The case for_materialism
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Materialism argues that physical matter is the only reality and everything, including thoughts and feelings, can be explained by physical phenomena and matter. The document outlines three positive arguments for materialism: 1) Humans evolved from animals so we must be physical beings, 2) Advances in understanding the brain show mental conditions have physical causes, and 3) If advanced AI can behave like humans without minds, then humans may not have minds either. It also discusses two negative arguments against materialism around the interaction of minds and bodies and how we know other minds exist.
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![Introduction Materialism is the belief that: - Do not have mind & body - Made of body The theory explains that physical matter is the only reality and that everything including thoughts, feelings and will can only be explained in terms of physical phenomena and matter. Positive arguments: ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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edu
1. Substance dualism holds that minds and bodies are distinct entities - minds are non-physical thinking substances, while bodies are physical substances located in space and time.
2. Near-death experiences are cited as evidence that the mind can exist independently of the body, but they can be explained by biological factors like oxygen deprivation or drugs.
3. An argument is presented for substance dualism based on conceivability, but it is problematic because it does not account for the evident relationship and influence between the mind and body.
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1. Behaviourism views mental states as dispositions to behave in certain ways.
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3. Functionalism defines mental states as functional roles that relate inner states to behaviors, arguing this allows for the possibility of non-biological entities like aliens or AI having minds.
4. Eliminative Materialism takes the radical position that mental states do not exist at all and are merely illusions caused by habits of speech.
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Immanuel Kant was a prominent 18th century German philosopher who is known for his work in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. [1] He spent his entire life in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) where he worked as a professor at the University of Königsberg, lecturing on logic and metaphysics. [2] In 1781, he published his seminal work "Critique of Pure Reason" which explored the distinction between phenomena and noumena and sought to determine the limits and scope of metaphysical knowledge. [3] Kant's work had a profound influence on modern philosophy and was pivotal in the development of transcend
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1. The first documented psychology experiment was conducted by Pharaoh Psamtik I of Egypt in the 7th century BC to determine whether Egyptian or Phoenician was the innate human language.
2. Foundational philosophers and scientists in psychology included Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, John Locke, Rene Descartes, David Hume, Franz Joseph Gall, Johannes Muller, Ernst Heinrich Weber, and Hermann von Helmholz.
3. Pioneers in establishing psychology as a formal science were Wilhelm Wundt, who opened the first experimental laboratory in 1879, and William James, the first American psychologist and founder of pragmatism and functionalism.
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1. The first documented psychology experiment was conducted by Pharaoh Psamtik I of Egypt in the 7th century BC to determine whether Egyptian or Phoenician was the innate human language.
2. Foundational philosophers and scientists in psychology included Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, John Locke, Rene Descartes, David Hume, Franz Joseph Gall, Johannes Muller, Ernst Heinrich Weber, and Hermann von Helmholz.
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Mill agreed with Bentham's view that happiness should be the standard of utility, but believed that not all pleasures were equal. He developed a theory of higher and lower pleasures, arguing that intellectual pleasures were of higher quality than bodily pleasures like eating, drinking, or sex. Mill maintained it is better to be a dissatisfied Socrates than a satisfied fool, as human dissatisfaction with intellectual pursuits is superior to bestial satisfaction of bodily desires alone.
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- 1. The Case for Materialism Isla Wilson, Flora Schmelzer and Rory Power
- 6. The "Man is an animal" argument - Man evolved from animals, therefore man is an animal. - We are highly evolved biological forms - If animals are just physical organisms, then so are humans - Descartes argued that humans have souls, but non-human animals do not
- 7. The "Brain chemistry" argument “We perceive that the mind strengthens and decays with the body” - Lucretius - This argument contents that our increasing knowledge of the brain and its functions leads us to treat mental conditions as physiological states of the brain rather than psychological
- 8. The "Artificial Intelligence" argument Materialists conclude: - The advanced supercomputer is behaviourally just like a human - The supercomputer doesn’t have a mind- Therefore humans don’t have minds either Dualists argue: - The advanced supercomputer is behaviourally just like a human- We humans clearly embody minds, so - The supercomputer must embody a mind as well.
- 10. Problem of Interaction “There was the Door to which I found no Key: there was the veil through which I might not see.” - Omar Khayyam - How things so different as immaterial minds and material bodies could possibly interact: how mental things can cause physical effects, and physical things cause mental effects.
- 11. Problem of other minds “How DO we know that the people we meet are not computers programmed to simulate people?” - R. Buckminster Fuller - If minds are distinct from bodies, and all we ever have access to in the case of other people are their bodies and bodily behavior, then how do we know that there are any other minds distinct from our own?