1) The document discusses the simulation of discontinuities in microstrip transmission lines at microwave frequencies, including bends, T-junctions, and steps in width.
2) It presents models and formulas for characterizing microstrip lines and simulating the discontinuities using Sonnet software. The simulations are performed on an alumina substrate.
3) The results show that chamfering bends and compensating T-junctions and steps in width can reduce reflection and increase transmission by reducing excess reactance from the discontinuities.
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
Basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPONSyed Shujat Ali
Our Team's University Project | A short presentation based project regarding optical fiber communication in which basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPON were discussed.
This presentation covers:
Different types of antennas used in satellite communication
Role of an antenna
Antenna temperature
Cassegrain feed Antenna
Parabolic antenna
Study of Planar Inverted - F Antenna (PIFA) for mobile devices Naveen Kumar
A brief study of planar inverted-F antenna is given. Basic structure of PIFA is discussed and effect of various parameters is explained. Techniques to improve bandwidth coverage by the antenna are also discussed.
All of us have lofty expectations for 5G wireless technology.
Massive growth in demand for mobile data...
Massive growth in the number of connected devices...
Massive change in data transfer rates and latency...
Massive explosion in the diversity of mobile applications...
Massive....Massive....Massive....this word is frequently used like never before.
Delivering all these expectations depends on the evolution of existing technologies and revolution in new technologies.
One such revolutionary change is the use of massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in 5G for different frequency ranges.
Interested to understand and learn what mMIMO means?!
If yes, here is some massive theoretical information on Massive MIMO.
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
Basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPONSyed Shujat Ali
Our Team's University Project | A short presentation based project regarding optical fiber communication in which basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPON were discussed.
This presentation covers:
Different types of antennas used in satellite communication
Role of an antenna
Antenna temperature
Cassegrain feed Antenna
Parabolic antenna
Study of Planar Inverted - F Antenna (PIFA) for mobile devices Naveen Kumar
A brief study of planar inverted-F antenna is given. Basic structure of PIFA is discussed and effect of various parameters is explained. Techniques to improve bandwidth coverage by the antenna are also discussed.
All of us have lofty expectations for 5G wireless technology.
Massive growth in demand for mobile data...
Massive growth in the number of connected devices...
Massive change in data transfer rates and latency...
Massive explosion in the diversity of mobile applications...
Massive....Massive....Massive....this word is frequently used like never before.
Delivering all these expectations depends on the evolution of existing technologies and revolution in new technologies.
One such revolutionary change is the use of massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in 5G for different frequency ranges.
Interested to understand and learn what mMIMO means?!
If yes, here is some massive theoretical information on Massive MIMO.
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
Transmission and distribution line design finalBhanu Poudyal
Transmission Line designed on basis of data available for a given Hydropower system.
Looking this document you can yourself design the Transmission Line system.
Planar transmission line is one of the physical medium used to transmit high frequency signal. The signal flow through the transmission line depends on the important electrical parameter, the frequency. As the signal frequency increases in a conductor, current carriers start to move towards the edges of the conductor. Flow of carriers on the conductor synchronizes with the substrate to achieve better efficiency. The signal flow in the transmission line depends on the dielectric constant of the material and the loss tangent value. The paper shows the simulation studies on return loss and insertion loss of planar transmission lines with constant frequency of 10GHz. To design planar transmission lines different dielectric materials are being selected. In our design, parameters like input impedance, conductor (silver) thickness and conductor height are kept constant. The design and analysis is done using Applied Wave Research (AWR) tool. The obtained results shows unique response and it depends on the type of dielectric medium selected.
Design and manufacturing of iris waveguide filters for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose in this paper, two bandpass filters in waveguide technology having rectangular symmetrical discontinuities with a half-radius r, designed and operating respectively in the X-Band (9-11.5) GHz and C-Band (3.5-5.5) GHz. These filters consists of eight irises placed symmetrically respectively on standard rectangular waveguides WR90 and WR229 in which resonant irises are inserted. These irises are used to couple the sections very strongly in this filter, which allows the bandwidth to be increased and the matching to be controlled. The comparison between the numerical and electromagnetic results, which we obtained for the filters, constitutes a means of validation of computer simulation technology (CST) environment and Mician for the design of the other circuit elements in the various frequency bands. We observed excellent consistency between the simulation curves and those of the measurements. The results obtained are promising and pave the way for the use of these structures in the fields of telecommunications.
MICROSTRIP COUPLED LINE FILTER DESIGN FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND APPLICATIONSjmicro
A compact microstrip parallel coupled line filter for ultra wide band applications by means of combining a network of coupled line and defected ground is proposed. The design equations for three and five interconnected networks are derived and implemented. Simulations for three different configurations for filters are optimized. Then three prototype circuits are constructed, a bandpass filter with center frequency 2.25 GHz and two different bandpass filters (in terms of perturbations) with center frequencies 2.33GHz.
For 2.25 GHz circuit wide fractional bandwidth of about 90% is obtained but undesired high return loss existed. For 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in sides fractional bandwidth of about 60% is obtained at about 3.4 GHz center frequency. However undesired return loss existed for this circuit whereas good out off or 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in whole sections the center frequency got shifted to about 3.4 GHz and about 50% fractional bandwidth is obtained with very good out off band performance observed.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
Modeling of Multilayer Transmission Lines for High-Speed Digital InterconnectsIJERA Editor
In this paper, we consider the finite element modeling of multilayer transmission lines for high-speed digital
interconnects. We mainly focused on the modeling of the transmission structures with both cases of symmetric
and asymmetric geometries. We specifically designed asymmetric coupled microstrips and four-line symmetric
coupled microstrips with a two-layer substrate. We computed the capacitance matrix for asymmetric coupled
microstrips and the capacitance, inductance, and impedance matrices for four-line symmetric coupled
microstrips on a two-layer substrate. We also provide the potential distribution spectrums of the models and
their meshing analysis.
Design and Analysis of Broadband Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper presents the design and manufacture of a new broadband elliptical patch antenna
with a microstrip feed line and optimum antenna parameters. The antenna dimension of
(30 × 21 × 1.6) 푚푚3 and fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate having relative dielectric constant 휀푟=4.3,
loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and the feed line used has characteristic impedance of 50Ω.The designed
antenna has the capability of operating in the bandwidth (6.95-30.94) GHz and the gain (6.8) dBi. The
antenna performance was modified by inserting a slots in the ground plane to achieve impedance
bandwidth (when S11≤-10dB) and slots to patch to improve the gain. The modified antenna was designed
to be used for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. The simulation results are obtained using CST
software.
Control Radiation Pattern for Half Width Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna by Usi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel design for single-layer half width microstrip leakywave antenna (HW-MLWA) is demonstrated. This model can be digitally control its radiation pattern at operation frequency and uses only two values of the bias voltage, with better impedance matching and insignificant gain variation. The scanning and controlling the radiation pattern of leaky-wave antennas (LWA) in steps at an operation frequency, by using switches PIN diodes, is investigated and a novel HW-MLWA is introduced. A control cell reconfigurable, that can be switched between two states, is the basic element of the antenna. The periodic LWA is molded by identical control cells where as a control radiation pattern is developed by combining numerous reconfigurable control cells. A gap capacitor is independently connected or disconnected in every unit cell by using a PIN diode switch to achieve fixedfrequency control radiation pattern scanning. The profile reactance at the free edge of (HWMLWA) and thus the main lobe direction is altered by changing the states of the control cell. The antenna presented in this paper, can scan main beam between 18o to 44o at fixed frequency of 4.2 GHz with measured peak gain of 12.29 dBi.
Microstrip patch antennas are the most common form
of printed antennas. They became very popular due to their low
profile geometry, light weight and low cost. A Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna with probe feed and substrate used is
Arlon AD260 has the relative permittivity of which is 2.6 is
designed and simulated using high frequency structure simulator
(HFSS). All the Parameters of this microsrip patch Antenna such
as bandwidth, S - parameter, Reflection loss and VSWR has been
found and plotted. The main objective of this work is to consider
the reactive loading effect on the patch and its effect towards the
improvement of the antenna characteristics, particularly the
radiation characteristics in principle plane (E and H) is
examined. As per theoretical approach reactive loading creates
either capacitive loading or inductive loading. Due to this effect
the antenna performance may be degraded or enhanced in terms
of efficiency, isolation, gain, impedance matching etc. The results
of this designed antenna are compared with the existing Micro
strip antenna
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The most researched and examined aspect of the communication system is the wireless connection. Without learning how to operate and use different types of antennas, your knowledge is incomplete. Microstrip patch antenna research has advanced significantly in recent years. When compared to standard antennas, microstrip patch antennas provide additional advantages and opportunities. It is of low volume, light weight, low cost, low appearance, compact and easy to manufacture. This study investigates the differences between rectangular and circular patch antennas. For Bluetooth applications, the center frequency of 2.4 GHz was chosen as the optimal resonant frequency. On a flame retardant (FR-4) epoxy substrate, the antenna dielectric constant is 4.4. Above the ground the base rises 3.6 mm. For the simulation process, high frequency simulation software (HFSS 15) is used as the program design. Antennas 1×1, 1×2, and 1×4 are designed for both circular and rectangular antennas. A comparison was made for both types of antennas and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return losses, gain, directivity and half power beam width (HPBW) were found, and the feature of the rectangular antenna was shown.
Six-port Interferometer for W-band Transceivers: Design and CharacterizationIJECEIAES
The study has presented an extensive analysis of an integrated millimeter wave six-port interferometer, operating over a 10 GHz band, from 80 to 90 GHz. It has covered both semi-unlicensed point-to-point links (81-86 GHz), and imaging sensor system frequencies (above 85 GHz). An in-house process is used to fabricate miniaturized hybrid millimeter wave integrated circuits on a very thin ceramic substrate. Two-port S-parameter measurements are performed on a minimum number of circuits integrated on the same die, exploiting the circuit’s physical symmetry and chosen to collect enough data for full-port characterization. Based on these measurements on an integrated prototype, a six-port circuit computer model implemented and advanced system simulations performed for circuit analysis. Interferometer performances evaluated using several methods: analysis of harmonic balance, qi points’, homodyne quadrature demodulation, and error vector modulation (EVM). The analysis showed that this circuit can directly perform, without any calibration, the demodulation of various PSK and QAM signals over the 10 GHz band, with very good results.
Analysis, Design and Optimization of Multilayer Antenna Using Wave Concept It...journalBEEI
The wave concept iterative process is a procedure used for analyses a planar circuits This method consists in generating a recursive relationship between a wave source and reflected waves from the discontinuity plane which is divided into cells. A high computational speed has been achieved by using Fast Modal Transform (FMT). In this paper we study a patch antenna and multilayer circuits, to determine the electromagnetic characteristics of these structures.
Dual band microstrip antenna with slit load design for wireless local area ne...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of dual frequency band operation nearly square patch antenna
for IEEE 802.11b,g (2.4Ghz-2.4835GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15GHz-5.25GHz)by using a patch
antenna. The patch and ground plane are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch have two pairs
of orthogonal slits cut from the edge, this antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of
(WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz and from 5.12 GHz to 5.32
GHz exhibits circularly polarized far-field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been
simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave
Office 2009 v9.0. The results show that the antenna has dual-band frequency operation by using slit
load.
Dual band microstrip antenna with slit load design for wireless local area ne...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of dual frequency band operation nearly square patch antenna
for IEEE 802.11b,g (2.4Ghz-2.4835GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15GHz-5.25GHz)by using a patch
antenna. The patch and ground plane are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch have two pairs
of orthogonal slits cut from the edge, this antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of
(WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz and from 5.12 GHz to 5.32
GHz exhibits circularly polarized far field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been
simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave
Office 2009 v9.0. The results show that the antenna has dual band frequency operation by using slit
load.
Similar to Microstrip line discontinuities simulation at microwave frequencies (20)
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Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
Microstrip line discontinuities simulation at microwave frequencies
1. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.19, 2013 - Selected from International Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
38
Microstrip Line Discontinuities Simulation at Microwave Frequencies
Dr. A.K. Rastogi1*
(FIETE), (MISTE), Munira Bano1
, Manisha Nigam2
1. Department of Physics & Electronics, Institute for Excellence in Higher Education, Bhopal, (M.P.),
India-462016
2. Govt. MVM, Bhopal, (M.P.), India-462008
*Email:akrastogi_bpl@yahoo.com
Abstract
Microwave and Millimeter wave integrated circuits (MICs) have experienced a tremendous growth over the last
50 years. Microstrip line is one of the popular lines in these MICs. Due to the layout necessities, an
electromagnetic wave that propagates down a microstrip line may encounter discontinuities such as T-junctions,
Bends and vias. A simulation model is presented here for analysing these discontinuities in microstrips through
Sonnet Software. The parameters of microstrip lines are determined from the empirical formulae which are
based on full wave analysis. The simulation work has been performed on Alumina substrate. The discontinuities
are simulated and compensated which gives important results for designing high frequency microwave circuits.
Key Words: Microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits (MICs), microstrip line, microstrip line
discontinuities, T-junctions, bends, steps in width, full wave analysis, substrate permittivity and sonnet software.
1. Introduction
Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits based on Planar Transmission Lines such as microstrip are being
considered as viable candidates for microwave communications and other applications. The planar configuration
implies that the characteristics of the element can be determined by the dimensions in a single plane. The
commonly used different types of printed transmission lines for MICs are microstrip line, strip line, suspended
stripline, slotline, coplanar waveguide and finline (Gupta et al. 1979). Microstrip line is one of the popular lines
in transmission structures, mainly due to the fact that the mode of propagation on microstrip is almost TEM. The
microstrip line consists of a single conductor trace on one side of a dielectric substrate and a single ground plane
on its opposite side as shown in Figure 1. Since it is an open structure it features the ease of interconnections and
adjustments.
Methods of microstrip analysis may be classified into three groups- Quasi Static Methods, Dispersion Methods
and Full Wave Analysis. In Quasi Static Methods, the nature of the mode of propagation is considered to be pure
TEM, and microstrip characterizations are calculated from the electrostatic capacitance of the structure. It is
found from analysis, that this method is adequate for designing circuits at lower frequencies (below X-band)
where the strip width and substrate thickness are much smaller than the wavelength in the dielectric material. In
the second group, called dispersion models, the deviation from the TEM nature is accounted for quasi
empirically. The methods in the third group, take into account the hybrid nature of mode of propagation i.e.
quasi TEM mode of propagation (Bhat & Koul 1980; Fooks & Zakarevicius 1990).
2. Microstrip Synthesis
In actual design of microstrip, one wishes to determine the width ‘w’ required to obtain specified characteristic
impedance ‘Z0’ on a substrate of known permittivity ‘εr’ and thickness ‘h’. This operation is called synthesis.
Various researchers have reported formulas for microstrip calculations (Wheeler 1964; 1965). Owens (1976),
carefully investigated the ranges of applicability of many of the expressions given by Wheeler, comparing
calculated results with numerical computations. The closed formulas are highly desirable as they are accurate
and fast. CAD algorithms can be implemented with these formulas of Edward & Steer.
2.1 Synthesis Formula
For given Z0 and frequency:
In case of narrow strips i.e. when
Z0 > (44 - εr) Ω
1
'
'
exp4
1
8
exp
−
−=
H
H
h
w
...… (1)
Where
+
+
−
+
+
=
πε
π
ε
εε 4
ln
1
2
ln
1
1
2
1
9.119
)1(20'
rr
rrZ
H …… (2)
2. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.19, 2013 - Selected from International Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
39
and
2
'
4
ln
1
2
ln
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
−
+
+
−
−
+
=
πε
π
ε
εε
ε
rr
rr
eff
H
…… (3)
where
'
H is given by equation (2) or alternatively as a function of
h
w
from equation (1)
+
+= 2164ln
2
'
w
h
w
h
H …… (4)
For microstrip line on Alumina ),10( =rε this expression appears to be accurate to 2.0± % over the
impedance range Ω≤≤ 508 0Z
when
h
w
and rε are given:
+
+
+
= 2164ln
)1(2
9.119
2
0
w
h
w
h
Z
rε
…. (5)
3. Microstrip Discontinuities
All practical distributed circuits, whether in waveguides, coaxial lines or any other propagation structure, must
inherently contain discontinuities. A straight uninterrupted length of transmission structure would be of little
engineering use, and in any case junctions are essential. Although such discontinuities give rise to only very
small capacitances and inductances (often <0.1pF and <0.1nH) the reactance of these become particularly
significant at the high microwave and millimetre wave frequencies. The performance of amplifiers for example
has been shown to be considerably affected by microstrip discontinuity. Many other circuits such as filters,
mixers and oscillators involve several discontinuities. All technologies whether based on hybrid MIC or MMIC
inherently involves transmission discontinuities (Wheeler 1977). Discontinuity modelling is based upon
equivalent capacitances and inductances. Discontinuity capacitance evaluation has been performed by Silvester
& Benedek (1973) and discontinuity inductance evaluation has been performed by Gupta & Gopinath (1977).
The following are several forms of discontinuities emerging from circuit requirements:
a) Open circuits
b) Series coupling gaps
c) Short circuits through to the ground plane
d) Step width changes
e) T & Cross junctions
3.1 Microstrip Bends
A microstrip bend may be formed by two lines of equal or unequal impedances and is normally used for
introducing flexibility in the layout of the circuit design. The equivalent circuit of the microstrip bend with lines
of equal impedance is shown in the Figure 2.
In practical circuits, microstrip bends are chamfered to compensate the excess capacitance.
3.2 T-junctions
The T-junctions is perhaps the most important discontinuity in a microstrip as it is found in most circuits such as
impedance networks, stub filters and branch line couplers. A microstrip T-junction and its equivalent circuit are
shown in the Figure 3. The discontinuity capacitance for this structure has been calculated by Silvester &
Benedek (1973).
The T-junction discontinuity compensation is much more difficult than right angled bends and steps in width
discontinuity compensation techniques. The T-junctions can be compensated by adjusting the lengths of the three
microstrip lines forming the junction.
3.3 Steps in Width
There exists step discontinuity at junctions of two microstrip lines that have different impedances. This type of
discontinuity is encountered when designing matching transformers, couplers and filters. The configurations of
step discontinuity and its equivalent circuit are shown in the Figure 4. Results for excess capacitance have been
given by Farrar & Adams (1971), Benedek & Silvester (1972) and Gupta & Gopinath (1977).
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The compensation in this case is done to reduce the effect of discontinuity reactances by chamfering the large
width.
4. Results & Discussion
Figure 5. (a) & (b) shows the two and three dimensional model for microstrip bend respectively while the Figure
6. (a) & (b) shows simulation model of T-junctions and Steps in width through Sonnet Software simulation
respectively, which is performed on Alumina substrate of substrate permittivity εr=9.8 and loss tangent
tanδ=0.0002 and substrate thickness h=0.5 mm. The synthesis equation gives the proper width ‘w’ and effective
dielectric constant ‘εeff’ required for simulating the microstrip discontinuities.
SONNET Software is commercial Software which provides solutions for high frequency electromagnetic
analysis. This Em simulation software is used for design and analysis for high frequency microstrip circuits. The
analysis engine of Sonnet Suite®
, Em is appropriate for a wide range of 3D planar structures. The via capabilities
allow the analysis of air bridges, wire bonds, spiral inductors, wafer probes, and internal ports as well as for
simple grounding.
All the three discontinuities are chamfered in different ways in order to compensate the excess reactance. The
discontinuities and their compensated models are analysed which are shown in the Figure 7. (a), (b) and (c). The
S-parameters gives us a way of representing a networks transmission and reflection coefficients as they are the
only parameters that can be measured at high frequencies.
The results are shown in the Figure 8, 9 and 10 through graphs of the reflection and transmission coefficients.
Figure 8. (a) shows clearly that when the right angled bend is chamfered by changing the angle from 90° to 45°,
the transmission is increased through the line and the reflection is decreased which is shown in the Figure 8 (b).
Figure 9. (a) & (b) shows that when the microstrip T-junction discontinuity is compensated by increasing the
width of the junction, the transmission and reflection both becomes better.
Figure 10. (a) & (b) shows that compensating the Step in Width by chamfering it, the reflection and transmission
are enhanced at the higher frequencies esp. above 10 GHz.
5. Conclusion
Microstrip lines are considered as viable candidates for MMICs. Microstrip due to its various design advantages
is particularly very attractive. A straight uninterrupted length of waveguide or transmission line would be of little
engineering use. Simulation model is presented in this paper for analysing the general discontinuities in
microstrips at higher frequencies. The discontinuities are finely modelled through simulation which shows that
the compensated models are better than the uncompensated ones as they increase the transmission and decrease
the reflection. The results given here have been applied to most commonly used substrate. The results presented
here are useful in the design of MMICs and they form a basis for the improvement of existing CAD models.
References:
Benedek, P. & Silvester, P. (1972), “Equivalent Capacitance for Microstrip Gaps and Steps”, IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-20, 729-733.
Bhat, B. & Koul, S.K. (1980), “Stripline-like Transmission Lines for Microwave Integrated Circuits”, Wiley
Eastern Limited, New-Delhi.
Edwards, T.C. & Steer, M.B. “Foundations of Inter-connect and Microstrip Design”, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Farrar, A. & Adams, A.T. (1971), “Computation of Lumped Microstrip Capacitances by Matrix Methods:
Rectangular Sections and End Effect”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-19, 495-497.
Fooks, E.H. & Zakarevicius, R.A. (1990), “Microwave Engineering using Microstrip Circuits”, Prentice Hall of
Australia.
Gupta, K.C., Garg, R. & Bahl, I.J. (1979), “Microstrip Lines and Slot Lines”, Artech House Inc., Washington.
Gupta, K.C., & Gopinath, A. (1977), “Equivalent Circuit Capacitance of Microstrip Step Change in Width”,
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-25, 819-822.
Owens, R.P. (1976), “Accurate Analytical Determination of Quasi-static Microstrip Line Parameters,” The Radio
and Electronic Engineer 46, 360-364.
Silvester, P. & Benedek, P. (1973), “Microstrip Discontinuity Capacitances for Right-angle Bends, T-junctions
and Crossing”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-21, 341-346.
Wheeler, H.A. (1964), “Transmission-line Properties of Parallel Wide Strips by a Conformal Mapping
Approximation”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech. 12, 280-289.
Wheeler, H.A. (1965), “Transmission-line Properties of Parallel Strips separated by a Dielectric Sheet,” IEEE
Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech.13, 172-185.
Wheeler, H.A. (1977), “Transmission Line Properties of a Strip on a Dielectric Sheet on a plane”, IEEE Trans.
MTT-25, 631-647.
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Figure 1. Cross Sectional View of Microstrip line
Figure 2. Microstrip Bend Geometry and its Equivalent Circuit
Figure 3. Microstrip T-junction and its Equivalent Circuit
Figure 4. Microstrip Step Discontinuity and its Equivalent Circuit
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Figure 5(a). Microstrip Bend through Sonnet
Figure 5(b). 3D Microstrip Bend
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Figure 6(a). Microstrip T-junction through Sonnet
Figure 6 (b). Microstrip Step in Width through Sonnet
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Figure 7(a). Compensated model of Microstrip Bend Discontinuity
Figure 7(b). Compensated model of Microstrip T-junction Discontinuity
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Figure 7(c). Compensated model of Microstrip Step in Width
Figure 8(a). Transmission Coefficient Vs Frequency for Microstrip Right angled
Bend and Compensated Bend.
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Figure 8(b). Reflection Coefficient Vs Frequency for Microstrip Right angled
Bend and Compensated Bend .
Figure 9(a). Transmission Coefficient Vs Frequency for Microstrip T-junction
and Compensated T-junction.
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Figure 9(b). Reflection Coefficient Vs Frequency for Microstrip T-junction
and Compensated T-junction.
Figure 10(a). Transmission Coefficient Vs Frequency for Microstrip Step
Discontinuity and Compensated Step in Width.
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Figure 10(b). Reflection Coefficient Vs Frequency for Microstrip Step
Discontinuity and Compensated Step in Width.
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