The telescope was invented in the early 17th century, first by Hans Lippershey and later improved by Galileo Galilei, who used it to make groundbreaking observations of the moon, Jupiter's moons, and sunspots. Early telescopic observations revealed that the celestial bodies were not perfect spheres as previously thought, sparking a scientific revolution and overturning Aristotelian physics and astronomy.
this is a presentation about invention of telescope. i have placed many information about telescope invention. and ancient world about telescope also. i hope this will usefull to you.
- In 1609, Galileo improved upon the recently invented telescope and made several groundbreaking astronomical observations, including mountains on the Moon and moons orbiting Jupiter. He published his findings in 1610, revolutionizing astronomy and challenging Aristotle's geocentric model of the universe.
- Galileo faced backlash from the Catholic Church for his support of the heliocentric Copernican model of the solar system. In 1633, he was tried for heresy, found vehemently suspect of heresy, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.
- The 400th anniversary of Galileo's first astronomical observations with the telescope is being commemorated in 2009 as the International Year of Astronomy to increase scientific awareness
The document provides a history of the invention and development of telescopes from the early 17th century to modern times. It discusses how Hans Lippershey is generally credited with inventing the refracting telescope in 1608, though others may have contributed. Galileo improved upon the design and was the first to use telescopes to make astronomical observations. Later, James Gregory designed the first reflecting telescope in 1663, and Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope. Over time, refracting and reflecting telescope designs continued to be improved and developed. Modern telescopes include radio telescopes and space-based telescopes like Hubble.
The document summarizes information about several important figures in the history of astronomy, including their discoveries and contributions. It discusses Aristarchus' proposal of a heliocentric model of the solar system in 310 BC. It also mentions Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Halley, and others who helped develop our understanding of the structure of the solar system and laws of motion and gravity. The document provides brief biographies and highlights of discoveries for over 30 astronomers from 310 BC to the 19th century.
- Sundials use the sun's position to tell time and can only be used outdoors during daylight hours without cloud cover. Ancient examples were placed in prominent locations to indicate solstices and equinoxes.
- Stonehenges were used as celestial calendars, burial sites, sacrificial altars, and defensive structures in ancient times.
- Telescopes allow viewing of distant celestial objects like stars, planets, and galaxies. The Hubble Space Telescope is the most advanced telescope currently in use.
This document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made early observations of celestial objects but believed in a geocentric model where Earth is the center. Ptolemy later created an elaborate geocentric model, though Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided evidence supporting a heliocentric model through observations, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's discoveries with the telescope. Newton later unified physics and astronomy by formulating the law of universal gravitation. Einstein then revolutionized our understanding of motion, space, and time through his theory of relativity.
Jack Oughton - Galileo, The Telescope and The Church.docJack Oughton
This document provides background on Galileo Galilei and the scientific revolution. It summarizes Galileo's key discoveries and arguments in support of Copernican theory, including observations of Jupiter's moons, the phases of Venus, and sunspots. It describes the resistance Galileo faced from the Catholic Church and other supporters of Aristotelian philosophy. The Church banned Copernican theory in 1616 and warned Galileo not to defend it, though he continued his scientific work. This set the stage for Galileo's trial by the Inquisition in 1632 over his book supporting Copernicanism.
this is a presentation about invention of telescope. i have placed many information about telescope invention. and ancient world about telescope also. i hope this will usefull to you.
- In 1609, Galileo improved upon the recently invented telescope and made several groundbreaking astronomical observations, including mountains on the Moon and moons orbiting Jupiter. He published his findings in 1610, revolutionizing astronomy and challenging Aristotle's geocentric model of the universe.
- Galileo faced backlash from the Catholic Church for his support of the heliocentric Copernican model of the solar system. In 1633, he was tried for heresy, found vehemently suspect of heresy, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.
- The 400th anniversary of Galileo's first astronomical observations with the telescope is being commemorated in 2009 as the International Year of Astronomy to increase scientific awareness
The document provides a history of the invention and development of telescopes from the early 17th century to modern times. It discusses how Hans Lippershey is generally credited with inventing the refracting telescope in 1608, though others may have contributed. Galileo improved upon the design and was the first to use telescopes to make astronomical observations. Later, James Gregory designed the first reflecting telescope in 1663, and Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope. Over time, refracting and reflecting telescope designs continued to be improved and developed. Modern telescopes include radio telescopes and space-based telescopes like Hubble.
The document summarizes information about several important figures in the history of astronomy, including their discoveries and contributions. It discusses Aristarchus' proposal of a heliocentric model of the solar system in 310 BC. It also mentions Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Halley, and others who helped develop our understanding of the structure of the solar system and laws of motion and gravity. The document provides brief biographies and highlights of discoveries for over 30 astronomers from 310 BC to the 19th century.
- Sundials use the sun's position to tell time and can only be used outdoors during daylight hours without cloud cover. Ancient examples were placed in prominent locations to indicate solstices and equinoxes.
- Stonehenges were used as celestial calendars, burial sites, sacrificial altars, and defensive structures in ancient times.
- Telescopes allow viewing of distant celestial objects like stars, planets, and galaxies. The Hubble Space Telescope is the most advanced telescope currently in use.
This document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made early observations of celestial objects but believed in a geocentric model where Earth is the center. Ptolemy later created an elaborate geocentric model, though Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided evidence supporting a heliocentric model through observations, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's discoveries with the telescope. Newton later unified physics and astronomy by formulating the law of universal gravitation. Einstein then revolutionized our understanding of motion, space, and time through his theory of relativity.
Jack Oughton - Galileo, The Telescope and The Church.docJack Oughton
This document provides background on Galileo Galilei and the scientific revolution. It summarizes Galileo's key discoveries and arguments in support of Copernican theory, including observations of Jupiter's moons, the phases of Venus, and sunspots. It describes the resistance Galileo faced from the Catholic Church and other supporters of Aristotelian philosophy. The Church banned Copernican theory in 1616 and warned Galileo not to defend it, though he continued his scientific work. This set the stage for Galileo's trial by the Inquisition in 1632 over his book supporting Copernicanism.
During the Scientific Revolution, astronomers made several important discoveries that changed perceptions about the solar system. Nicholas Copernicus developed the Copernican system in 1543 which placed the sun at the center with planets revolving around it, contradicting the prevailing geocentric view. Johannes Kepler discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than perfect circles. Galileo Galilei made major contributions by mapping the moon's surface and discovering sunspots and Jupiter's moons with his telescope. Isaac Newton later published his laws of gravity and motion, which helped explain the motions of celestial bodies.
1. Galileo Galilei made several important astronomical discoveries in the early 1600s using one of the earliest telescopes, including mountains on the Moon's surface, spots on the Sun, and the planets Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune.
2. Johannes Kepler was the first to discover that planets orbit the Sun in ellipses rather than perfect circles, and Nicolaus Copernicus established the heliocentric model where the Sun is at the center of the solar system in 1543.
3. Isaac Newton later built upon these scientific revolutionaries by formulating his law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, providing an explanation for how objects like planets and moons move through space.
This document summarizes key events and discoveries in astronomy and paleontology from the 17th century to the early 20th century, including:
- Johannes Hevelius advanced astronomy in the 17th century by accurately describing features of the moon.
- In the 18th-19th centuries, astronomers like Halley, Bradley, and Euler made advances in understanding comets and celestial mechanics.
- In the 19th century, astronomers such as Bessel, Adams, Leverrier, and Galle made discoveries relating to asteroids and the planet Neptune.
- Developments like the spectroscope in the 19th century revolutionized astronomy by allowing the chemical analysis of stars and nebulae.
- In pale
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian scientist who made significant contributions to astronomy and physics during the Scientific Revolution. Some of his key accomplishments included discovering Jupiter's four largest moons, observing the phases of Venus which supported the heliocentric model of the solar system, improving the telescope, and experimentally studying motion and sound. However, Galileo's scientific findings contradicted the geocentric view of the Catholic Church and resulted in him being sentenced to house arrest for the last years of his life.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who played a major role in the scientific revolution. Through his improvements to the telescope and his astronomical observations, Galileo provided evidence that supported the Copernican view of the solar system and refuted the Aristotelian geocentric model that was dominant at the time. His discoveries laid the foundation for modern physics, but also landed him in trouble with the Catholic Church. He spent his final years under house arrest for his scientific writings and views, dying in 1642.
Astronomy and the invention of TelescopeJerome Bigael
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
THE GREAT INVENTIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE UNIVERSE AND ...Faga1939
This article aims to present the great inventions that are contributing to the advancement of knowledge about the Universe throughout history represented by the telescope, the space rocket, the artificial satellite, the space capsule, the space station and the space probe, among which rovers stand out and to point out the scientific and technological advances that need to be developed to provide the conditions for humanity to colonize celestial bodies in the solar system and outside it and overcome the threats to its existence from outer space. The inventions that may occur in the future will be fundamental to enable the increase of knowledge about the Universe in order to contribute towards humanity being able to overcome the threats to its existence represented by the collision on planet Earth of bodies coming from outer space (comets, asteroids, planets of the solar system and orphan planets), by the emission of cosmic rays, especially gamma rays with the explosion of supernova stars, by the continuous distancing of the Moon in relation to the Earth, by the death of the Sun, by the collision of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies and by the end of the Universe.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer in the early 1600s who made several important scientific discoveries and innovations using a telescope. He observed craters on the moon, sunspots, and the phases of Venus. Most notably, he discovered four of Jupiter's largest moons, now called the Galilean moons. William Herschel was a German astronomer who discovered the planet Uranus in 1781 and several moons of Saturn and Uranus. Edmund Halley was an English astronomer who studied comet sightings from the 1500s and 1600s and correctly predicted the periodic return of what is now called Halley's Comet.
This document provides an overview of the history of astronomy. It discusses early astronomy among ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians who made early records of celestial objects. It then covers the Golden Age of astronomy centered in Greece where thinkers like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made advances. Key figures who supported the heliocentric model like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton are also summarized along with their major contributions and findings that helped establish our modern understanding of the solar system and universe. The document concludes with sections on constellations and the motion of the Earth.
Personalities who contributed to the advancements of the universeRoselle Soliva
This document profiles several influential astronomers throughout history and their contributions, including Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi who observed the Andromeda galaxy, Copernicus who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, and Kepler who determined planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles. It also discusses Galileo, Newton, Einstein, Hubble, Sagan, Hawking, and others who expanded our understanding of the universe.
The Enlightenment period in Europe from 1600-1700 saw a restoration of education and knowledge. This period is also known as the Age of Reason. Key developments that contributed to the Age of Reason included increased trade, knowledge from other parts of the world, and the invention of the printing press which allowed spread of information. Major cities grew substantially in size during this time, with London and Paris having over 100,000 residents each. The growing middle class including merchants and artisans also helped drive new thinking. Scientists like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton helped overturn the old Ptolemaic geocentric view of the universe, establishing instead evidence for a heliocentric solar system through observations and scientific theories.
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It includes studying stars, planets, moons, nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical objects as well as their evolution, physics, chemistry, and interactions. Related fields include cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole, and astrophysics which applies physics to astronomical objects and phenomena. Astronomy uses various methods of observation across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays. Some important astronomers mentioned include Galileo, who made early observations with telescopes and contributed to the scientific revolution, Hipparchus who created one of the first star catalogs, Edwin Hubble who discovered galaxies outside the Milky Way, and Johannes Kepler who explained the motions of planets
Ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians began recording the motions of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and planets over 5,000 years ago to track seasons and plan activities. The Golden Age of astronomy from 600 BC to AD 150 centered in Greece, where scientists like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to measure the size and distances of astronomical bodies using geometry and trigonometry. Later, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed the heliocentric model of the solar system and laws of planetary motion through observations and mathematical analysis, overturning the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had dominated for over 1,000 years. Their work established modern astronomy and understanding of
Galileo Galilei was an influential Italian scientist from the 1600s. He made several important discoveries using self-improved telescopes, including the phases of Venus, moons orbiting Jupiter, and sunspots. Galileo also studied motion and developed early concepts of inertia. His work supported the Copernican model of a sun-centered solar system and challenged the Earth-centered Aristotelian view dominant at the time, bringing him into conflict with the Catholic Church. Galileo made enduring contributions to observational astronomy and the scientific method through his innovative experiments and evidence-based approach.
During the Renaissance, astronomy made great advances. For almost 2000 years, people believed the Earth was the center of the universe based on Greek scientists like Aristotle and Ptolemy. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the sun-centered model, though few believed him. Galileo greatly improved the telescope and made discoveries like the moon's craters and Jupiter's moons. After his observations, Galileo agreed with Copernicus' model, though the Catholic Church arrested him for this view. Tycho Brahe took precise planetary measurements, and his student Johannes Kepler developed laws of planetary motion and showed planets need not orbit in perfect circles.
The document summarizes the contributions of 16 important figures in the history of space exploration. It describes Elon Musk as the current leader of SpaceX aiming to privatize spaceflight. Werner von Braun is credited with developing key rocket technologies while working for Nazi Germany and later NASA, including the Saturn V moon rocket. Edwin Hubble's discovery of red shift provided evidence that the universe is expanding. Robert Goddard is considered the father of modern rocketry for his pioneering research launching early liquid-fueled rockets. Isaac Newton's laws of motion and calculus provided the foundation for astrophysics. Johannes Kepler described elliptical planetary orbits. Tycho Brahe made highly accurate astronomical observations. Galileo developed early telescopes and observed mo
The document traces important developments in astronomy and space exploration from 3500 BC to the present. Some key events and innovations discussed include ancient Egyptian and Babylonian sundials and obelisks (3500 BC), early astrolabes and observation tubes (900s BC), Galileo's telescope (1609), the first liquid-fueled rocket (1940), Sputnik as the first artificial satellite (1957), the first human spaceflight (1961), the Apollo 11 moon landing (1969), and the founding of SpaceX (2002) as a commercially owned space exploration company. Overall the document shows how observational tools, scientific discoveries, and engineering innovations have progressively expanded human understanding of the sky and universe over millennia
Galileo made important contributions in multiple areas of science in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He invented the thermometer in 1593, using the expansion and contraction of gas in a glass bulb to measure temperature. In 1597, he improved the design of the compass for both military and civilian uses like navigation. In 1609, Galileo constructed his own telescope, which had improved lenses allowing for higher magnification and the right-side up viewing of objects. He also worked on designs for the pendulum clock in 1641. Galileo made many astronomical discoveries, including Jupiter's four largest moons and the phases of Venus which supported Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system.
Aristotle believed motion was either natural or violent. Natural motion involved straight upward or downward movement, while violent motion resulted from a push or pull. Ptolemy altered Aristotle's model, placing Earth stationary at the center of the universe with planets orbiting in loops. Copernicus formulated a model with Earth and planets revolving around the Sun in circular orbits, contradicting the accepted model. Kepler discovered through Brahe's observations and his own that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer who played a major role in the scientific revolution. Through his telescope observations, he discovered that the moon was not smooth but had mountains and craters, and that Jupiter had moons orbiting it. His observations supported the heliocentric model of the solar system and contradicted the geocentric model advocated by the Catholic Church. Despite his scientific contributions, Galileo was eventually tried by the Inquisition and forced to recant his heliocentric views.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
During the Scientific Revolution, astronomers made several important discoveries that changed perceptions about the solar system. Nicholas Copernicus developed the Copernican system in 1543 which placed the sun at the center with planets revolving around it, contradicting the prevailing geocentric view. Johannes Kepler discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than perfect circles. Galileo Galilei made major contributions by mapping the moon's surface and discovering sunspots and Jupiter's moons with his telescope. Isaac Newton later published his laws of gravity and motion, which helped explain the motions of celestial bodies.
1. Galileo Galilei made several important astronomical discoveries in the early 1600s using one of the earliest telescopes, including mountains on the Moon's surface, spots on the Sun, and the planets Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune.
2. Johannes Kepler was the first to discover that planets orbit the Sun in ellipses rather than perfect circles, and Nicolaus Copernicus established the heliocentric model where the Sun is at the center of the solar system in 1543.
3. Isaac Newton later built upon these scientific revolutionaries by formulating his law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, providing an explanation for how objects like planets and moons move through space.
This document summarizes key events and discoveries in astronomy and paleontology from the 17th century to the early 20th century, including:
- Johannes Hevelius advanced astronomy in the 17th century by accurately describing features of the moon.
- In the 18th-19th centuries, astronomers like Halley, Bradley, and Euler made advances in understanding comets and celestial mechanics.
- In the 19th century, astronomers such as Bessel, Adams, Leverrier, and Galle made discoveries relating to asteroids and the planet Neptune.
- Developments like the spectroscope in the 19th century revolutionized astronomy by allowing the chemical analysis of stars and nebulae.
- In pale
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian scientist who made significant contributions to astronomy and physics during the Scientific Revolution. Some of his key accomplishments included discovering Jupiter's four largest moons, observing the phases of Venus which supported the heliocentric model of the solar system, improving the telescope, and experimentally studying motion and sound. However, Galileo's scientific findings contradicted the geocentric view of the Catholic Church and resulted in him being sentenced to house arrest for the last years of his life.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who played a major role in the scientific revolution. Through his improvements to the telescope and his astronomical observations, Galileo provided evidence that supported the Copernican view of the solar system and refuted the Aristotelian geocentric model that was dominant at the time. His discoveries laid the foundation for modern physics, but also landed him in trouble with the Catholic Church. He spent his final years under house arrest for his scientific writings and views, dying in 1642.
Astronomy and the invention of TelescopeJerome Bigael
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
THE GREAT INVENTIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE UNIVERSE AND ...Faga1939
This article aims to present the great inventions that are contributing to the advancement of knowledge about the Universe throughout history represented by the telescope, the space rocket, the artificial satellite, the space capsule, the space station and the space probe, among which rovers stand out and to point out the scientific and technological advances that need to be developed to provide the conditions for humanity to colonize celestial bodies in the solar system and outside it and overcome the threats to its existence from outer space. The inventions that may occur in the future will be fundamental to enable the increase of knowledge about the Universe in order to contribute towards humanity being able to overcome the threats to its existence represented by the collision on planet Earth of bodies coming from outer space (comets, asteroids, planets of the solar system and orphan planets), by the emission of cosmic rays, especially gamma rays with the explosion of supernova stars, by the continuous distancing of the Moon in relation to the Earth, by the death of the Sun, by the collision of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies and by the end of the Universe.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer in the early 1600s who made several important scientific discoveries and innovations using a telescope. He observed craters on the moon, sunspots, and the phases of Venus. Most notably, he discovered four of Jupiter's largest moons, now called the Galilean moons. William Herschel was a German astronomer who discovered the planet Uranus in 1781 and several moons of Saturn and Uranus. Edmund Halley was an English astronomer who studied comet sightings from the 1500s and 1600s and correctly predicted the periodic return of what is now called Halley's Comet.
This document provides an overview of the history of astronomy. It discusses early astronomy among ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians who made early records of celestial objects. It then covers the Golden Age of astronomy centered in Greece where thinkers like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made advances. Key figures who supported the heliocentric model like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton are also summarized along with their major contributions and findings that helped establish our modern understanding of the solar system and universe. The document concludes with sections on constellations and the motion of the Earth.
Personalities who contributed to the advancements of the universeRoselle Soliva
This document profiles several influential astronomers throughout history and their contributions, including Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi who observed the Andromeda galaxy, Copernicus who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, and Kepler who determined planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles. It also discusses Galileo, Newton, Einstein, Hubble, Sagan, Hawking, and others who expanded our understanding of the universe.
The Enlightenment period in Europe from 1600-1700 saw a restoration of education and knowledge. This period is also known as the Age of Reason. Key developments that contributed to the Age of Reason included increased trade, knowledge from other parts of the world, and the invention of the printing press which allowed spread of information. Major cities grew substantially in size during this time, with London and Paris having over 100,000 residents each. The growing middle class including merchants and artisans also helped drive new thinking. Scientists like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton helped overturn the old Ptolemaic geocentric view of the universe, establishing instead evidence for a heliocentric solar system through observations and scientific theories.
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It includes studying stars, planets, moons, nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical objects as well as their evolution, physics, chemistry, and interactions. Related fields include cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole, and astrophysics which applies physics to astronomical objects and phenomena. Astronomy uses various methods of observation across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays. Some important astronomers mentioned include Galileo, who made early observations with telescopes and contributed to the scientific revolution, Hipparchus who created one of the first star catalogs, Edwin Hubble who discovered galaxies outside the Milky Way, and Johannes Kepler who explained the motions of planets
Ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians began recording the motions of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and planets over 5,000 years ago to track seasons and plan activities. The Golden Age of astronomy from 600 BC to AD 150 centered in Greece, where scientists like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to measure the size and distances of astronomical bodies using geometry and trigonometry. Later, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed the heliocentric model of the solar system and laws of planetary motion through observations and mathematical analysis, overturning the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had dominated for over 1,000 years. Their work established modern astronomy and understanding of
Galileo Galilei was an influential Italian scientist from the 1600s. He made several important discoveries using self-improved telescopes, including the phases of Venus, moons orbiting Jupiter, and sunspots. Galileo also studied motion and developed early concepts of inertia. His work supported the Copernican model of a sun-centered solar system and challenged the Earth-centered Aristotelian view dominant at the time, bringing him into conflict with the Catholic Church. Galileo made enduring contributions to observational astronomy and the scientific method through his innovative experiments and evidence-based approach.
During the Renaissance, astronomy made great advances. For almost 2000 years, people believed the Earth was the center of the universe based on Greek scientists like Aristotle and Ptolemy. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the sun-centered model, though few believed him. Galileo greatly improved the telescope and made discoveries like the moon's craters and Jupiter's moons. After his observations, Galileo agreed with Copernicus' model, though the Catholic Church arrested him for this view. Tycho Brahe took precise planetary measurements, and his student Johannes Kepler developed laws of planetary motion and showed planets need not orbit in perfect circles.
The document summarizes the contributions of 16 important figures in the history of space exploration. It describes Elon Musk as the current leader of SpaceX aiming to privatize spaceflight. Werner von Braun is credited with developing key rocket technologies while working for Nazi Germany and later NASA, including the Saturn V moon rocket. Edwin Hubble's discovery of red shift provided evidence that the universe is expanding. Robert Goddard is considered the father of modern rocketry for his pioneering research launching early liquid-fueled rockets. Isaac Newton's laws of motion and calculus provided the foundation for astrophysics. Johannes Kepler described elliptical planetary orbits. Tycho Brahe made highly accurate astronomical observations. Galileo developed early telescopes and observed mo
The document traces important developments in astronomy and space exploration from 3500 BC to the present. Some key events and innovations discussed include ancient Egyptian and Babylonian sundials and obelisks (3500 BC), early astrolabes and observation tubes (900s BC), Galileo's telescope (1609), the first liquid-fueled rocket (1940), Sputnik as the first artificial satellite (1957), the first human spaceflight (1961), the Apollo 11 moon landing (1969), and the founding of SpaceX (2002) as a commercially owned space exploration company. Overall the document shows how observational tools, scientific discoveries, and engineering innovations have progressively expanded human understanding of the sky and universe over millennia
Galileo made important contributions in multiple areas of science in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He invented the thermometer in 1593, using the expansion and contraction of gas in a glass bulb to measure temperature. In 1597, he improved the design of the compass for both military and civilian uses like navigation. In 1609, Galileo constructed his own telescope, which had improved lenses allowing for higher magnification and the right-side up viewing of objects. He also worked on designs for the pendulum clock in 1641. Galileo made many astronomical discoveries, including Jupiter's four largest moons and the phases of Venus which supported Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system.
Aristotle believed motion was either natural or violent. Natural motion involved straight upward or downward movement, while violent motion resulted from a push or pull. Ptolemy altered Aristotle's model, placing Earth stationary at the center of the universe with planets orbiting in loops. Copernicus formulated a model with Earth and planets revolving around the Sun in circular orbits, contradicting the accepted model. Kepler discovered through Brahe's observations and his own that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer who played a major role in the scientific revolution. Through his telescope observations, he discovered that the moon was not smooth but had mountains and craters, and that Jupiter had moons orbiting it. His observations supported the heliocentric model of the solar system and contradicted the geocentric model advocated by the Catholic Church. Despite his scientific contributions, Galileo was eventually tried by the Inquisition and forced to recant his heliocentric views.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
telescope_genesis_en.ppt
1.
2. The telescope has
revolutionised science
and astronomy
From the moment the telescope was
turned towards the heavens it has
been an instrument to show us our
origins and fate.
…but how did it all begin ?
3. The genesis of the
refractor
A refractor telescope is composed of at least two lenses.
Lenses, whose name reflects their shape, have been known since Antiquity.
At that time they were mostly used for decoration, but the Ancients remarked
their peculiar properties.
Sénèque (4 BC- 65 AC) mentioned in his Questione naturalis: «Everything that
is seen through water is bigger. The letters, though small and pale, looks
larger and clearer [when seen through] a sphere of glass filled with water.»
One could also set paper on fire by using a small piece of polished glass.
Such observations and studies continued throughout the Middle Ages with
people like Alhazen, Grosseteste, and Bacon.
4. The genesis of the
refractor telescope
Some people, like the famous Roger Bacon, imagined incredible uses for these
magic lenses: combining them to multiply their enlarging powers, and then
observing planets and stars!
Glasses were very popular from the start, as
shown by numerous paintings, such as this
one from Rothenburg church..
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lunettes-
Rothenburg-Eglise_St_Jacques.JPG
The earliest known illustration of a telescope. Giovanbattista della
Porta included this sketch in a letter written in August 1609.
One should not forget Giambattista della Porta
(1535-1615) who mentions combining lenses in
his books De refractione and Magie Naturelle. He
was the first to draw a refractor
Unfortunately, the glass quality was too poor. At the end of
the 13th century, glasses were invented to correct presbytia,
and in 1450 to correct myopia. Glass technology slowly
began to improve, and the first refracting telescopes were
built at the beginning of the 17th century.
5. Hans Lipperhey (1570-1619)
It is Hans Lipperhey who first presented the telescope as we know it today.
Lipperhey (also known as Lippershey) was born in Wesel. He
was a gifted spectacle maker based in the Netherlands. On 2
October 1608 he applied for a patent for the telescope that
he claimed to have invented. The application was denied, but
news of the invention soon spread across Europe. The
device indeed appeared quite interesting: “All things at a very
great distance can be seen as if they were nearby, by looking
through glasses which he claims to be a new invention.”
After Lipperhey’s patent application was made several other
people claimed to have invented the telescope, but
Lipperhey’s application still stands today as the first recorded
design for a telescope.
Images:
Luxorion
ezine
2000
Lipperhey’s patent request, dated 2 October 1608.
http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/lipperhey.html
6. Sacharias Janssen (1585 – 1632)
Sacharias Janssen was a spectacle maker in Middelburg, and
a colleague and competitor of Lipperhey.
Janssen is one of the possible inventors of the telescope. In
the 1630s, his son said that his father built his first telescope
years before 1609, following an Italian device dated 1590.
However there is no documentary evidence confirming this.
Image:
American
Physical
Society
7. The first observations : the Moon
As soon as the refractor was available it was turned towards the
sky, as Bacon and others had suggested centuries before.
Surprises were numerous, triggering a true scientific revolution.
A Dutch newspaper dated 1608 reports that many stars invisible
to the eye could be detected with the new device. Unfortunately,
the observer remained anonymous.
In summer 1609, the Moon was the target of Thomas
Harriot, followed a few months later by Galileo and others.
They discovered craters and mountains: the celestial bodies
were not smooth and perfect!
Images:
Wikipedia
&
The
Galileo
Project
8. Thomas Harriot (1560 – 1621)
Englishman Thomas Harriot was a scientist and astronomer living
in Oxford. In one of his many roles he was a cartographer on an
expedition organised by Sir Walter Raleigh. He may have been the
first person to use a telescope for astronomy.
Harriot is not well known throughout the world although some of his
observations were advanced for his time.
It is has been shown that Harriot observed and sketched the Moon
through a telescope
on 26 July 1609, months before Galileo is known to have done so.
Though hardly as famous as Galileo, Harriot’s works in observing
and noting sunspots were the first recorded observations of these
phenomena.
Image:
East
Carolina
University
|
http://www.ecu.edu/cs-
cas/harriot.cfm
9. Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)
Despite the notable efforts of his contemporaries, the Italian
Galileo Galilei is widely regarded as one of the founders of modern
astronomy. His concise observations of a range of astronomical
objects laid the foundations for centuries of research.
Galileo built his telescope in the summer of 1609. He was the first
to publish results based on telescopic observations in March 1610.
On 25 August 1609, Galileo demonstrated his first telescope to
Venetian lawmakers. This was the first outreach activity with a
telescope.
Images:
Wikipedia
&
The
Galileo
Project
Galilean telescope .
10. The first observations: the Sun
In 1610, the Sun became the centre of attention.
Harriot, Galileo, Christoph Scheiner, and Johannes Fabricius found dark spots on the Sun.
Some thought that these spots were clouds or close-by
satellites, but many astronomers understood that these
spots truly belong to the Sun’s surface.
The perfection of celestial bodies, advocated by Aristotle,
does not reflect reality!
Sunspots drawn by Scheiner day after day.
http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/sunspots.html
11. The first observations: Jupiter
In January 1610, Galileo (and maybe also Simon Marius)
observed Jupiter with a refractor enlarging 20 times. Three faint
stars appeared close to the planet.
Night after night, Galileo continued his observations and saw that
there were in fact four “stars” following Jupiter throughout the sky.
This meant that they are not stars, but satellites! The discovery
was a true revolution. Indeed, in Aristotle’s physics there was
only one centre for all motions: the Earth. However, these four
satellites do not revolve around our planet.
Again, it seemed that the ancient Greek theories must be
revised.
Image:
Galileo
Project
12. The first observations: Venus
and Saturn
Venus was also observed in 1610. Phases were soon discovered
and although Greek models predicted phases, the exact change
in shape can only be explained if Venus revolves around the Sun.
With the four Jovian satellites, this makes at least 5 celestial
bodies not orbiting the Earth!
Saturn displayed a peculiar shape in these primitive telescopes,
a shape described by Galileo three-fold, or oOo. In addition, this
shape evolves over the years. This remained a mystery until
1659, when Christiaan Huygens explained the phenomenon with
the presence of a ring surrounding the planet.
Image: Il Saggiatore (1613)
13. Reflecting telescopes come
onto the scene
Glass is not the only thing with peculiar properties. The story
goes that Archimedes used mirrors to set enemy ships on fire.
Instead of combining lenses, mirrors can be used. The first
experiments were probably tried in the 16th century by Leonard
Digges and his friends. Some historians used the nickname
“Elizabethan telescope”.
In the 17th century, Nicolas Zucchi, Marin Mersenne, James
Gregory, and Laurent Cassegrain imagined various possibilities
of reflectors.
Finally, Isaac Newton built the first reflector in 1668.
Newton’s telescope.
http://amazing-
space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/g
roundup/lesson/scopes/newton/scope.ph
p
14. Timeline of the birth of the
telescope
c. 1350 1608
Spectacles invented and glass
lenses developed
Hans Lipperhey approaches the
government of the Netherlands
with a patent for the telescope
The first eyeglasses are made
by a lay person in Pisa, Italy
c. 1286
Detail of portrait of Hugh de
Provence, 1352
Images:
Wikipedia
Images:
Wikipedia
15. Timeline of the birth of the
telescope
The phases of Venus observed by
Galileo and others
Thomas Harriot
observed the
Moon through a
telescope
July
September
Image:
Galileo
Project
Image:
Il
Saggiatore
(1613
)
September
–
October
(?)
Galileo turns his telescope to
the Moon
1609 1610
1611
Galileo demonstrated
his first telescope to
Venetian lawmakers
Telescopes
could be
bought in
spectacle
shops in Paris,
Milano,
Napoli,…
Galileo turns his telescope to
the sky to see Jupiter’s moons
Johannes Kepler describes the optics
of lenses, including a new kind of
astronomical telescope with two
convex lenses (the “Keplerian”
telescope)
First
half
of
1609
August
January
Image:
Universe
Review
Image:
Galileo
Project
16. Bibliography
1609
In French :
Danjon A., Couder A., Lunettes & télescopes, 1979, Librairie Scientifique et Technique A. Blanchard
Nazé Y., Histoire du télescope – la contemplation de l’Univers des premiers instruments aux actuelles machines célestes, 2009,
Vuibert
In English :
Chapman A., A new perceived reality – Thomas Harriot’s Moon maps, Astronomy & Geophysics, vol 50, p1.27 (2009)
King H.C., History of telescope, 1955, Sky Publishing Corp.
Ronan C.A., The origins of the reflecting telescope, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol 101, p335 (1991)
Rosen E., Did Roger Bacon invent eyeglasses ?, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences, vol 26, p 3 (1954)
Rosen E., Did Galileo claim he invented the telescope ?, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol 98, p304 (1954)
Rosen E., The invention of eyeglasses, Journal of the History of Medicine, vol 11, p13 & p183 (1956)
Rosen E., The naming of the telescope, http://homepages.tscnet.com/omard1/jportat3b.html
Van Helden A., The invention of the telescope, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol 67, #4 (1977)
Wilson R., Reflecting Telescope Optics I & II, 1996 & 1999, Springer
Websites:
Telescopes from the Ground Up : http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/
AIP hystory of Cosmology : http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/
Galileo project : http://galileo.rice.edu/
17. IYA2009 Secretariat
ESO education and Public Outreach Department
Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2
D-85748 Garching bei München
Germany
Contact:
Pedro Russo
prusso@eso.org
p. +49 (0) 89 320 06 195