Natural law _situation_and_virtue_ethics (2)
•Download as PPT, PDF•
5 likes•9,388 views
The document provides an overview and comparison of three ethical frameworks: natural law, virtue ethics, and situation ethics. It discusses the perspectives of philosophers like Cicero, Aquinas, and Aristotle in developing natural law and virtue ethics. For situation ethics, it outlines the perspective of Joseph Fletcher who argued that love should be the single principle to judge situations rather than absolute rules. The document then provides potential pros and cons of each approach and asks the reader to apply them to the ethical issue of abortion.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Natural Law, Virtue and Situation Ethics ~ Review and Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/naturallawsituationandvirtueethics2-111007003018-phpapp02/85/Natural-law-_situation_and_virtue_ethics-2-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
Ethics and morality
Ethics refers to moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. Morals are principles of right and wrong established by a particular custom, religion, or other social authority. While morals are generally established by groups, ethics define an individual's character and can vary between individuals. Both play an important role in shaping human behavior and judgment.
Natural Law Lesson 3.pptx
St. Thomas Aquinas was a medieval scholar who reconciled Aristotle's political philosophy with Christian faith. He argued that governments must work for the common good of all people. Aquinas believed natural law, which is self-evident or deduced from self-evident ideas, governs human behavior. According to Aquinas, there are four types of law - eternal, natural, human, and divine - with eternal law being the highest, followed by natural law, then human law. Natural law applies to all humans and guides them to use reason to lead their lives.
Deontology or teleology
The document discusses several frameworks for categorizing and thinking about ethics, including deontology vs. teleology (ethics based on duty vs. consequences). It provides examples of prominent philosophers who exemplified different approaches, such as Immanuel Kant supporting deontology by focusing on duty and the categorical imperative, and John Stuart Mill supporting teleology as a utilitarian who believed ethics is determined by producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses other ethics classifications like direct vs. indirect views and pragmatic vs. humanistic theories.
Deontology intro
Deontology is a duty-based ethical theory that focuses on acts being right or wrong based on whether they conform to moral rules and duties, rather than the consequences of the acts. Under deontology, the consequences of acts do not affect their morality - acts are prohibited if they violate rules of duty, even if they produce good outcomes. Some key aspects of deontology discussed in the document include it focusing on intention over consequences, certain choices being forbidden no matter their results, and the priority of doing the right act over producing good.
Aristotle 1.ethics.ppt
Aristotle argues that happiness, or eudaimonia, is the highest human good and consists of living a virtuous life guided by reason. He defines virtue as a mean between deficiencies and excesses of emotions and actions. Virtues are developed through practice and experience. Aristotle claims humans are political animals that require community to fully develop their rational nature and virtue. Therefore, the goal of politics and the state is to support citizens in cultivating moral character and achieving happiness through reasonable laws, education, and a system that enables a good life.
Sexual morality
The document discusses different moral perspectives on human sexuality and sexual morality. It examines views such as:
- Sex is only permissible within marriage for the purpose of procreation (Thomas Aquinas).
- Sexual acts must respect human dignity and treat people as ends in themselves, not means (Immanuel Kant).
- Utilitarian approaches consider the overall consequences of sexual acts and do not necessarily side with traditional or non-traditional views.
The document also outlines different views on which sexual acts are considered permissible or impermissible according to various moral frameworks centered around concepts like consent, harm prevention, and emotional connection between partners.
Utilitarianism Ethics
Utilitarianism is criticized for being incompatible with justice and individual rights by allowing the violation of rights if it increases overall happiness. It also fails to account for backward-looking reasons for action. Utilitarians defend the theory in three ways: 1) the alleged bad consequences of actions don't actually maximize happiness, 2) it evaluates rules not individual acts, and 3) common sense moral views have a secret utilitarian basis or can't be trusted in exceptional cases.
Virtue ethics
Virtue ethics focuses not so much on principles or the consequences of action, nor even the action itself so much as on the agent, the person who performs the action, in the light of the circumstances and all of his or her other actions. The focus is on the person’s character, or alternatively, on those traits of character expressed in this and other actions, his or her virtues.
Aristotle’s virtue ethics The most famous virtue ethicist, and in many ways still the starting point for most virtue ethicists, is the great Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In his Nicomachean Ethics (1954), Aristotle laid out a system of virtue ethics which still remains the starting point, if not the model, for most virtue ethicists. A virtue (areté which can also be translated as “excellence”) for Aristotle was the mean between the extremes.
Recommended
Ethics and morality
Ethics refers to moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. Morals are principles of right and wrong established by a particular custom, religion, or other social authority. While morals are generally established by groups, ethics define an individual's character and can vary between individuals. Both play an important role in shaping human behavior and judgment.
Natural Law Lesson 3.pptx
St. Thomas Aquinas was a medieval scholar who reconciled Aristotle's political philosophy with Christian faith. He argued that governments must work for the common good of all people. Aquinas believed natural law, which is self-evident or deduced from self-evident ideas, governs human behavior. According to Aquinas, there are four types of law - eternal, natural, human, and divine - with eternal law being the highest, followed by natural law, then human law. Natural law applies to all humans and guides them to use reason to lead their lives.
Deontology or teleology
The document discusses several frameworks for categorizing and thinking about ethics, including deontology vs. teleology (ethics based on duty vs. consequences). It provides examples of prominent philosophers who exemplified different approaches, such as Immanuel Kant supporting deontology by focusing on duty and the categorical imperative, and John Stuart Mill supporting teleology as a utilitarian who believed ethics is determined by producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses other ethics classifications like direct vs. indirect views and pragmatic vs. humanistic theories.
Deontology intro
Deontology is a duty-based ethical theory that focuses on acts being right or wrong based on whether they conform to moral rules and duties, rather than the consequences of the acts. Under deontology, the consequences of acts do not affect their morality - acts are prohibited if they violate rules of duty, even if they produce good outcomes. Some key aspects of deontology discussed in the document include it focusing on intention over consequences, certain choices being forbidden no matter their results, and the priority of doing the right act over producing good.
Aristotle 1.ethics.ppt
Aristotle argues that happiness, or eudaimonia, is the highest human good and consists of living a virtuous life guided by reason. He defines virtue as a mean between deficiencies and excesses of emotions and actions. Virtues are developed through practice and experience. Aristotle claims humans are political animals that require community to fully develop their rational nature and virtue. Therefore, the goal of politics and the state is to support citizens in cultivating moral character and achieving happiness through reasonable laws, education, and a system that enables a good life.
Sexual morality
The document discusses different moral perspectives on human sexuality and sexual morality. It examines views such as:
- Sex is only permissible within marriage for the purpose of procreation (Thomas Aquinas).
- Sexual acts must respect human dignity and treat people as ends in themselves, not means (Immanuel Kant).
- Utilitarian approaches consider the overall consequences of sexual acts and do not necessarily side with traditional or non-traditional views.
The document also outlines different views on which sexual acts are considered permissible or impermissible according to various moral frameworks centered around concepts like consent, harm prevention, and emotional connection between partners.
Utilitarianism Ethics
Utilitarianism is criticized for being incompatible with justice and individual rights by allowing the violation of rights if it increases overall happiness. It also fails to account for backward-looking reasons for action. Utilitarians defend the theory in three ways: 1) the alleged bad consequences of actions don't actually maximize happiness, 2) it evaluates rules not individual acts, and 3) common sense moral views have a secret utilitarian basis or can't be trusted in exceptional cases.
Virtue ethics
Virtue ethics focuses not so much on principles or the consequences of action, nor even the action itself so much as on the agent, the person who performs the action, in the light of the circumstances and all of his or her other actions. The focus is on the person’s character, or alternatively, on those traits of character expressed in this and other actions, his or her virtues.
Aristotle’s virtue ethics The most famous virtue ethicist, and in many ways still the starting point for most virtue ethicists, is the great Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In his Nicomachean Ethics (1954), Aristotle laid out a system of virtue ethics which still remains the starting point, if not the model, for most virtue ethicists. A virtue (areté which can also be translated as “excellence”) for Aristotle was the mean between the extremes.
Phi 105: Virtue ethics
This document provides an overview of virtue ethics from Aristotle to modern philosophers. It discusses Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia or human flourishing as the goal of ethics achieved through developing moral virtues like courage, justice, and temperance. Aristotle defined virtues as means between vices of excess and deficiency. Later virtue ethicists expanded on Aristotle's work, with some emphasizing narrative traditions or ethics of care. Strengths of virtue ethics include its focus on character, community, and long-term moral development, though weaknesses include vagueness and dependence on strong communities.
Ethics advanced
This case study involves an engineer in charge of a flyover construction project who discovers safety issues during an inspection that were not reported by junior engineers. Rectifying the issues would cause delays and costs. The chief engineer advises downplaying the issues to avoid delays, but the engineer must determine the ethical course of action. Key theories that could apply are:
- St. Thomas Aquinas Theory to assess ethical liability based on knowledge, volunteerism, and free will of those involved.
- Deontology to consider whether downplaying issues aligns with principles of universalizability, respecting all individuals, and long-term impacts.
- Teleology to weigh consequences of different options in terms of maximizing safety and
Ethics ~ natural law
Aquinas' natural law theory holds that humans have an innate ability to reason which allows them to discern moral truths and understand their purpose as given by God. According to Aquinas, natural law establishes absolute moral rules called primary precepts related to worshipping God, orderly society, reproduction, learning, and defending life. Secondary precepts provide more specific guidance that allows for flexibility in extreme cases. Virtues like prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance help fulfill human nature and avoid sin. Interior acts involve good actions with good motives, while exterior acts have good actions but wrong motives.
Meta Ethics Guide
Meta ethics explores the foundations and meaning of ethics. Three views on the origin of ethics are discussed: Platonic realism which holds that ethical principles originate from the spiritual world; moral skepticism which argues there are no objective ethical principles; and the view that principles come from society itself. The document also summarizes several major religious and ethical traditions and their teachings on key ethical issues.
Ethics
this presentation is about ethics, its definitions, meanind and importance. nature, purpose and scope of ethics in education.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch01
The document is an excerpt from an ethics textbook that discusses the murder of Kitty Genovese and introduces some key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the study of morality and moral philosophy. It discusses descriptive morality, moral philosophy, applied ethics and the differences between morality, religion, law and etiquette. The document also outlines some traits of moral principles like prescriptivity, universalizability, overridingness, publicity and practicability. It concludes by noting the practical benefits of studying ethics.
Kant - Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Natural law.
The document discusses Thomas Aquinas's theory of natural law, which he developed based on the work of Aristotle. It explains key aspects of Aristotle's view that things have a natural telos (purpose) and act according to their nature. For Aristotle, human nature is defined by reason. The document then outlines Aquinas's perspective that natural law is the moral code humans are naturally inclined towards, as revealed by God. Aquinas believed the four purposes of human life are living in society, reproducing, learning, and worshipping God. Any actions that enable these purposes are considered good. The document discusses how Aquinas viewed morality, sin, intentions versus actions, and how his framework is used today, particularly regarding issues like homosexuality.
Logic & Ethics 6
Aristotle believed that happiness in life comes from attaining goods that satisfy human needs and develop a person's well-being, comfort, and fulfillment. These goods include biological needs like food and shelter, psychological needs like friendship, intellectual needs like truth and art, and moral needs for character development. Values help attain happiness and bring order to how we rank our needs from most basic like survival to higher ones like morality and spirituality. Moral values are the most important for bringing happiness through living harmoniously with others.
Law (Aquinas)
St. Thomas Aquinas defines four kinds of law: eternal law, natural law, divine law, and human law. Eternal law is God's law governing the universe. Natural law is humanity's participation in eternal law through reason. Divine law provides specific formulations of eternal law to guide human conduct. Human law consists of rules created by human reason to enable virtuous living and maintain order in society. For laws to be just, they must be based on right reason, ordain the common good, not exceed the power of the lawgiver, and impose a burden commensurate with attaining the common good.
Virtue ethics
A presentation on "Virtue Ethics" for a Year 10 class. Differentiating agent based ethics from act theories (utilitarianism and deontology).
Higher RMPS - Kantian Ethics (SlideCast)
Visit www.RMPSuccess.com
Kantian ethics is, arguably, the most beautiful Philosophy written. It is grand, intimidating, and at times quixotic; however, it has been an integral component of the Higher and Intermediate curriculum and thus required the proper intention. When a student is faced with Kant’s lofty descriptions of ‘duty’ and ‘good’ one can’t help but feel for them. I must assure you, whilst bearing in mind everything I have said, for the studious mind it is also one of the most engaging pieces of philosophy and one in which you will be able to write about hopefully with interest.
Ethical theories[1]
Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and seeks to understand concepts like good, evil, right, wrong and justice. There are differing views on the source and nature of morality. Objectivists believe morality is objective and stems from supernatural beings or natural laws, while subjectivists see it as subjective and based on human rationality. Major ethical theories discussed include utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics and ethical relativism. Different theories provide various approaches to determining what constitutes moral and ethical behavior.
"The Objectivity Of Moral Judgments" by G.E. Moore
G.E. Moore was a prominent 20th century British philosopher and logician who was influential in the analytic tradition. In his book Principia Ethica, Moore argues against ethical naturalism and various forms of relativism. He rejects the ideas that ethics is based on feelings, what society thinks, or relativism. Instead, Moore believes that moral judgments are objective and not merely opinions or feelings about actions.
Branches of philosophy
This document discusses several branches and concepts in philosophy, including:
1. Metaphysics examines fundamental aspects of reality, including what exists. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge.
2. Normative ethics evaluates moral standards and determines right and wrong actions. Meta-ethics analyzes the meaning of moral concepts.
3. Absolutist ethical theories like Kantianism see moral rules as universal laws that are known independently of experience. Teleological theories judge actions based on their outcomes and consequences.
I and Thou relationship in Martin Buber
Martin Buber's 1923 book "I and Thou" explores two fundamental types of human relationships: I-It and I-Thou. I-It relationships treat others as objects and are self-centered, while I-Thou relationships see others as unique subjects and focus on mutual understanding. Buber argues that finding meaning in life requires I-Thou relationships with other people and with God, the eternal Thou. While I-It relationships are necessary to understand the world, cultivating I-Thou relationships is important for developing care, respect and responsibility between all people.
Notes for exam 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in morality, ethical theory, and approaches to studying ethics. It discusses the distinction between morality and ethical theory, as well as morality and prudence. It introduces utilitarianism and Kantian ethical theories. It also covers additional topics like relativism, moral disagreements, and the problems with egoism. The document aims to define important terminology and explore different perspectives in ethics through examples and discussions of prominent philosophers.
Ethics
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions about morality and values. It examines what actions are right or wrong and how we should decide which values to pursue. Ethics helps us resolve conflicts about values and determine the proper course of action for humans. It provides guidance for organizing our goals and acting successfully to accomplish our most important values. The study of ethics explores different types of values like intrinsic and extrinsic values, and considers how ethics relates to other domains like religions and science.
ANALYZE-SITUATIONS-THAT-SHOW-THE-DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-OPINION.pptx
This document discusses different theories of truth and how to distinguish between opinions and facts. It introduces the correspondence theory, which views truth as statements that correspond to reality, the coherence theory, which sees truth as propositions that fit within a system of beliefs, and the pragmatic theory, which considers useful or practical ideas to be true. It also provides definitions for key terms and examines philosophers' perspectives on the differences between opinion and knowledge.
Abortion
The document discusses abortion from several perspectives. It begins by defining abortion and outlining Philippines laws, which criminalize abortion. It then examines reasons women choose abortion and health risks. Ethical issues discussed include personhood, the right to life, feminism, and applying theories like utilitarianism, deontology, situation ethics, and Kantian ethics. Specific cases are analyzed under each theory to determine if abortion could be justified in certain situations.
Natural law
Natural law is based on the idea that God created everything for a purpose and humans can understand this purpose through reason. Thomas Aquinas developed natural law theory, drawing on Aristotle, to provide a rational basis for Christian morality. Natural law dictates absolute morality - that actions must fulfill their natural purpose without flexibility for circumstances. Applying natural law involves determining if an action achieves its natural end through reason and observation of nature.
More Related Content
What's hot
Phi 105: Virtue ethics
This document provides an overview of virtue ethics from Aristotle to modern philosophers. It discusses Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia or human flourishing as the goal of ethics achieved through developing moral virtues like courage, justice, and temperance. Aristotle defined virtues as means between vices of excess and deficiency. Later virtue ethicists expanded on Aristotle's work, with some emphasizing narrative traditions or ethics of care. Strengths of virtue ethics include its focus on character, community, and long-term moral development, though weaknesses include vagueness and dependence on strong communities.
Ethics advanced
This case study involves an engineer in charge of a flyover construction project who discovers safety issues during an inspection that were not reported by junior engineers. Rectifying the issues would cause delays and costs. The chief engineer advises downplaying the issues to avoid delays, but the engineer must determine the ethical course of action. Key theories that could apply are:
- St. Thomas Aquinas Theory to assess ethical liability based on knowledge, volunteerism, and free will of those involved.
- Deontology to consider whether downplaying issues aligns with principles of universalizability, respecting all individuals, and long-term impacts.
- Teleology to weigh consequences of different options in terms of maximizing safety and
Ethics ~ natural law
Aquinas' natural law theory holds that humans have an innate ability to reason which allows them to discern moral truths and understand their purpose as given by God. According to Aquinas, natural law establishes absolute moral rules called primary precepts related to worshipping God, orderly society, reproduction, learning, and defending life. Secondary precepts provide more specific guidance that allows for flexibility in extreme cases. Virtues like prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance help fulfill human nature and avoid sin. Interior acts involve good actions with good motives, while exterior acts have good actions but wrong motives.
Meta Ethics Guide
Meta ethics explores the foundations and meaning of ethics. Three views on the origin of ethics are discussed: Platonic realism which holds that ethical principles originate from the spiritual world; moral skepticism which argues there are no objective ethical principles; and the view that principles come from society itself. The document also summarizes several major religious and ethical traditions and their teachings on key ethical issues.
Ethics
this presentation is about ethics, its definitions, meanind and importance. nature, purpose and scope of ethics in education.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch01
The document is an excerpt from an ethics textbook that discusses the murder of Kitty Genovese and introduces some key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the study of morality and moral philosophy. It discusses descriptive morality, moral philosophy, applied ethics and the differences between morality, religion, law and etiquette. The document also outlines some traits of moral principles like prescriptivity, universalizability, overridingness, publicity and practicability. It concludes by noting the practical benefits of studying ethics.
Kant - Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Natural law.
The document discusses Thomas Aquinas's theory of natural law, which he developed based on the work of Aristotle. It explains key aspects of Aristotle's view that things have a natural telos (purpose) and act according to their nature. For Aristotle, human nature is defined by reason. The document then outlines Aquinas's perspective that natural law is the moral code humans are naturally inclined towards, as revealed by God. Aquinas believed the four purposes of human life are living in society, reproducing, learning, and worshipping God. Any actions that enable these purposes are considered good. The document discusses how Aquinas viewed morality, sin, intentions versus actions, and how his framework is used today, particularly regarding issues like homosexuality.
Logic & Ethics 6
Aristotle believed that happiness in life comes from attaining goods that satisfy human needs and develop a person's well-being, comfort, and fulfillment. These goods include biological needs like food and shelter, psychological needs like friendship, intellectual needs like truth and art, and moral needs for character development. Values help attain happiness and bring order to how we rank our needs from most basic like survival to higher ones like morality and spirituality. Moral values are the most important for bringing happiness through living harmoniously with others.
Law (Aquinas)
St. Thomas Aquinas defines four kinds of law: eternal law, natural law, divine law, and human law. Eternal law is God's law governing the universe. Natural law is humanity's participation in eternal law through reason. Divine law provides specific formulations of eternal law to guide human conduct. Human law consists of rules created by human reason to enable virtuous living and maintain order in society. For laws to be just, they must be based on right reason, ordain the common good, not exceed the power of the lawgiver, and impose a burden commensurate with attaining the common good.
Virtue ethics
A presentation on "Virtue Ethics" for a Year 10 class. Differentiating agent based ethics from act theories (utilitarianism and deontology).
Higher RMPS - Kantian Ethics (SlideCast)
Visit www.RMPSuccess.com
Kantian ethics is, arguably, the most beautiful Philosophy written. It is grand, intimidating, and at times quixotic; however, it has been an integral component of the Higher and Intermediate curriculum and thus required the proper intention. When a student is faced with Kant’s lofty descriptions of ‘duty’ and ‘good’ one can’t help but feel for them. I must assure you, whilst bearing in mind everything I have said, for the studious mind it is also one of the most engaging pieces of philosophy and one in which you will be able to write about hopefully with interest.
Ethical theories[1]
Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and seeks to understand concepts like good, evil, right, wrong and justice. There are differing views on the source and nature of morality. Objectivists believe morality is objective and stems from supernatural beings or natural laws, while subjectivists see it as subjective and based on human rationality. Major ethical theories discussed include utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics and ethical relativism. Different theories provide various approaches to determining what constitutes moral and ethical behavior.
"The Objectivity Of Moral Judgments" by G.E. Moore
G.E. Moore was a prominent 20th century British philosopher and logician who was influential in the analytic tradition. In his book Principia Ethica, Moore argues against ethical naturalism and various forms of relativism. He rejects the ideas that ethics is based on feelings, what society thinks, or relativism. Instead, Moore believes that moral judgments are objective and not merely opinions or feelings about actions.
Branches of philosophy
This document discusses several branches and concepts in philosophy, including:
1. Metaphysics examines fundamental aspects of reality, including what exists. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge.
2. Normative ethics evaluates moral standards and determines right and wrong actions. Meta-ethics analyzes the meaning of moral concepts.
3. Absolutist ethical theories like Kantianism see moral rules as universal laws that are known independently of experience. Teleological theories judge actions based on their outcomes and consequences.
I and Thou relationship in Martin Buber
Martin Buber's 1923 book "I and Thou" explores two fundamental types of human relationships: I-It and I-Thou. I-It relationships treat others as objects and are self-centered, while I-Thou relationships see others as unique subjects and focus on mutual understanding. Buber argues that finding meaning in life requires I-Thou relationships with other people and with God, the eternal Thou. While I-It relationships are necessary to understand the world, cultivating I-Thou relationships is important for developing care, respect and responsibility between all people.
Notes for exam 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in morality, ethical theory, and approaches to studying ethics. It discusses the distinction between morality and ethical theory, as well as morality and prudence. It introduces utilitarianism and Kantian ethical theories. It also covers additional topics like relativism, moral disagreements, and the problems with egoism. The document aims to define important terminology and explore different perspectives in ethics through examples and discussions of prominent philosophers.
Ethics
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions about morality and values. It examines what actions are right or wrong and how we should decide which values to pursue. Ethics helps us resolve conflicts about values and determine the proper course of action for humans. It provides guidance for organizing our goals and acting successfully to accomplish our most important values. The study of ethics explores different types of values like intrinsic and extrinsic values, and considers how ethics relates to other domains like religions and science.
ANALYZE-SITUATIONS-THAT-SHOW-THE-DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-OPINION.pptx
This document discusses different theories of truth and how to distinguish between opinions and facts. It introduces the correspondence theory, which views truth as statements that correspond to reality, the coherence theory, which sees truth as propositions that fit within a system of beliefs, and the pragmatic theory, which considers useful or practical ideas to be true. It also provides definitions for key terms and examines philosophers' perspectives on the differences between opinion and knowledge.
What's hot (20)
"The Objectivity Of Moral Judgments" by G.E. Moore
"The Objectivity Of Moral Judgments" by G.E. Moore
ANALYZE-SITUATIONS-THAT-SHOW-THE-DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-OPINION.pptx
ANALYZE-SITUATIONS-THAT-SHOW-THE-DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-OPINION.pptx
Viewers also liked
Abortion
The document discusses abortion from several perspectives. It begins by defining abortion and outlining Philippines laws, which criminalize abortion. It then examines reasons women choose abortion and health risks. Ethical issues discussed include personhood, the right to life, feminism, and applying theories like utilitarianism, deontology, situation ethics, and Kantian ethics. Specific cases are analyzed under each theory to determine if abortion could be justified in certain situations.
Natural law
Natural law is based on the idea that God created everything for a purpose and humans can understand this purpose through reason. Thomas Aquinas developed natural law theory, drawing on Aristotle, to provide a rational basis for Christian morality. Natural law dictates absolute morality - that actions must fulfill their natural purpose without flexibility for circumstances. Applying natural law involves determining if an action achieves its natural end through reason and observation of nature.
Christianity Environmental Ethics HSC SOR1
This is adapted from bvarious sources & study days, a blen used for a holiday tutorial for my HSC class
Christian Environmental Ethics
Christian environmental ethics are based on principles found in Scripture. These principles include that God took delight in creating a variety of species and declared them good. God also rejoices in and pays attention to even insignificant parts of creation. Humans have a special role as stewards of creation, meant to serve and care for it rather than destroy it. Scripture encourages preserving species and enjoying creation's benefits while ensuring all of creation can do the same, and commands caring for creation so it can regenerate itself with God's sustaining involvement.
Natural law revision notes
Natural law claims that everything has a purpose designed by its creator, and this purpose is what is intrinsically good. The concept has its roots in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy as described by thinkers like Aristotle and Cicero. Thomas Aquinas was a major proponent of natural law in the 13th century. He argued that natural law is derived from human reason and aims toward the highest good of God. Natural law theory proposes that there are fundamental moral principles knowable by reason, including prohibitions against murder, theft, and deception. However, critics argue that natural law faces challenges in accounting for concepts like homosexuality, contraception, and evaluating actions based on their consequences rather than intrinsic nature alone.
Natural law theories
Natural law theories propose that there are objective, universal principles of morality that can be discovered by reason and that inform just positive law. Key thinkers in the natural law tradition include Aristotle, Aquinas, Hobbes, Locke, Fuller, Finnis, and Hart. They variously argue that natural law is derived from human nature, God, or basic human goods. For Aquinas, natural law comes from eternal law and practical reason, and just human laws should conform to natural law. Finnis develops a secular natural law based on seven basic human goods. Critics argue natural law is not objective or universal and simply imposes personal views under the guise of rational principles.
Дамир Халилов_ Эффективное продвижение во ВКонтакте.ру и Facebook
Social Media Meeting – это конференция, во время которой стартаперы и начинающие предприниматели смогли получить дополнительные знания из разных областей работы с социальными медиа (социальные сети, блогосфера, фото- и видеохостинги и др.), а также посмотреть реальные примеры проведения успешных кампаний в этой сфере.
Developing Financial Capability
This document provides information and advice to students about developing financial capability and managing money, including budgeting, using credit cards responsibly, finding financial advice and support, and practical tips. The key goals are to help students understand basic financial management, take control of their finances, and provide hints for budgeting and managing money. Students are encouraged to open a student bank account, use cash machines without fees, regularly check statements, and report any fraud immediately. The golden rule for credit cards is to pay the full balance each month to avoid interest charges. Budgeting involves tracking income, expenses, and occasional costs to understand finances and cut unnecessary spending. Records of financial documents should be kept for tax purposes and to check for errors. The document
You Had Me at Hello: Tips for Building Relationships with Media and Influence...
Speakers:
Chad Whaley, Media Specialist, Green Door Mediaworks
James Pearson, EVP Corporate Communications, Grooveshark
Ryan Whaley, Founder, Green Door Mediaworks
Torrey Mirabito, Director of Customer Engagement,
PR Newswire
Advanced Content Strategies 1: Introduction
The first session will provide an introduction/review of the five fundamental components of inbound marketing; content, search engine optimization, social media promotion, conversion and analytics.
Defrag2014 anomalies final
A quick (25 minute) presentation on how to view the use of anomalies in application operations automation. Presented by James Urquhart and Rob Dickenson of Dell at Defrag 2014.
Mongara roadshow stockholm_tillväxt_120510
Anders Lindhs presentation på Mongars Roadshow i Stockholm 10 maj 2012
ERP initiatives
The document discusses top trends in enterprise resource planning (ERP) initiatives for 2011. Key trends included companies performing more thorough ROI analyses before approving ERP projects given financial belt-tightening. Companies were also increasingly managing project risks and delaying or breaking up large implementations. When projects were implemented, companies focused on areas most important to their specific business and accepted packaged systems when customization wasn't a priority. Cloud computing and software as a service models were growing in popularity for ERP systems. Security of internet-accessed systems was a concern addressed through digital certificates. ERP systems were also integrating more functions beyond back-office operations.
Ditre Italia Leather kit
Guida al mantenimento e alla pulizia dei divani in pelle. Ditre Italia ha realizzato e distribuito questo utile manuale in italiano, inglese, francese e tedesco.
25x10 mp spb_august_2016_vostrikov_mac (1)
Мастер-класс «Как зарабатывать на создании решений для маркетплейсов 1С-Битрикс»
Ключевые тезисы:
- Схемы монетизации для разработчиков. Что лучше: продажи продуктов или услуг?
- Зачем делать бесплатные приложения?
- Кейсы успешных и неудачных готовых решений.
- Рекомендации по наиболее актуальным направлениям B2B разработки
Спикер – Сергей Востриков, менеджер маркетплейс «1С-Битрикс»
Viewers also liked (20)
Дамир Халилов_ Эффективное продвижение во ВКонтакте.ру и Facebook
Дамир Халилов_ Эффективное продвижение во ВКонтакте.ру и Facebook
You Had Me at Hello: Tips for Building Relationships with Media and Influence...
You Had Me at Hello: Tips for Building Relationships with Media and Influence...
Powerpoint fiesta 6 horas raul cremona @ sala versus (1 05-2010)
Powerpoint fiesta 6 horas raul cremona @ sala versus (1 05-2010)
Similar to Natural law _situation_and_virtue_ethics (2)
Ethics AS level
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. There are three main types: act, rule, and preference utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism evaluates individual actions based on their consequences, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on whether they conform to rules that maximize well-being. Preference utilitarianism, associated with Peter Singer, bases morality on furthering individuals' interests and preferences rather than happiness. Utilitarianism faces criticisms such as the naturalistic fallacy and the inability to accurately quantify and compare pleasures. Rule utilitarianism avoids some issues with act utilitarianism such as the inability to trust those who only follow rules situationally.
Ethics AS OCR
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. There are three main types: act, rule, and preference utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism judges each act independently based on its consequences, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on general rules that maximize well-being. Preference utilitarianism focuses on fulfilling individual preferences and interests rather than maximizing happiness. Utilitarianism faces criticisms such as the naturalistic fallacy and the inability to accurately quantify and compare pleasures. Rule utilitarianism is argued to be more practical than act utilitarianism as it provides stability of rules and obligations in society.
1-Intro-to-Christian-Morality.pptx
This document discusses the importance of Christian morality. It begins by defining key terms like morality, custom, moral, immoral, and amoral. It then discusses how morality deals with the rightness or wrongness of human conduct according to social norms. The document outlines some foundations of Christian morality, including natural law, truth, freedom, conscience. It explains that morality is a guide to freedom, connects humanity to eternity, promotes full human development, guides us towards reality, and gives life meaning. Overall, the document provides an introduction to Christian morality by defining important concepts and outlining the significance and purpose of morality.
Ethical Theory PaperElijah KimWhat is the meaning of being a h
Ethical Theory Paper
Elijah Kim
What is the meaning of being a human? What is the meaning of being a good person? What is good? And why do we have to be good? The word ethic carries many implications and foundations. In Christianity, God creates this universe, earth, and man/woman in "his" image. However, the Human is not God and made many ethical mistakes that ask God for forgiveness. "Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are who judge, for in whatever you judge another you condemn yourself; for you who judge practice the same things." (Romans 2:1). No human being is innocent in front of God and not allow to judge each other. The ethical theory sets the foundation for a "right human being" and has numerous ways to break down.
Ethical theory "is the systematic effort to understand moral concepts and justify moral principles and theories" (Fieser 2017), which means the study of Right Action. This "Right Action" can be divide into three different divisions. Metaethics can be defined as a God's view. For many religious believers and religious cultures, the Metaethics can be easily found. However, people who do not believe in a higher power or bird view have a problem with divine command metaethics (Morriston 2009). In the Metaethics view, moral obligations are taught and fixed by religious belief. For the non-religious believers there Metaethics can be set by the Karma they heard of or the own belief system. Just because of believing in religious belief and Karma, Metaethics do not take the basics from realism or antirealism. Instead, it contains the focused theories (Davis 2021).
Moral Realism in Metaethics asses the meaning of the moral. Moral realism is the position of right and wrong in a variety of situations. Religions like Christianity made committed to moral realism for three different reasons. First, "constructivists tend to attribute moral facts to agents as their origin" (Jung 2015). In Christianity bible has the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20. These Ten Commandments are the fundamental moral value of Christian belief and set the standard. Commandments like "Thou shalt not commit adultery" and "Thou shalt not kill" are the well-known rule as a "basic human being." Like the last sentence, the bible has a clear example of do's and don'ts, right/ wrong.
The bible also advised what evil (bad) can affect the person "Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners" (1 Corinthians 15:33). Many religious people believe in God's purpose. An example of Christianity, Genesis advised, Human were made to glorify God and his creation. Adam and Eve were also created to manage God's creation. "So, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God" (1 Corinthians 10:31). "And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose" (Romans 8:28). The explicit purpose gave men and women a clear vision of life and motivated them to stay in God's ...
Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas developed a theory of natural law that argues morality is based on principles that are implanted in human nature by God and can be discerned through reason. Natural law consists of general rules that are derived from eternal law and embedded in human nature, such as preserving life and living in society. Aquinas sought to ground Christian ethics in a rational system based on natural inclinations, arguing that through reason humans can understand moral rules and their proper end as living, reproducing, and rational creatures ordered towards God.
NATURAL-LAW.pptx
The document discusses Aristotle's concept of natural law and its influence on Catholic moral philosophy. It describes natural law as universal, obligatory, recognizable, and unchanging. For Aristotle, everything has a natural activity or telos. He sought to discover humanity's highest good or final end, which is happiness. The human soul is divided into three parts: the vegetative faculty responsible for nutrition, the appetitive faculty for desires, and the calculative faculty for reasoning. Virtue is a mean between two extremes. The document also discusses disadvantages of natural law theory and arguments against it from Freud, Marx, and Darwin.
4.-VITUE-ETHICS.pptx hahajevakdgqkegoabw
Virtue ethics is a moral theory that measures morality based on virtues, or good character attributes. There are three main strands of virtue ethics: eudaimonism focuses on well-being, the ethics of care emphasizes relationships and community, and agent-based theories evaluate actions based on the character of the agent. Aristotle was influential in virtue ethics, believing virtues are developed through habit and happiness comes from exercising reason and virtues like courage and justice. Natural law theory holds that moral and legal standards derive authority from considerations of moral merit.
Ethical Essay
Ethics in Science Essay
Ethical Definition Essay
Philosophy of Ethics Essay
Ethical Practices Essay
Ethics In The Workplace Essay
Ethics in Research Essay
My Personal Ethics Essay
Ethics In Nursing Essay
An Ethical Responsibility Essays
Ethics in Psychology Essay
Natural law
Natural Law is an ancient ethical theory that argues morality comes from human nature rather than human choice. It has roots in Greek philosophy, Roman thought, and Christianity. Thomas Aquinas developed Natural Law into a hierarchical system where eternal, divine, natural, and human laws guide human behavior. Natural Law's primary tenets are self-preservation, reproduction, educating children, community, and worshipping God. It holds that through reason, people can determine right from wrong by considering what allows human flourishing. Both motives and actions must be good to achieve virtue and happiness.
Catholic health care ethics ch 1, 2
This document discusses Catholic teachings on bioethics and morality. It addresses that human life is a gift from God and that humans are endowed with dignity due to our spiritual souls. It describes the Church's authority to teach on moral issues and outlines the process of moral decision making which involves deliberation, judgment, and choice. Natural law is discussed as determining right and wrong through reason. The document stresses that morality is universal and based on human dignity and nature, not religious directives alone.
Situation Ethics VEPSS 100.ppt
Here are potential responses from different ethical perspectives:
Legalist: Taking one's own life is against the law and religious teachings. The man should continue treatment and trust in God.
Antinomian: There are no absolute rules. Each person must decide what feels right in their situation based on their values.
Situationist: The most loving choice depends on fully understanding the situation and consequences. Both prolonging life and providing for family could be seen as loving acts. Deeper discussion is needed to determine what maximizes well-being for all.
Overall, there are good-faith arguments on both sides of this complex issue, and reasonable people can disagree.
Lecture 8 moral_law_argument
This document provides an overview of the moral law argument for the existence of God. It discusses various formulations of the argument by philosophers such as Hastings Rashdall, W.R. Sorley, Elton Trueblood, Linda Zagzebski, Robert Adams, and Douglas Drabkin. The moral law argument posits that the existence of objective moral absolutes implies a divine moral lawgiver. If there are universal moral truths, they require a transcendent source outside of human subjective opinions and cultural relativism. The document examines different logical formulations of this argument and responses to objections about the possibility of morality without God.
9.5 Moral TheoriesAll moral claims are grounded in some moral th.docx
9.5 Moral Theories
All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust.
The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claim that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong.
Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories.
Whether they know it or not, everyone has a moral theory. It is inescapable. Even if their moral theory is that there are no morals, that still represents a moral theory. But not all moral theories are equal—some hold up to critical thinking better than others.
You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it's important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it's helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ.
Theory
Criticisms
Kantian Ethics
· Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way.
· This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?”
Any two people who want to get married should be able to.
· This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense.
It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse.
Utilitarianism
· The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
· The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means).
· Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions.
· Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness to many others.
It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy, and only my neighbor would be harmed.
Ethical Egoism
· Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy.
· This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term.
· Can be used to justify terrible actions.
Ethical Altruism
· Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself.
· Some.
Virtue Ethics Theory Essay
Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and moral virtues rather than rules or consequences. This essay discusses virtue ethics and how developing the virtue of patience is important for overcoming obstacles in life. The author has chosen to work on being more patient, as it is a virtue that can help deal with challenges of the present day, such as peer pressure. According to Aristotle, every virtue has a vice of excess or deficit, and patience falls in between the extremes of indifference and irritability. The author's dog helps remind them to remain patient in the mornings.
COMPARE; VIRTUE ETHICS AND UTILITARIANISM.pdf
The document provides an overview and comparison of virtue ethics philosophies from Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, as well as an introduction to utilitarianism and deontology. For virtue ethics, it notes that both Aristotle and Aquinas believed virtues are habits acquired through practice that lead to moral excellence and a good life, though they differed on some points like Aristotle viewing it secularly while Aquinas connected it to religion. It then explains utilitarianism using the views of Jeremy Bentham, focusing on maximizing happiness and well-being, and deontology using the categorical imperative developed by Immanuel Kant which focuses on universal moral rules and principles.
Subjectivism in EthicsJames Rachels&Stuart Rachels.docx
Subjectivism in Ethics
James Rachels
&
Stuart Rachels
What are morals?
The Basic Idea of Ethical Subjectivism
People have different opinions, but where morality is concerned, there are no ‘facts,’ and no one is ‘right.’ People just feel differently, and that’s all there is to it.
What are moral truths?
Different from moral standards
Some Implications
It is a fact that the Nazis exterminated millions of innocent people.
According to ethical subjectivism, it is not a fact that what they did was objectively evil.
Some Implications
According to ethical subjectivism, when we say that the actions of the Nazis were evil, we are merely expressing our negative subjective feelings toward them.
The same applies to any moral judgment whatsoever.
The Evolution of the Theory
It began as a simple idea—in the words of David Hume (1711-1776), that morality is a matter of sentiment rather than fact. But as objections were raised to the theory, and as its defenders tried to answer the objections, the theory became more sophisticated.
The First Stage: Simple Subjectivism
When a person says that something is morally good or bad, this means that he or she approves of that thing, or disapproves of it, and nothing more.
Objections to Simple Subjectivism
Simple Subjectivism Cannot Account for Disagreement.
Moral statements simply reflect preference. We cannot disagree about what another person’s sincerely stated preference is.
Falwell: ʺHomosexuality is immoral. The so‐called ʹgay rightsʹ are not rights at all, because immorality is not right.ʺ
Subjectivist: “I agree.” (For the subjectivist, this merely means: “It is true that you have feelings of disapproval toward homosexuality.” The subjectivist’s own feelings are irrelevant .)
It's very dear to me, the issue of gay marriage. Or as I like to call it: marriage. You know, because I had lunch this afternoon, not “gay lunch”. I parked my car; I didn't “gay park” it.
Liz Feldman
We seem to experience actual disagreement with others about moral issues.
Objections to Simple Subjectivism
Simple Subjectivism Implies That We’re Always Right.
So long as people honestly represent their feelings, their moral judgments will always be correct and indisputable.
Falwell: “Homosexuality is immoral.”
Subjectivist: “You’re right.” (For the subjectivist, this still merely means: “It is true that you have feelings of disapproval toward homosexuality.” The subjectivist’s own feelings are irrelevant .)
We seem to acknowledge moral error in both ourselves and in others.
The Second Stage: Emotivism
Moral language is not fact-stating language; it is not used to convey information or to make reports. Charles L. Stevenson (1908-1979)
Moral language is instead used as a means of influencing other people’s behavior or expressing one’s own attitudes.
The Second Stage: Emotivism
Stevenson: “Any statement about any fact which any speaker considers likely to alte ...
The Biological Basis of MoralityDo we invent our moral absolutes.docx
The Biological Basis of Morality
Do we invent our moral absolutes in order to make society workable? Or are these enduring principles expressed to us by some transcendent or Godlike authority? Efforts to resolve this conundrum have perplexed, sometimes inflamed, our best minds for centuries, but the natural sciences are telling us more and more about the choices we make and our reasons for making them
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
· EDWARD O. WILSON
· APRIL 1998 ISSUE
CENTURIES of debate on the origin of ethics come down to this: Either ethical principles, such as justice and human rights, are independent of human experience, or they are human inventions. The distinction is more than an exercise for academic philosophers. The choice between these two understandings makes all the difference in the way we view ourselves as a species. It measures the authority of religion, and it determines the conduct of moral reasoning.
The two assumptions in competition are like islands in a sea of chaos, as different as life and death, matter and the void. One cannot learn which is correct by pure logic; the answer will eventually be reached through an accumulation of objective evidence. Moral reasoning, I believe, is at every level intrinsically consilient with -- compatible with, intertwined with -- the natural sciences. (I use a form of the word "consilience" -- literally a "jumping together" of knowledge as a result of the linking of facts and fact-based theory across disciplines to create a common groundwork of explanation -- because its rarity has preserved its precision.)
Every thoughtful person has an opinion on which premise is correct. But the split is not, as popularly supposed, between religious believers and secularists. It is between transcendentalists, who think that moral guidelines exist outside the human mind, and empiricists, who think them contrivances of the mind. In simplest terms, the options are as follows: I believe in the independence of moral values, whether from God or not, and I believe that moral values come from human beings alone, whether or not God exists.
Theologians and philosophers have almost always focused on transcendentalism as the means to validate ethics. They seek the grail of natural law, which comprises freestanding principles of moral conduct immune to doubt and compromise. Christian theologians, following Saint Thomas Aquinas's reasoning in Summa Theologiae, by and large consider natural law to be an expression of God's will. In this view, human beings have an obligation to discover the law by diligent reasoning and to weave it into the routine of their daily lives. Secular philosophers of a transcendental bent may seem to be radically different from theologians, but they are actually quite similar, at least in moral reasoning. They tend to view natural law as a set of principles so powerful, whatever their origin, as to be self-evident to any rational person. In short, transcendental views are fundamentally t ...
Chapter3: Moral Objectivism
Moral Objectivism holds that there are universal moral principles that are valid for all people and situations. It can be explained through either Divine Law and human sin or through Natural Law, which argues morality is a function of human nature and moral principles can be found by examining humanity and society. Natural Law first appeared with Stoics, who believed humans have a divine spark and are governed by rational laws of the universe, though they have free will. Thomas Aquinas combined this with Aristotle's view that humans have a specific purpose and function discoverable through reason. There are also principles of core morality and humanity that are argued to be universal.
Similar to Natural law _situation_and_virtue_ethics (2) (18)
Ethical Theory PaperElijah KimWhat is the meaning of being a h
Ethical Theory PaperElijah KimWhat is the meaning of being a h
9.5 Moral TheoriesAll moral claims are grounded in some moral th.docx
9.5 Moral TheoriesAll moral claims are grounded in some moral th.docx
Subjectivism in EthicsJames Rachels&Stuart Rachels.docx
Subjectivism in EthicsJames Rachels&Stuart Rachels.docx
The Biological Basis of MoralityDo we invent our moral absolutes.docx
The Biological Basis of MoralityDo we invent our moral absolutes.docx
More from t0nywilliams
Meta ethics-1
Meta-ethics examines what is meant when we use ethical terms like "good", "bad", "right", and "wrong". It does not tell us how to act, but rather explores the meaning and origin of moral language. The document outlines several meta-ethical theories, including intuitionism (ethical truths are known intuitively), emotivism (moral statements express attitudes), and prescriptivism (morality involves universal principles). It traces the development of meta-ethical thought over time and how different philosophers have approached understanding ethics.
Emotivism[1]
This document provides background information on emotivism and discusses the key philosophers and ideas associated with this view. Emotivism is an ethical theory that claims moral judgments are non-cognitive expressions of attitude or preference. It is considered a noncognitivist view. The theory is also known as the "hurrah-boo" theory because moral judgments are seen as expressions of approval or disapproval rather than statements of fact. The document examines the views of philosophers like A.J. Ayer and C.L. Stevenson who were influential in developing emotivism and considers some common criticisms of the view.
Determinism pp
The document discusses the philosophies of hard determinism and libertarianism, with hard determinism denying free will and believing all actions are determined by prior causes, while libertarianism claims people are morally responsible for their choices and free to make undetermined decisions. It also examines the ideas of personality and moral self in libertarian thought.
The case for_materialism
Materialism argues that physical matter is the only reality and everything, including thoughts and feelings, can be explained by physical phenomena and matter. The document outlines three positive arguments for materialism: 1) Humans evolved from animals so we must be physical beings, 2) Advances in understanding the brain show mental conditions have physical causes, and 3) If advanced AI can behave like humans without minds, then humans may not have minds either. It also discusses two negative arguments against materialism around the interaction of minds and bodies and how we know other minds exist.
Dualism 1
This document discusses several philosophical arguments for dualism, the belief that the mind and body are distinct entities. It outlines Platonic, Cartesian, and introspective arguments for dualism, including that the mind seems to pre-exist according to Plato, Descartes' view that "I think therefore I am" separates mind and body, and that humans can introspect and be in contact with their own mind.
Virtue ethics
Alasdair MacIntyre argues that modern society lacks moral virtues and is in a state of ethical confusion. He believes we need to reassert Aristotle's ideas of moral and intellectual virtues in institutions like medicine, education, politics, and business. MacIntyre analyzed Aristotle's works and was alarmed that Western philosophy had ignored virtue theory. In his influential book "After Virtue", he says using moral terms like good, bad, right, and wrong no longer makes sense today.
Virtue ethicsoverview and_re-visit
This document discusses virtue ethics and its adoption within Christianity. It provides an overview of Aristotle's conception of virtues as excellences that enable human flourishing. It also discusses how Christian thinkers like Augustine and Aquinas incorporated virtue ethics by valuing moral exemplars and saints. Finally, it summarizes more recent philosophers like MacIntyre who argue for reviving virtue ethics by grounding morality in communities and traditions.
Good recap and rule utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham developed Act Utilitarianism, which judges the morality of individual acts based on their consequences and ability to maximize happiness as calculated by his hedonic calculus. John Stuart Mill modified this approach with Rule Utilitarianism, which judges acts based on whether they conform to rules that maximize overall happiness if universally followed. A key difference is that Rule Utilitarianism prohibits acts like torture that maximize happiness in isolated cases but undermine the social rules required for general well-being.
2. utilitarianism explored
The document outlines the historical context of utilitarianism and explores its key aspects. It discusses Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, the main proponents of utilitarianism. Bentham argued that actions should aim to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people. He developed a "hedonic calculus" to quantify pleasure versus pain. Mill agreed but distinguished between higher and lower pleasures. The document also differentiates between act and rule utilitarianism, describing how they apply the principle of utility.
Utilitarianism bentham mill
Mill agreed with Bentham's view that happiness should be the standard of utility, but believed that not all pleasures were equal. He developed a theory of higher and lower pleasures, arguing that intellectual pleasures were of higher quality than bodily pleasures like eating, drinking, or sex. Mill maintained it is better to be a dissatisfied Socrates than a satisfied fool, as human dissatisfaction with intellectual pursuits is superior to bestial satisfaction of bodily desires alone.
Utilitarianism (good)
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. Key scholars include Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, G.E. Moore, and others. Bentham advocated act utilitarianism, judging each act based on its consequences. Mill argued some pleasures are of higher quality than others. Sidgwick viewed justice as treating similar cases similarly. Moore proposed ideal utilitarianism where friendship and beauty have intrinsic value beyond maximizing happiness.
Kant
Kant's deontological ethics argues that morality is derived from duty rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will that does one's duty. He proposes the categorical imperative - only act based on principles that could become universal laws. This means treating people as ends in themselves, never merely as means. Kant believes rational beings have intrinsic worth and morality requires upholding absolute moral rules and duties regardless of outcomes.
Brain snatched
This document discusses a thought experiment about a brain being removed and placed in a vat connected to a supercomputer that generates virtual experiences, making the brain question whether its experiences are real or an illusion. It explores two hypotheses: 1) the brain's experiences are a virtual illusion, or 2) its experiences are real. However, the document argues one cannot justify a belief either way, so we cannot know if our experiences are real or not. This leads to a skeptical conclusion that we may not know as much about the world as we think.
Doing philosophy
Human: This document discusses the nature and importance of philosophy and logical reasoning. It explains that philosophy involves abstract thinking about existence, knowledge and ethics. Logical reasoning is important for philosophy as it allows us to systematically evaluate arguments and conclusions. The document provides examples of deductive and inductive arguments to illustrate different types of logical reasoning.
Introduction to philosophy[1]
There are 5 main branches of philosophy: logic, aesthetics, metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology. Logic deals with reasoning and determining whether arguments are sound or conclusions valid. Aesthetics examines beauty in art and music. Metaphysics considers questions about reality and existence. Ethics, also called moral philosophy, analyzes right and wrong. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge and what can be known with certainty. The document then prompts the reader to classify claims within these philosophical branches.
Egoism
Ethical egoism is the idea that one should do whatever benefits their own greatest good. However, this does not mean being egotistical or selfish. Being considerate of others can actually be in one's own best interest by allowing for cooperation. This view is known as "enlightened egoism." Thomas Hobbes adopted this position, believing it was rational for individuals to follow social contracts and moral rules in order to avoid harm from other self-interested individuals. Psychological egoism holds that humans are primarily motivated by self-interest by human nature, but critics argue this fails to account for sympathetic concern for others.
Ethical egoism
Ethical egoism holds that individuals should act in their own self-interest exclusively without moral duties to help others. The document discusses several arguments for and against this view. It presents objections that ethical egoism cannot resolve conflicts of interest and is arbitrarily biased toward the self. Alternately, recognizing our equal humanity and common needs provides reason to consider the interests of others, such as donating to relieve global famine. Overall the document critically examines arguments for and against ethical egoism as a moral theory.
L1. intro to ethics
This document provides an introduction to ethics and philosophy. It discusses what ethics is, including the Greek and Latin origins of the terms "ethics" and "morality". It also outlines different approaches to ethics like descriptive ethics, normative ethics, meta-ethics, and applied ethics. The document poses questions about what makes an action moral and whether moral standards are universal or relative to different cultures and societies. Students are tasked to examine moral issues in the media and consider perspectives from ethical relativism and absolutism.
Psychological egoism
This document discusses psychological egoism and various philosophers' perspectives on human behavior and motivation. It summarizes the key points of psychological egoism as the view that all human actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest. It then outlines Thomas Hobbes' and Epicurus' views that behavior is motivated by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Finally, it presents James Rachels' arguments against psychological egoism, including that people sometimes act against their desires, unselfish acts are defined by their object which is helping others, and unselfish people derive satisfaction from helping others rather than themselves.
L1. intro to ethics
This document provides an introduction to ethics and philosophy. It discusses what ethics is, including the Greek and Latin origins of the terms "ethics" and "morality". It also outlines different approaches to ethics like descriptive ethics, normative ethics, meta-ethics, and applied ethics. The document poses questions about what makes an action moral and whether moral standards are universal or relative to different cultures and societies. Students are tasked with examining moral issues and deciding what is right or wrong in different scenarios.
More from t0nywilliams (20)
Recently uploaded
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Unleash your spiritual growth journey as a truth-seeker!
Learn More:
👉https://tkg.tf/4D
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Do you ever feel like your Bible highlighting isn't quite enough to ignite lasting spiritual growth? Have you struggled to retain key takeaways from your Bible study sessions?
Discover how living in 4D can transform your highlighting into a strategic tool for spiritual development.
Learn More:
👉https://tkg.tf/4D
In this video, you'll gain insights on:
How highlighting key verses and themes can enhance memory and retention of Scripture (we see a few key ones, here!)
Studies have shown that highlighting can significantly improve information recall. Highlighting key points visually reinforces them in your mind, leading to better long-term memory.
How to personalize your Bible study through strategic highlighting. Don't just highlight everything!
This video will teach you how to strategically highlight based on what resonates with you, focusing on central themes, recurring ideas, or connections between different passages.
Watch More:
👉https://tkg.tf/4D
How connecting highlighted passages can reveal deeper biblical truths. By highlighting these connections, you can see the bigger picture and uncover the underlying messages within Scripture.
By the end of this video, you'll be equipped to unlock the hidden potential within your highlighted Bible and embark on a transformative spiritual growth journey! Don't forget to like and subscribe for more inspiring content on deepening your faith.
Note: For Christians seeking to enrich their Bible study and deepen their faith, as well as any other spiritual seeker of truth and growth.
Learn More:
👉https://tkg.tf/4D
Tales of This and Another Life - Chapters.pdf
This book is one of the best of the translated ones, for it has a warning character for all those who find themselves in the experience of material life. Irmão X provides a shrewd way of describing the subtleties and weaknesses that can jeopardize our intentions, making us more attentive and vigilant by providing us with his wise pages, reminding us between the lines of the Master's words: "Pray and watch."
UofT毕业证书咨询办理
多伦多大学毕业证成绩单(留信网认证)【176555708微信】办理效果图
《UofT毕业证书成绩单176555708微信成绩单ps》【多伦多大学入学offer,学位证，文凭证书,学历认证留信网】造假学士毕业证
【多伦多大学毕业证认证】【办证微信176555708】【多伦多大学文凭毕业证制作】【UofT学历学位证书哪里买】办理多伦多大学学位证书扫描件、办理多伦多大学雅思证书！
国际留学归国服务中心【如何办多伦多大学毕业证认证】【UofT学位证书扫描件哪里买】实体公司，注册经营，行业标杆，精益求精！
Is Lucid Dreaming Dangerous? Risks and Benefits!
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
Monthly Khazina-e-Ruhaniyaat Jun’2024 (Vol.15, Issue 2)
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
Esta lição é uma oportunidade para discutirmos um assunto multo mal interpretado no contexto cristão, que é o fato de algumas pessoas pensarem que o conhecer Jesus é ter a nossa vida mudada em todas as áreas, como se Deus tivesse o dever de transportar-nos deste mundo para um outro mundo onde muitas coisas maravilhosas que desejamos seriam reais. No entanto, a nossa fé não nos tira do mundo após nos convertermos; ao invés disso, permanecemos vivendo sob as mesmas circunstâncias. O propósito de Deus não é nos tirar do mundo, mas nos livrar das ações do maligno (Jo 17.15), Sendo assim, a vida eterna não significa estar fora da realidade deste mundo, mas conhecer o único Deus verdadeiro (Jo 17.3).
Powerful Magic Rings+27604255576 for Money Fame Job Promotions Gambling in So...
›:› Powerful Magic Rings+27604255576 for Money Fame Job Promotions Gambling in South Africa Botswana, Zimbabwe, Jordan,Kuwait,Turkey,Belgium,Saudi Arabia, Australia, Malaysia Limpopo polokwane nambia Johannesburg,Lebanon, zambia,USA,kenya,california, dallas, England,German,spain, Jamaica,St,Lucia, Brasil,Germany ,Austria, Vancouver, Denmark,Hongkong,China,,pretoria, Durban, Australia, Zimbabwe,Wales,France,Harare,Cairo, philippines,china, Norway,Sweden,Cameroon,Botswana ,Namibia, Tanzania,Northerncape,Newyork,limpopo,london, venezuela,Chile,Sweden, Kenya, Denmark, Rwanda, Oman, Qatar,Dubai,Poland,Lesotho,Canada, United Kingdom…
nambia Botswana
Powerful Magic Rings++27604255576 Money ~Fame~ Job Promotions~ Gambling in South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Jordan,Kuwait,Turkey,Belgium,Saudi Arabia, Australia, Malaysia , Johannesburg,Lebanon, zambia,USA,kenya,california, dallas, England,German,spain, Jamaica,St,Lucia, Brasil,Germany ,Austria, Vancouver, Denmark,Hongkong,China,,pretoria, Durban, Australia,+27604255576 Zimbabwe,Wales,France,Harare,Cairo, philippines,china, Norway,Sweden,Cameroon,Botswana ,Namibia, Tanzania,Northerncape,Newyork,limpopo,london, venezuela,Chile,Sweden, Kenya, Denmark, Rwanda, Oman, Qatar,Dubai,Poland,Lesotho,Canada, United Kingdom…+27604255576
This Mystic Ring is very strong and powerful and can change the life of the wearer. This Ring is spiritually prepared and there are lots of rituals and ceremonies done on the ring and then it is prepared, Again this ring is very safe and will always give lots of success and happiness to the wearer. It has lots of positive energies in it so that it can destroy any type of Black Magic, Evil Eye, Negative Energy, Hex or Curse that is on you. If can destroy all your enemies and also punish them. Also on wearing the ring it will make your subconscious mind power very strong and powerful so that you will also have financial gains, your money problems will be over and also you will be successful in the fields of Lottery and Gambling. It will protect you from any type of unknown accidents and evil. Also this ring will make your love stars very strong and powerful so that you will attract opposite sex, and also will get any person you desire.
+27604255576
+27604255576 This powerful ring will warn you in your dreams if any thing good or bad is going to happen so that you will always be safe and protected from unknown dangers coming to you. So in all you will have money, fame, love and every thing that you may desire. Again it is difficult to explain the wonders of this ring unless you will try your self.
+27604255576
Call/whatsapp: +27604255576
The pervasiveness of Lying in today's World.pptx
In our interconnected world, lies weave through the fabric of society like hidden threads. We encounter them in politics, media, personal relationships, and even within ourselves. The prevalence of deception raises profound questions about truth, trust, and the human condition.
sanskrit yoga mantras chanting for yoga class
Introduction
Mantra Yoga is an exact science. "Mananat trayate iti mantrah- by the Manana (constant thinking or recollection) of which one is protected or is released from the round of births and deaths, is Mantra." That is called Mantra by the meditation (Manana) on which the Jiva or the individual soul attains freedom from sin, enjoyment in heaven and final liberation, and by the aid of which it attains in full the fourfold fruit (Chaturvarga), i.e., Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. A Mantra is so called because it is achieved by the mental process.
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
New York City love spells in Dallas, TX.
Get ex back TX (+256) 789- 682- 081 Love spells in Houston, TX Astrologer Psychic near me to remove negative energy. Protection spells by Spell Caster | Love Spells | Black Magic | the witchcraft. Black magic expert and voodoo love spells that work overnight to retrieve that love | Best Psychic in Houston with powerful voodoo to renew your relationship & make your relationship stronger. love spells to bring back the feelings of love for ex-lovers.
https://spellshealer8.wixsite.com/binding-powerful-los
Increase the intimacy, affection & love between you and your lover using voodoo relationship love spells in USA. money spells, easy love spells with just words, think of me spell, powerful love spell, spells of love, spells that work, love potion to attract a man, easy love spells with just words, pink candle prayer, white magic spells, call me spell, manifestation spell, gay love spells, Commitment spells, business spells and, how to bring back lost love in a relationship, Witchcraft love spells that work immediately to increase love & intimacy in your relationship. Attraction love spells to attract someone, stop a divorce, prevent a breakup & get your ex back.
REUNITE WITH AN EX LOVER IN 72 HOURS
If your lover is gone, don't be desperate anymore! You are a few clicks away from a prompt resolution of your problem: We will our spiritual powers to bring him/her back. This service has been the reason of so many happy endings that you should consider it as a serious solution. Let us show you our method with zero chances of rejection. Don't waste your precious time; get your lover back NOW!
MAKE HIM/HER LOVE ME
You love someone but this isn't mutual? Don't wait for the deluge and make him or her love you now. This service will create a great alchemy between this person and you. In just a few weeks, you can make the person you dream of falling in love with you. We recommend you to combine this service with a Marriage ritual if you want this person to commit you.
BREAK UP A RELATIONSHIP
The perfect service to break up a relationship you don't think legitimate. Your lover has gone with someone else? You love someone but this person is already involved in a relationship? Don't hesitate to break them up as this ritual and prayer is very powerful and will give very good results in a few weeks only.
STOP A DIVORCE NOW
Your husband or you wife is thinking about divorce but you don't want this to happen? Order this service now to reinforce the bonds of your relationship and save your marriage. This service will make him/her realize that a divorce would be a mistake and will strengthen love and passion. With permanent results, this service will guarantee a long lasting marriage and will make you happy.
FAITHFULNESS
Your partner cheats on you? This love ritual is definitely the one you need! Your lover will dream about you every night and will realize the pain you have been suffering since he/she
LOVE CHARMS
I DO ALL THE FOLLOWING SPELLS
*Binding Your
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
The Book of Revelation, filled with symbolic and apocalyptic imagery, presents one of its most striking visions in Revelation 9:3-12—the locust army. Understanding the significance of this locust army provides insight into the broader themes of divine judgment, protection, and the ultimate triumph of God’s will as depicted in Revelation.
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptx
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
THE IMPORTANCE OF AWARENESS AND CONSCIOUSNESS
The subject of spiritualism fundamentally relates to two specific tenets, independent yet closely associated as one—awareness and consciousness.
Recently uploaded (18)
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Monthly Khazina-e-Ruhaniyaat Jun’2024 (Vol.15, Issue 2)
Monthly Khazina-e-Ruhaniyaat Jun’2024 (Vol.15, Issue 2)
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
Powerful Magic Rings+27604255576 for Money Fame Job Promotions Gambling in So...
Powerful Magic Rings+27604255576 for Money Fame Job Promotions Gambling in So...
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptx
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptx
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
Natural law _situation_and_virtue_ethics (2)
- 2. Natural Law I’m Roman philosopher, Cicero. (c.106-43BC) I was the first person to touch upon the idea of Natural Law. I said, “True law is right reason in agreement with nature . It is applied universally and is unchanging and everlasting… one eternal and unchangeable law willl be valid for all nations and all times, and there will be one master and rule, that is God.” NB Cicero was a Roman. He WAS NOT a Christian as he lived before the time of Jesus, but his beliefs were extended upon by Christians. Cicero talked about a concept of God rather than a Judeo Christian God I am saint Paul. In Romans 1-3, I claim that the moral law of God is evident from the nature of man. In Romans 15:14, I tell the people of rome to, “be full of goodness, complete in knowledge and competent to instruct each other.” This knowledge is the reason that I believe we were given my god. However, my primary concern is with Jesus and the redemption he gave us when he died on the cross.
- 4. I have defined the purpose of life. It is… “ to live, reproduce, learn, worship God and order society.” If humans aim to live their lives in accordance with these rules, and in combination with their God given reason, they will make good ethical decisions… EVEN IF THEY’RE NOT CHRISTIANS! But good humans beings should want to get closer to God, through becoming more like him (more perfect) and communicating with him. Any action that takes you away from God is bad. … so your better off if you’re a Christian anyway!
- 5. Pros and Cons of Natural Law In what places would an advocate of the Natural Law look to explain a response to the moral issue of euthanasia? Remember Aquinas’ four types of natural law. Pros Cons Simple, clear way of defining ethics. A universal guide for judging the actions of others. The purposes of life defined by Aquinas apply to most humans. Aquinas assumes everyone wants to worship. Ignores homosexuality and celibacy (and yet homosexuality would not necessarily be against divine law) Does every act need to have a conclusion for it to be right? Aquinas makes no account for situation. Human nature is nor unchanging as Aquinas suggests. He has based his theory on man at the time of creation.
- 6. Virtue Ethics Traditionally, Virtue Ethics is considered to be the most ancient of the ethical theories. The idea of virtue is repeatedly referred to in Homer’s, ‘The odyssey c800bc. Homer views virtue as the great ethical act of achieving one’s potential as a human being. Think of three character traits that you think Aristotle would see as vice and three that he would think of as virtue. My name is Aristotle (384-322bc), the key person in the world of virtue ethics. I was a Greek philosopher and the most systematic version of virtue ethics appeared in book 2 of my Nichomachean Ethics. In this book I explained that to be moral was to develop positive traits to ones characters, or ‘virtues.’ The opposite of virtue is vice and the development of vices makes people bad.
- 7. The Mean The Virtue Aristotle believed that Virtue came in reacting to situations in the middle, reasonable or proper way ~ ie, not in being deficient or in excess Someone beats up your brother for no reason. Deficient reaction (vice) Mean reaction (virtue) Excessive reaction (vice) Cowardice (Not doing anything / Not getting involved.) Excessive reaction (vice) Courage (Helping your brother and standing up for him) Rashness (Beating up the person and being excessively angry.)
- 8. Cardinal Virtues Prudence ~ being able to work out what is good and bad about one’s practical affairs. Practical wisdom / Common sense! Justice ~ The ability to judge situations and others and oneself and to relate to them. Courage ~ To be able to keep the mean between cowardice and recklessness. Temperance ~ Self control and awareness. To know that you are neither insensitive nor self indulgent.
- 9. Pros and Cons of Virtue Ethics “ Virtue is about being not doing.” What do you think this means? Apply to these people… Pros Cons Makes people consider basic virtues. Creates a culture of mediorcrity (could be a con.) Does not put enough emphasis on the consequence of situations. Ignores situation. Too optimistic / idealistic Are vices not sometimes necessary?
- 10. Situation Ethics I an Joseph Fletcher, (1905-1991 ) an American philosopher who pioneered the idea of situation ethics in my 1966 book, ‘situation ethics.’ I was a strong Christian and a member of the Episcopalian Church of the USA. I felt disheartened by what appeared to be a failing legal system based on ethical systems that were imposed upon the people. Although I wanted to change the way we looked at ethics, I did not want to do away with laws all together. Key word: antinomianism ~a total abandonment of all rules and principals. Love is the single principle of situation ethics. Fletcher argues that by going into every situation armed with your own experiences and beliefs, one could still make mistakes. But if you go into every situation prepared to cast aside your experiences and beliefs for the outcome of love, you will make the right decision.
- 11. Situation ethics is based on Jesus’ teachings… Greater lov has no man than this. That a man lay down his life for his friend (John 15:13) And this his comanment, that we shoule believe in the name of his son Jesus Christ, and love one another just as he has commanded ys to. (1John 3:22) You shall love the lord your god with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength and your mind; and your neighbour as yourself (Luke 10:27)
- 12. Love: The principle of utility Flecther maintained that love was the theory of utility because it could be applied to all situations and will always enable us to achieve the greatest good. He proposed four presumptions of situation ethics which are… Pragmatism ~ that the proposed course of action should work and that it’s success or failure is judged according to the principle. Relativism ~ rejects absolutes such as ‘never’, and ‘always.’ Positivism ~ recognises that love is the most important criteria of all. Personalism ~ demands that people should be put first.
- 13. Pros and Cons of Situation Ethics Pros Cons Individual cases are judged on their own merits, irrespective of what has been done in similar situations in the past. Individuals are not bound by rules. Nothing is intrinsically wrong and only love is intrinsically right. It is modelled on Jesus and is a Christian ethic. Love seeks the well being of others. To say no rules and then that the only rule is love is a contradiction. Most ethical dilemas have an obvious course of action without having to use situation ethics. It is impossible to make a certain decision about the consequence of an action. The theory justifies terrible things on the basis of love. Can love be evil? Optimistic / idealistic. Do humans need rules and guidelines? Law and love are not mutually exclusive.
- 14. Apply each of the Natural Law, Virtue Ethics and Situation ethics to this situation… Anna’s married to Dave, They’ve been married 6 months. Until recently, you believed they were very much in love. Anna is an old friend from school. Dave has recently been diagnosed with pneumonia. He will recover but it may take a year or so. Three weeks ago, you introduced Anna to a very good, but recent work friend called Laura. Laura was really kind to you when you started your job and you see her as a very close friend. You have just found out that Anna and Laura are conducting an affair and that Anna is the happiest she has ever been. She wants to tell Dave but feels she should wait until he is better. Compare and contrast the three outcomes. Which do you think is better and why?
- 15. Abortion Natural Law Virtue ethics Situation ethics