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The Discovery of Cell and The Cell Theory - Grade 12
- 1. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Prepared by:Ms. Louie JaneT. Eleccion
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- 5. Course Outline • Cell -CellTheory, Cell Structure and Functions, Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells, Cell Modifications, Cell Cycle,Transport Mechanisms • Biological Molecules - Structures and functions of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Enzymes, Nucleic Acids • EnergyTransformation - ATP-ADP Cycle, Photosynthesis, Respiration 5 7/1/2018 Add a footer
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- 7. • Biology isthe science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "logos" (study). 7 7/1/2018 https://www.livescience.com/44549-what-is-biology.html What is BIOLOGY?
- 8. BIOLOGY definition • Abranch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes. • The science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior. • Biology is the study of life and living organisms, from one- celled creatures to the most complex living organism of all — the human being. Biology includes the study of genes and cells that give living things their special characteristics. 8 7/1/2018
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- 10. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1.LivingThings are composed of cells 2. LivingThings Have Different Levels of Cellular Organization 3. LivingThings Use Energy (Metabolism) 4. LivingThings Are Homeostatic 5. LivingThings Respond toTheir Environment 6. LivingThings Grow 7. LivingThings Reproduce or Have DNA 8. LivingThings Move 9. LivingThings Adapt toTheir Environment 10. LivingThings Die 10 7/1/2018 http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art18278.asp
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- 21. TRIVIA • Viruses possessgenes, evolve by natural selection (adapt to their environment), and can replicate themselves. On the other hand, viruses are not composed of cells, do not metabolize, and are unable to replicate without a host. At present, therefore, while viruses are generally talked about and referred to as living beings, scientists generally considered them to be in an entirely different category of their own. 21 7/1/2018 http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art18278.asp
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- 23. 23 7/1/2018 ORGANIZATIONOF LIFE
- 24. Focus Questions 1. Whatare the structural differences of the various levels in the organization of life? 2.What are the components of these various levels? 3.What is the basic structural and functional unit of life? 24 7/1/2018 Add a footer
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- 27. The Invention ofthe Microscope and Discovery of the Cell • 1595 – Zaccharias Janssen (1580-1638) invented the first compound microscope. 27 7/1/2018 Add a footer
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- 29. The Invention ofthe Microscope and Discovery of the Cell 29 7/1/2018 Add a footer • 1665 – Robert Hooke (1635-1703) built another microscope and examined a thin slice of cork. • He observed that the cork has tiny compartments and named it cellula which eventually became known as cells.
- 30. The Invention ofthe Microscope and Discovery of the Cell 30 7/1/2018 Add a footer • 1667 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) created microscope with a much higher magnification.
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- 34. Proponents: • Matthias JakobSchleiden (1838) - He was a botanist at the University of Jena, Germany. - “All parts of the plant organism are composed of cells.” THE CELLTHEORY 34 7/1/2018 Add a footer
- 35. Proponents: • Theodore Schwann(1839) - He was a professor of physiology. - “All animal organism are composed of cells.” THE CELLTHEORY 35 7/1/2018 Add a footer
- 36. THE CELLTHEORY • 1858by Rudolf Ludwig KarlVirchow - He noticed that the existence diseases in the organs and tissues come from affected cells. - He stated “Omnis cellula e cellula” 36 7/1/2018 Add a footer
- 37. Final Postulates: 1) Allorganisms are made up of cells. 2) The basic unit of life is the cell. 3) Cells arise from pre-existing cells. THE CELLTHEORY 37 7/1/2018 Add a footer
- 38. The CellTheory (ModernVersion) 387/1/2018 https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-theory-373300
- 39. Important Events inthe Discovery of Cells 1665 Robert Hooke physicist and botanist; looks at cork under the microscope; calls the chambers he observed as “cell” (Latin word cellulae-meaning small room). 1667 Anton van Leeuwenhook The person incorrectly given the credit for the invention of the microscope giving way to the study of cells, He was given the credit as the inventor of the microscope; Father Of Bacteriology And Protozoology 1805 Lorenz Oken First speculated that cells are the fundamental units of life 1830 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann German scientists summarize the findings of many scientists and conclude that all living organisms are made of cells. 1831 Robert Brown Identified the nucleus in cells 1858 RudolfVirchow German scientist who states that except for the origin for of life all “cells arise (thru cell division) from pre-existing cells” 39 7/1/2018 Add a footer
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- 41. Experiments Disproving SpontaneousGeneration • 1668 – Francisco Redi (1626-1697) experimented fresh meat in jars. 41 7/1/2018 Add a footer
- 42. Experiments Disproving SpontaneousGeneration • Lazaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) experimented boiled chicken broth. 42 7/1/2018 Add a footer
- 43. Experiments Disproving SpontaneousGeneration • 1859 – Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) experimented boiled meat broth. 43 7/1/2018 Add a footer
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- 45. Complete the followingtable: ½ Crosswise Scientist Experiment Result Francesco Redi Lazzaro Spallanzani Louis Pasteur 45 7/1/2018 Answer the following questions: 1. Which results supported the cell theory? Why? 2. Did the contribution of RudolfVirchow in the cell theory agree with the theory of spontaneous generation? Why?
Editor's Notes
- #7 Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms.
- #12 Living things are composed of cells As defined in Cell Theory, the cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things. Every life form begins with one cell.
- #13 Living Things Have Different Levels of Cellular Organization Through the process of cell division within organisms, the process of "differentiation" occurs. This means that cells will begin to change, or "differ." from one another and each cell type will perform different "jobs" such as skin cells, brain cells, nerve cells, etc.
- #14 Living Things Use Energy (Metabolism) All organisms must have a metabolic system which provides them with the energy to perform different tasks. Plants generally obtain energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis, while animals ingest food for energy production. Metabolism-The conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes.
- #15 Living Things Are Homeostatic Homeostasis is the stable regulation of an organism's internal state. A living organism controls things like temperature, heartbeat, and hydration. Homeostasis - is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
- #16 Living Things Respond to Their Environment Living organisms exhibit "behavior," which is in its most basic form a set of responses to various external stimuli. For example, certain plants may turn their leaves towards the sun to better obtain energy. Likewise, animals will contract away from a source of pain.
- #17 Living Things Grow All living organisms grow and change. They increase in size through one of two methods - cell division and cell enlargement.
- #18 Living Things Reproduce or Have DNA All living organisms must be able to reproduce in order to ensure the survival of their respective species. The most often cited exception to this rule was the mule! Mules are the sterile offspring of a donkey and a horse. Two mules, therefore, cannot mate and reproduce themselves. However, mules are indeed living creatures. This characteristic therefore has been adapted to include the presence of DNA.
- #19 Living Things Move All living things are capable of some degree of locomotion. This may be walking and running for animals, or the simple movement of a plant's leaves throughout the day. On the simplest level, this characteristic applies even to the movement of cells within a living organism.
- #20 Living Things Adapt to Their Environment The ability of a species to survive and thrive is dependent upon organisms ability to adapt to changes in their environment. The process of evolution, in fact, can be boiled down simply to the process of change through time in response to environmental change.
- #22 There has been much debate about whether or not the virus should be considered a living organism. 1. Living things are composed of cells 2. Living Things Have Different Levels of Cellular Organization
- #23 One of the most distinctive features of life is that, it is highly organized into a hierarchy of structural levels.
- #24 Each level is made of components of lower level and itself becomes a component of higher level.
- #25 Each level is made of components of lower level and itself becomes a component of higher level.
- #26 Organism –highly organized form of living nature. This term first appeared in French dictionary (1729) and the stated meaning is an ensemble of organs that constitutes a living thing. The study of life extends from the entire planet earth to the microscopic units of cells and molecules. 1. Living things are composed of cells 2. Living Things Have Different Levels of Cellular Organization biosphere –consists of all the environments on earth that support life-most regions of land, bodies of water and the lower atmosphere ecosystem- consists of all the organisms living in a particular area and the non- living, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact(ex. air, soil, water, sunlight). community – entire array of organisms inhabiting an ecosystem (ex. coastal/marine ecosystem-fish, insects, mollusks, worms, many different kinds of plants, fungi, and microscopic organisms such as protists, algae and bacteria. population – interacting group of individuals of one species organism – an individual living thing organ system – consists of several organs that work together in performing a specific function(s) organ – made-up of several tissues, each with specific function and made-up of similar cells tissue – made-up of cells with similar structure and function(s) cell – unit of living matter separated from its environment by a boundary called a membrane or wall organelle – a structure that performs a specific function in a cell molecule – a cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds (ex. DNA, protein, glucose, amino acid)
- #28 It is believed that Zacharias probably had helped his father, Hans (spectacle-maker), when he was still young. They made microscopes by placing several lenses together, and discovered that objects were further enlarged upon viewing.
- #29 Cork tree, cork, cork composition,
- #30 Cellula- because he was reminded of the little rooms in the monastery.
- #31 Leeuwenhoek used his microscope to observe specimens such as bacteria, blood cell, and protists
- #32 1695 – first draw an illustration of blood cells; 1658 - Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. 1677 - Sperm cell. 1676 - observed water closely and was surprised to see tiny organisms - the first bacteria observed by man – “animalcules”
- #35 A century passed before several improvements on the scrapbook were made. These microscope were used by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann. Schleiden published his research in 1838, studying diff. types of plants under the microscope. A year later, Schwann published his study of several slides of animals. Physiology - a branch of biology that deals with the normal function of living organism and their parts.
- #36 A century passed before several improvements on the scrapbook were made. These microscope were used by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann. Schleiden published his research in 1838, studying diff. types of plants under the microscope. A year later, Schwann published his study of several slides of animals. Physiology - a branch of biology that deals with the normal function of living organism and their parts.
- #37 The last postulate was eventually proven by Rudolf Virchow upon studying how cells played a role in body diseases. “Cells arise from pre-existing cells” It was believed, however, that this discovery was initially made by Robert Remak, Jewish scientist, in 1855, when he tried to prove the idea of cell division by hardening the cell membrane.
- #39 The cell theory greatly disproved the theory of Spontaneous generation, a theory which states that organisms can come from nonliving sources.
- #40 Zaccharias Janssen (Spectacle maker/Hans Lippershey – Microscope Schleiden and Schwann/German scientist who states that except for the origin for of life all “cells arise (thru cell division) from pre-existing cells” Virchow - This forms the basis of the Cell Theory Of Biology( central unifying theory for biology)
- #41 Prior studies were initially done to test the validity of Spontaneous generation
- #42 The open jar eventually had maggots. No maggots in tightly sealed jar. Some maggots were present on the cloth cover of the other jar. Conclusion: Maggots can only come from something alive.
- #43 People already believed that boiling could kill microorganisms.
- #44 The open jar eventually had maggots. No maggots in tightly sealed jar. Some maggots were present on the cloth cover of the other jar. Conclusion: Maggots can only come from something alive.