, no matter what the consequences. Consider which viewpoint is teleological and which viewpoint is deontological. What would you decide and what reasons would you give to support your decision?
10. Kantian Deontological Ethics ´two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing wonder and awe....the starry heavens above and the moral law within´ Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason 1788.
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13. Before discussing Kant ’ s moral theories it is important to note his beliefs about the difference between human nature and animal nature. He believed animals were dominated by instinct and desire. Animal behaviour is shaped by these compulsions.
31. However what separates humans from animals is our ability to REASON. It is this faculty that enables us to act freely and against our instincts and desires if we so choose. It is also the reason why we are superior to the rest of the animal kingdom.
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34. To be able to question, intellectualize, ponder, critically evaluate and philosophize
38. Lets start by taking a look at Kant ’ s theory of the Categorical Imperative.
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41. Think about it. A friend who is appearing on a television quiz show asks you to sit in the audience and cough at particular key moments during the multiple choice questions to help him win the top prize of a million pounds. He promises to split his winnings with you. Before deciding what to do, ask yourself what rule you would be following if you were to sit in the audience and help your friend. Then ask yourself if you would be willing for that rule to be followed by everyone all the time and in all places. If that ´rule´can be universalized, should you do it? If it cannot, then should you refrain from doing it?
42. So only those actions that conform to rules that could be adopted by all people at all times are moral.
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46. Think about this in relation to the man on the quiz show asking his friend to sit in the audience and cough when the correct answer has been presented.
48. Kant argued that human beings occupy a special place in creation and have an ´intrinsic worth´ that makes humankind ´valuable above all price´. Other animals, by contrast have value only in so much as they serve human purposes. According to Kant humans can use animals in any way they please. We do not even have a direct duty to refrain from torturing them – although Kant thought it wrong, especially as it was far more likely that ´he who is cruel to animals becomes hard also in his dealings with men´.
51. Human beings on the other hand, could never be treated or used as a means to an end.
52. Human being are to treated with dignity. Kant considered human beings ´Holy´.
53. ´Duty for the sake of duty´. For Kant there was only one ´intrinsically good thing´ and that is a ´good will´. To have a good will is to do ones duty. Kant thought that morality rarely had anything to do with happiness and is all to do with DUTY. He argued that whenever people make decisions and actions that benefit themselves at the expense of other people then they are acting selfishly and therefore immorally. Even if people appear to be acting unselfishly and honestly they can still be acting immorally if their actions are not based on duty and a good will. Kant gave the following example.
54. Suppose a shopkeeper sold his goods at a very reasonable price and gained a good reputation with his customers as being honest and fair which led to his financial success based on customer relations. Kant argues the shopkeeper is acting immorally if his intention to sell his goods at a low price is a business strategy that guarantees him prosperity due to a large number of customers choosing to buy at his shop. Kant argues an honest approach to low price goods should be done from a good-will without any regard for business prosperity. It is the shop keepers duty to trade with honesty and integrity because people are not to be treated as a means to an end.
55. There is no answer to the question ´Why should I do my duty?´ except ´ because it is your duty´. If there was an answer to the question it would represent a reason and would make the imperative hypothetical and not categorical. Kant stated ´duty should be done for the sake of duty and duty alone´. It is here we can see the importance of a good-will. Even when reason enables us to know what categorical imperatives we have a duty to follow it is not always easy to act on ones duty when the consequences could be disastrous to us or other people. A good-will is neccesary in order for us to act dutifully. Consider Faramir´s obedience to duty in Return of the King.
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58. The Kingdom of ends Kant argues that is never right to treat people as a mere means to an end. We are always ends in ourselves. For Kant, human reason is the key and by making laws for ourselves based on reason alone we become ´law abiding members of a kindom of ends´- a community in which the laws adopted by all the individuals will be in harmony. Kants ideas can be compared to Jesus’ ethical teachings consider Jesus’ teaching of ´ do unto others as you would wish them do to you ´. It is very similar to Kants idea of only acting on the maxims that you would want to become a universal law. Both value the ultimate dignity and worth of all people irrespective of class, colour, race, age or gender.
59. Rights Kant´s theories have helped us to shape our legal system and our sense of moral law. Certain political conclusions follow from Kant´s ethical theories. Kantian ethics require individual liberty, since each memeber of society should be as free as possible to choose for himself or herself. Each member of a community, too, should consider himself or herself a member of the moral community – a community shared by others with equal moral rights and equal moral responsibilities. Kant focussed on the individuals right to choose for himself or herself. What distinguishes human beings from other animals or other objects is their dignity based on their ability to choose freely what they will do with their lives, and humans have a fundamental moral right to have these choices respected. People are not objects to be manipulated; it is a violation of human dignity to use people in ways they do not freely choose. Of course, many different but related rights exist besides the basic one; for example the right to truth, the right to privacy, right to not be injured.
60. God: The Moral Governor In the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) Kant argues that since human reason is limited, it is not capable of discovering God by reason alone for God is infinite and transcends all things. He rejected, therefore the traditional arguments for Gods existence eg The ontological, cosmological and design arguments. He argued that God can be discovered by observing how obligation dominates all our lives. For example, I ought to be good to my pets, I should practice the piano. This sense of ought, should, must is universal (we all do it) and since we do not invent it (or often want it) it must come from another source – God. The supreme moral governor which speaks through our conscience. Kant also postulates the idea of God in order to guarantee justice to all the people who have dutifully carried out their actions in a morally virtuous way, true to themselves and to their fellow human beings. But Kant also acknowledged that a lot of people lived selfish, greedy and immoral lifestyles and yet still seem to flourish. Therefore Kant postulates Gods existence in order to bring about justice to all in the next life. Gods existence although not proved is necessary in order for Kants ethical theory to be sound.