Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
Carl Sagan (1934-1996, American) could be called the astronomer o.docxannandleola
Carl Sagan (1934-1996, American) could be called 'the astronomer of the people'. He popularized the science of astronomy with the general public, and revolutionized science fiction by believing that we are not alone in the universe. He championed the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, which continues today with a number of missions to Mars to search for signs of life on that planet.
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995, Indian-born American) made important contributions to the theory of stellar evolution. He found that the limit, now called the Chandrasekhar limit, to the stability of white dwarf stars is 1.4 solar masses: any star larger than this cannot be stable as a white dwarf.
Karl Jansky (1905-1950, American) discovered that radio waves are emanating from space, which led to the science of radio astronomy.
Jan Oort (1900-1992, Dutch) first measured the distance between our solar system and the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and calculated the mass of the Milky Way. An enormous contribution of his was the proposal of a large number of icy comets left over from the formation of the solar system, now known as the Oort Cloud.
Edwin Hubble (1889-1953, American) made an incredible contribution to astronomy and cosmology when he discovered that faraway galaxies are moving away from us. Known as Hubble's Law, the theory states that galaxies recede from each other at a rate proportional to their distance from each other. This concept is a cornerstone of the Big Bang model of the universe.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955, German) was probably the greatest mind of the twentieth century. His Special Theory of Relativity, proposed in 1905, extended Newtonian Mechanics to very large speeds close to the speed of light. It describes the changes in measurements of physical phenomena when viewed by observers who are in motion relative to the phenomena. In 1915, Einstein extended this further in the General Theory of Relativity, which includes the effects of gravitation. According to this theory, mass and energy determine the geometry of spacetime, and curvatures of spacetime manifest themselves in gravitational forces.
Annie Jump Cannon (1863-1941, American) was a member of the famous group of Harvard astronomers called 'Pickering's Women'. The director of the Harvard College Observatory, Edward Pickering, hired a number of women to sort through and organize mounds of data on the stellar classification of stars. The stars were classified by their spectra, and Annie Cannon was the most prolific and careful of the workers. She single-handedly classified 400,000 stars into the scheme we use today (O B A F G K M), and discovered 300 variable stars. She paved the way for women entering the astronomical field.
Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826, German) discovered dark lines in the spectrum coming from the Sun. He carefully measured the positions of over 300 of these lines, creating a wavelength standard that is still in use today.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727,.
this is a presentation about invention of telescope. i have placed many information about telescope invention. and ancient world about telescope also. i hope this will usefull to you.
These slides briefly explain how to program fractals using recursion. This slide deck focuses using a tree fractal pattern as its base and asks students to work with angles, colors and line width to create diffferent variations. If you want working code contact me.
Discusses 7 or 8 energy myths and provides statistics to refute these myths. Presentation give at the 2011 APES Reading professional night by Susan Postawko
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Aristarchus lived from 310 B.C to
approximately 230 B.C.
He made his discovery on the Greek
island of Samos.
He was the first to propose the idea
of a heliocentric solar system, or a
solar system that revolves around
the sun, instead of the earth.
For his works, he was greatly
influenced by Pythagorean
Philolaus.
Archimedes’ book, The Sand
Reckoner advances on Aristarchus’
theory by stating the stars are much
farther from the earth than he once
thought.
3. Born in Egypt after AD 85, died
in Egypt in AD 165
Wrote several treatises, The
Almagest is the only surviving
astronomical treatise.
Contains tables that Ptolemy
used to predict the future
positions of the planets, as well
as a star catalogue,
appropriated from
Hipparchus’s star catalogue.
(so Hipparchus aided him)
Estimated that the sun was a
distance of 1210 Earth radii
away from the earth.
4. 1473-1543
A native of Poland, Copernicus
was the first astronomer to
figure that the Earth was not
the center of the universe, by
using “scientifically-based
heliocentric cosmology”
Helped to kick-off the Scientific
Revolution.
Galileo improved Copernicus’
studies.
Helped us today with universal
placement, his work
jumpstarted tons of scientists’
work with astronomy.
5. 1564-1642
He was famous for making the
telescope, trying to prove
Copernicus’ theories, and for
discovering the moons of
Jupiter. This helped the
reasoning that the earth is not
the center of the universe.
Galileo was impeded by the
Catholic church, because what
he suggested was against the
teachings of the Vatican.
His work was not accepted
until 1741.
6. Hans Lippershey lived from 1570 to
1619.
He made his great innovations in the
Netherlands from the town of
Middelburg.
Lippershey is famous for creating the
first practical telescope.
With the telescope, astronomers
were able to observe the stars more
closely than with the naked eye.
Lippershey was apparently inspired
to create the telescope when he
noticed children playing with lenses.
The children, by placing one lens in
front of the other, were able to see
objects more closely.
Galileo would improve on
Lippershey’s telescope and after
that, Niccolo Zucchi would
eventually create the first reflecting
telescope. Today’s telescopes can
now work in wavelengths such as
gamma rays or radio waves.
7. 1546-1601
Tycho was famous for
discovering as well as
naming what is known as a
supernova. This was helpful
because he found an
anomaly in the parallax
measurements. He was
assisted by Johannes Kepler.
Later, much of his theories
were discredited, but what
was not is considered to be a
major help in the scientific
revolution.
8. Johannes Kepler lived from 1571 to
1630.
He got much of his education from
the University of Linz in Austria,
where he made many of his
discoveries.
His contribution to astronomy was
proposing his laws of planetary
motion, which helps to detect the
movement of planets in the solar
system.
The law helped us find out how earth Solar System
and the other planets moved around
the sun.
His observation to the Great Comet of
1577 enhanced his interest in
astronomy. He learned very much
from Ptolemaic and Copernican
system of planetary motion. His
knowledge of heliocentrism helped
him develop his theories as well.
Isaac Newton used this law to deduce
his laws of gravitational motion,
which explains the gravitational
attraction between bodies of mass.
9. April 14, 1629 - July 8, 1695
Netherlands
Huygens discovered the first of
Saturn's moons, Titan. He also
observed and sketched the
Orion Nebula
Proposed Saturn's ring is solid
He used a 50 power refracting
telescope that he designed Saturn
himself
On May 3, 1661, he observed
planet Mercury transit over the
Sun, using the telescope of
telescope maker Richard
Reeves in London together
with astronomer Thomas
Streete and Richard Reeves
10. 1642-1727
Englishman who was responsible
for describing universal gravitation
& the 3 laws of motion (among other
discoveries)
By combining Kepler’s laws of
planetary motion with his own
theory of gravitation, Newton
proved that the movements of
objects in Earth and of celestial
bodies are under the control of the
same set of natural laws.
Important to understanding our
place in the universe mainly with
placement and gravity. How we
know our literal “placement” is
much in thanks to Newton.
Newton’s Telescope
11. 1656-1742
Englishman remembered for his own
discovery, Halley’s Comet.
Influenced by John Flamsteed, the
astronomer royal, at Oxford University,
who catalogued Northern stars.
Wanted to “compile a catalogue” of his
own, of stars in the Southern
Hemisphere
Traveled to St. Helena Island and
recorded the celestial points of stars and
comets.
Ended up succeeding Flamsteed as
astronomer royal.
Helped us today with placement of
stars, like with latitude and longitude,
and Halley’s Comet is a reoccurring
celestial body which can be seen every
75 or 76 years.
Halley’s Comet
12. James Bradley lived from March
1693 to July 1762.
He made his discoveries in the
United Kingdom. He was taught
from the University of Oxford.
His famous discovery was
discovering the aberration of light.
Aberration of light helps to detect
movement of solar objects.
This eventually enabled Bradley to
measure the speed of light and
helps monitor the earth’s
movement around the sun.
Bradley was actually studying
stellar parallax, which is meant to
help determine distances of
objects. When he could not find the
parallax he anticipated, he figured
out it was from aberration of light.
Bradley’s theory helped him explain
the shifting of the earth’s axis.
13. November 7, 1728-February
14, 1779
He was an English explorer,
navigator, and cartographer.
Cook applied himself to the
study of algebra, geometry,
trigonometry, navigation, and
astronomy, all skills he would
need one day to command his
own ship.
Cook participated in the
Transit of Venus and helped
to measure it on a South
Pacific island. The transit was
an effort to determine the
distance from Earth to the
sun.
14. Born in 1730, died 1817,
lived in France
First catalogue of deep
sky objects (nebulae, star
cluster)—Messier objects
Joseph Nicolas Delisle, a
fellow astronomer,
advised Messier to keep
records of all his findings.
It was also improved on
when various scientists
increased his lists to
include 100+ objects.
15. 15 November 1738-25
August 1822
He lived in England and
made his discoveries in
England
He first discovered
Uranus on March 13, 1781
and also built some
telescopes which he
made more than 400 Uranus
telescopes with the help
of his sister Caroline
He discovered one of the
planets in our universe
and found that there are
other forms of invisible
40 foot
light other than visible
telescope
light.
16. 1746-1826
He discovered the
asteroid Cerces, which
is the largest asteroid
in the belt. He also
published a star
catalogue. This also
helped with the
parallax
measurements, which
was improved upon by
Fredrick Bessel.
17. 1749-1827
Frenchman who described
the “nebular hypothesis” of
the solar system
Worked a lot with
connecting math and
physics with astronomy
One of the scientists that
noticed the existence of
black holes as well as the
idea of gravitational collapse
18. July 22, 1784- March 17, 1846
Kulenkamp and
Bremen(Lilienthal
Observatory)
Credited with being the first
to use parallax in calculating
the distance to a star
Believed that parallax would
give the first accurate
measurement of interstellar
distances
There was a race between a
few astronomers that were
trying to prove parallax
19. 28th of December, 1798-
23 November 1844
Worked as a scientific
and practical astronomer
First person to measure
the distance to Alpha
Centuri
Also studied parallax, but
was beaten to the punch
by Friedrich Wilhelm
Bessel who published a
parallax of 10.4 light year
20. 1803-1853
Lived and worked in Prague
Discovered the Doppler
effect
Published his most notable
work on the colored light of
the binary stars and some
other stars of the heavens
and with that principle, he
observed the frequency of a
wave and used that concept
explaining the color of
binary stars
21. 1818-1889
Famous for discovering
a comet in
Massachusetts, which
was named after her.
She was impeded by
another astronomer
who claimed to have
discovered the comet
first, but Maria was
chosen over the other.
22. March 24, 1835-
January 7, 1893
Worked at Vienna
Academy of Sciences
Discovered the
Physical Power Law,
which states the total
radiation from a
blackbody
Was aided by John
Tyndall
23. 12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887
Lived and worked in Germany
Kirchhoff is perhaps best known for
being the first to explain the dark
lines in the sun's spectrum as caused
by absorption of particular
wavelengths as the light passes
through gases in the sun's
atmosphere
He created the laws of spectroscopy.
His method allows us to chart and
analyze the chemical properties of
matter and gases by looking at the
bands in their optical spectrum
Used the study spectroscopy
His students used the texts which he
wrote which contributed to the strong
development of theoretical physics in
Germany in the forty years after his
death.
24. •1824-1907
•Developing the Kelvin scale
of absolute temperature
measurement
•Important work in the
mathematical analysis of
electricity and
thermodynamics
Cambridge, England;
Glasgow, Scotland
Considered the ideas which
gave rise to the second law
of thermodynamics which
then lead to his speculation
about the heat death of the
universe
25. February 22, 1857- January 1,
1894
He lived in Germany and
made most of his discoveries
in Germany
In 1885, Hertz became a full
professor at the University of
Karlsruhe where he
discovered electromagnetic
waves. He was the first to
satisfactorily demonstrate
the existence of
electromagnetic waves by
building an apparatus to
produce and detect VHF or
UHF radio waves.
26. July 4, 1868-
December 12, 1921
She lived in
Massachusetts
She noted
thousands of
variable stars in
images of the
Magellanic Clouds
It helped find the
patterns of the
stars in our
universe Magellanic Clouds
27. January 13, 1864 –August 30, 1928
Laboratory of Hermann von
Helmholtz
Discovered Wien’s Displacement
Law
Relates the maximum emission of a
blackbody to its temperature
Planck was a colleague that aided
Wilhelm
28. November 20, 1889 – September
28, 1953
Mount Wilson Observatory, near
Pasadena, California
Using the Hooker Telescope,
Hubble identified Cepheid
variables in several spiral nebulae,
including the Andromeda Galaxy
Demonstrated the existence of
other galaxies besides the Milky
Way
He used the Hooker Telescope,
then the world's largest telescope,
to aid him in his discoveries
Gérard de Vaucouleurs created a
modified version of the Hubble
sequence
29. Born November 11, 1875 in
Mulberry, IN
Died November 8, 1969 in Flagstaff,
AZ
Spent his entire career at the Lowell
Observatory in Flagstaff, where he
was named director in 1926
1st to discover shift of spectral lines
in galaxies
Hired Clyde Tombaugh, and
supervised the work that
discovered Pluto
Has a Lunar crater, Martian crater,
and an asteroid named after him.
The new science of spectroscopy
helped him see the spectral lines of
the galaxies shift
30. • April 23, 1858-
october 4, 1947
• Founder of the
quantum theory
31. March 14, 1879 - April
18, 1955
Studied in Switzerland
The maximum speed
limit of light affects
measurements of time
and space
Helped determine how
light travels through
space
Worked alone
32. February 4, 1906 – January 17,
1997
Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff,
Arizona
Tombaugh is best known for
discovering the dwarf planet Pluto
in 1930
Gave Pluto the status of being a
planet
Tombaugh used a 13-inch
astrograph to take photographs of
the sky
In 1930, soon after Pluto's
discovery the first astronomer to
suggest that Pluto was part of a
trans-Neptunian population was
Frederick C. Leonard.