The most researched and examined aspect of the communication system is the wireless connection. Without learning how to operate and use different types of antennas, your knowledge is incomplete. Microstrip patch antenna research has advanced significantly in recent years. When compared to standard antennas, microstrip patch antennas provide additional advantages and opportunities. It is of low volume, light weight, low cost, low appearance, compact and easy to manufacture. This study investigates the differences between rectangular and circular patch antennas. For Bluetooth applications, the center frequency of 2.4 GHz was chosen as the optimal resonant frequency. On a flame retardant (FR-4) epoxy substrate, the antenna dielectric constant is 4.4. Above the ground the base rises 3.6 mm. For the simulation process, high frequency simulation software (HFSS 15) is used as the program design. Antennas 1×1, 1×2, and 1×4 are designed for both circular and rectangular antennas. A comparison was made for both types of antennas and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return losses, gain, directivity and half power beam width (HPBW) were found, and the feature of the rectangular antenna was shown.
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
This document describes the design and simulation of a square microstrip patch antenna for S-band applications at 2.6 GHz. The antenna was designed using Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Key parameters of the antenna include a patch size of 41.2mm x 41.2mm, substrate size of 100mm x 90mm made from Rogers RT duroid 5880 dielectric material. An inset feed technique was used with a feed width of 1.8mm and length of 20mm. Simulation results showed a gain of 11.5dB and return loss of -32.11dB at the resonant frequency. Radiation patterns exhibited maximum gain in the broadside direction of 1.87dBi. The proposed antenna design achieved good
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Design and Analysis of Broadband Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper presents the design and manufacture of a new broadband elliptical patch antenna
with a microstrip feed line and optimum antenna parameters. The antenna dimension of
(30 × 21 × 1.6) 푚푚3 and fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate having relative dielectric constant 휀푟=4.3,
loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and the feed line used has characteristic impedance of 50Ω.The designed
antenna has the capability of operating in the bandwidth (6.95-30.94) GHz and the gain (6.8) dBi. The
antenna performance was modified by inserting a slots in the ground plane to achieve impedance
bandwidth (when S11≤-10dB) and slots to patch to improve the gain. The modified antenna was designed
to be used for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. The simulation results are obtained using CST
software.
A Triple Band Bow Tie Array Antenna Using Both-sided MIC Technology IJECEIAES
A single-fed linearly polarized 2x2 microstrip bow tie array antenna is proposed. The feed network has microstrip line and slot line where microstrip-slot branch circuit is connected in parallel. The feed network of the array is designed using both-sided M IC Technology to overcome the impedance matching problem of conventional feed networks. The 2x2 half bow tie array antenna is also truncated with spur lines for optimization of antenna performance. The array antenna unit can be realized in very simple and compact structure, as all the antenna elements and the feeding circuit is arranged on a Teflon glass fiber substrate without requiring any external network. The design frequency of the proposed antenna is 5 to 8 GHz (C- Band) and the obtained peak gain is 12.41 dBi. The resultant axial ratio indicates that linear polarization is achieved.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
This document describes the design and simulation of a square microstrip patch antenna for S-band applications at 2.6 GHz. The antenna was designed using Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Key parameters of the antenna include a patch size of 41.2mm x 41.2mm, substrate size of 100mm x 90mm made from Rogers RT duroid 5880 dielectric material. An inset feed technique was used with a feed width of 1.8mm and length of 20mm. Simulation results showed a gain of 11.5dB and return loss of -32.11dB at the resonant frequency. Radiation patterns exhibited maximum gain in the broadside direction of 1.87dBi. The proposed antenna design achieved good
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Design and Analysis of Broadband Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper presents the design and manufacture of a new broadband elliptical patch antenna
with a microstrip feed line and optimum antenna parameters. The antenna dimension of
(30 × 21 × 1.6) 푚푚3 and fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate having relative dielectric constant 휀푟=4.3,
loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and the feed line used has characteristic impedance of 50Ω.The designed
antenna has the capability of operating in the bandwidth (6.95-30.94) GHz and the gain (6.8) dBi. The
antenna performance was modified by inserting a slots in the ground plane to achieve impedance
bandwidth (when S11≤-10dB) and slots to patch to improve the gain. The modified antenna was designed
to be used for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. The simulation results are obtained using CST
software.
A Triple Band Bow Tie Array Antenna Using Both-sided MIC Technology IJECEIAES
A single-fed linearly polarized 2x2 microstrip bow tie array antenna is proposed. The feed network has microstrip line and slot line where microstrip-slot branch circuit is connected in parallel. The feed network of the array is designed using both-sided M IC Technology to overcome the impedance matching problem of conventional feed networks. The 2x2 half bow tie array antenna is also truncated with spur lines for optimization of antenna performance. The array antenna unit can be realized in very simple and compact structure, as all the antenna elements and the feeding circuit is arranged on a Teflon glass fiber substrate without requiring any external network. The design frequency of the proposed antenna is 5 to 8 GHz (C- Band) and the obtained peak gain is 12.41 dBi. The resultant axial ratio indicates that linear polarization is achieved.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
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Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
This document describes the design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna for radar communication applications. It begins with an introduction to microstrip patch antennas and their advantages. It then reviews past literature on techniques to increase bandwidth in microstrip patch antennas, such as using inset feeds and electromagnetically coupled layers. The document presents the design of a two-layer electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antenna with a microstrip-line inset feed. Simulation results show the antenna achieves minimized return loss for wireless applications. In conclusion, the proposed antenna design reduces return loss compared to existing designs and could be useful for high frequency applications such as radar communication.
Design of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Finite Ground Plane for WI-FI, ...ijsrd.com
Microstrip antennas are suitable for mobile and satellite communication systems. This is particularly due to their main characteristics such as low volume and weight, as well as because they are easy to fabricate and to be installed on plane and curved surfaces. Nevertheless these antennas present some disadvantages like narrow bandwidth, low power operation, and radiation loss. There are some methods such as increasing the height of the substrate, which can be used to extend the efficiency and bandwidth. In this communication design and performance of a novel rectangular with finite ground is proposed to achieve wide band performance and circular polarization. “The proposed structure consists of a rectangular patch and the ground planâ€Â
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629λg × 0.839λg × 0.017λg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
A PROXIMITY FEED DUAL BAND CIRCULAR SHAPED ANTENNA WITH SEMICIRCULAR GROUND P...Amitesh Raikwar
In this work, we present a Circular Shaped proximity feed
Microstrip Patch Antenna. The antenna is comprised of circular
shaped radiation patch and this radiating patch is faded
by proximity coupling. The ground plane of the antenna has
Semicircular pattern to improve the coupling level of the
patch. The simulated result shows it provides the return loss
less than -10 dB for two frequencies 1.27 GHz and 1.43 GHz
which could be a useful frequencies for wireless communication
system. The simulation work is carried out on IE3D
software, a product of Zeland Software Company.
Design and Analysis of Ku/K-band Circular SIW Patch Antenna Using 3D EM-based...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antennas are considered as main radiators for RF and microwave wireless systems due to their low profile, low cost and soft integration with the other devices. The gain of a SIW patch antenna may be enhanced using different techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) by modifying the antenna’s geometry with high efficiency comparing to electromagnetic techniques that take more time. This paper describes a novel structure of a circular SIW patch antenna design using a tree-dimensional electromagnetic (3D-EM) simulation based on ANN model which is developed as an accurate tool for synthesizing the forward side and then analyzing the reverse side of the problem. In this work, ANN algorithms are used for training the samples to provide precise geometrical dimensions of the SIW patch antenna with high accuracy for the target requirements. The antenna is designed to operate in Ku and K frequency bands, resonate at 16.10 GHz and 19.81 GHz respectively and show good performance resulting in low return losses of less than -10dB to -29dB for the selective frequency bands.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Miniaturised tri-band microstrip patch antenna design for radio and millimet...nooriasukmaningtyas
This research presents an extremely small, cheap and simple structure of multiple bands antenna, where is the proposed design comprise squareslotted a microstrip patch antenna with triple bands of RF and mm-wave for 5G. The conducting material is a perfect electrical conductor on both sides. The antenna is printed on FR-4 lossy with a 3.9 of epsilon. Our tiny antenna has a size of 1.5357x1.5357 mm2 . First, the design parameters were calculated using formulas and then these were simulated by the CST MWS. The simulation results show the antenna performance at the RF band from 0 to 3.4096 GHz with 3.29 gain, a value of return loss S11 and bandwidth of -13.229644 and 3.4096 GHz. The designed antenna works at the mm-wave band ranges 43.5-64 GHz with 3.49 gain, -42.419084 S11 and 20.252 GHz BW. Our antenna can also operate at the mm-wave from 81-95 GHz with -22.269547 S11, 4.52 gain, and 14.085 GHz BW. The small size and supported bandwidth of the designed antenna is suitable for thin and fast transmission devices.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
Review: Dual Band Microstrip Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsIJAAS Team
In this manuscript, a review of dual band microstrip antennas for wireless communication is presented. This review manuscript discusses regarding the geometric structures, different methods of analysis for antenna characteristics, and different types of wireless applications.
The document describes a multiband microstrip antenna designed for WLAN applications. The antenna is printed on photographic paper substrate using inkjet printing. It has a rectangular patch with two U-slots that provide three resonant bands between 2.1-2.95 GHz, 3.35-3.54 GHz, and 5.04-6.0 GHz. Two additional parasitic elements are added to improve bandwidth. Simulated and measured results show the antenna meets bandwidth and gain requirements for applications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee and WLAN.
A novel multi-resonant and wideband fractal antenna for telecommunication ap...IJECEIAES
This letter presents the design, simulation, and measurement of a novel multiband fractal circular antenna for wireless applications. In the antenna design, we used a circular antenna where we took a ring. Then, in the first iteration, we added a new ring divided into two of the same size. For the second iteration, we added a ring of the same size after dividing it into two halves. In the third iteration, we added the third ring of the same size after dividing it into four. Due to the resonator defection, we were able to reduce the size of the starting antenna from 60×70×2 mm3 to 50×50×1.6 mm3 , to get the frequency of 2.48 GHz, and we generated new bandwidths with a high gain that reaches 5.02 dB. The proposed antenna radiation characteristics, such as the impedance matching, the gain, the radiation pattern, and the surface current distribution are presented and discussed. We find that the simulated and measured results are in acceptable agreement and affirm the good performance of the proposed antenna. The results obtained affirm that the proposed fractal antenna is a better candidate for integration into wireless communication circuits.
The document describes the design and simulation of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna with a defected ground structure for STM-1 and cellular applications at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz. A rectangular patch antenna was designed on a dielectric substrate above a ground plane. Two slots were etched into the ground plane to create a defected ground structure. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved return losses of -12.75 dB and -13.01 dB at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz respectively, meeting the design requirements. Parameters like slot width and feed length were optimized to improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna design demonstrates a technique for dual-band operation using a defected ground structure.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Contrastive Parametric Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Patch ...RSIS International
The comparative analysis of the rectangular and
circular patch antenna parameters is presented in this paper. To
make it acceptable for various wireless applications the selected
bandwidth is 10 GHz. HFSS is a software development tool
which is used for design and the study of the performance of the
presented antennas. The study gives the idea that the rectangular
patch antenna exhibits higher return loss than the return loss of
circular patch antenna whereas the rectangular patch antenna
has an improved VSWR value of 1.18 than that of the circular
patch with VSWR 1.27. Also the circular patch antenna offers
about 8% higher radio bandwidth and nearly 2.0dB less side
lobe power than that of the rectangular patch antenna. With rise
in the dielectric constant of the substrate material there is a
diminish structure of the patch antenna which leads to an
accommodation in bandwidth, impedance and efficiency of the
antenna. The simulated antennas are used in the field of 3G
communications due to the resonance frequency. The delineate
study about the dimensions such as width, length, feed point
location, ground dimension for each patch antenna of different
dielectric material are calculated and compared and the result
shows about the contrastive analysis of different patch antenna
performance parameter like VSWR, Reflection coefficient,
Bandwidth, Impedance, Mismatch loss, Directivity, Gain and
Field are analysed and compared. The paper includes the
detailed analysis of various tables, graphs.
A Novel Design and Characterization of 3-Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna for C...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and characterization of a novel 3-shape microstrip patch antenna for C-band and X-band applications. A 3-shape slot was cut into a square patch to enhance bandwidth. Finite element method simulations showed the antenna resonated at 4.31 GHz, 6.45 GHz and 8.88 GHz with return losses of -15.39 dB, -11.31 dB and -12.41 dB respectively. Radiation patterns and VSWR were analyzed to characterize antenna performance across C-band and X-band frequencies. The proposed antenna design achieved increased bandwidth over a simple patch antenna.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application (CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments (MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity, Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2) with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern. Keywords - Microstrip Patch Antenna; E-shaped, CDMA systems communications; Coaxial Probe feed, IE3D
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
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Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
This document describes the design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna for radar communication applications. It begins with an introduction to microstrip patch antennas and their advantages. It then reviews past literature on techniques to increase bandwidth in microstrip patch antennas, such as using inset feeds and electromagnetically coupled layers. The document presents the design of a two-layer electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antenna with a microstrip-line inset feed. Simulation results show the antenna achieves minimized return loss for wireless applications. In conclusion, the proposed antenna design reduces return loss compared to existing designs and could be useful for high frequency applications such as radar communication.
Design of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Finite Ground Plane for WI-FI, ...ijsrd.com
Microstrip antennas are suitable for mobile and satellite communication systems. This is particularly due to their main characteristics such as low volume and weight, as well as because they are easy to fabricate and to be installed on plane and curved surfaces. Nevertheless these antennas present some disadvantages like narrow bandwidth, low power operation, and radiation loss. There are some methods such as increasing the height of the substrate, which can be used to extend the efficiency and bandwidth. In this communication design and performance of a novel rectangular with finite ground is proposed to achieve wide band performance and circular polarization. “The proposed structure consists of a rectangular patch and the ground planâ€Â
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629λg × 0.839λg × 0.017λg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
A PROXIMITY FEED DUAL BAND CIRCULAR SHAPED ANTENNA WITH SEMICIRCULAR GROUND P...Amitesh Raikwar
In this work, we present a Circular Shaped proximity feed
Microstrip Patch Antenna. The antenna is comprised of circular
shaped radiation patch and this radiating patch is faded
by proximity coupling. The ground plane of the antenna has
Semicircular pattern to improve the coupling level of the
patch. The simulated result shows it provides the return loss
less than -10 dB for two frequencies 1.27 GHz and 1.43 GHz
which could be a useful frequencies for wireless communication
system. The simulation work is carried out on IE3D
software, a product of Zeland Software Company.
Design and Analysis of Ku/K-band Circular SIW Patch Antenna Using 3D EM-based...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antennas are considered as main radiators for RF and microwave wireless systems due to their low profile, low cost and soft integration with the other devices. The gain of a SIW patch antenna may be enhanced using different techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) by modifying the antenna’s geometry with high efficiency comparing to electromagnetic techniques that take more time. This paper describes a novel structure of a circular SIW patch antenna design using a tree-dimensional electromagnetic (3D-EM) simulation based on ANN model which is developed as an accurate tool for synthesizing the forward side and then analyzing the reverse side of the problem. In this work, ANN algorithms are used for training the samples to provide precise geometrical dimensions of the SIW patch antenna with high accuracy for the target requirements. The antenna is designed to operate in Ku and K frequency bands, resonate at 16.10 GHz and 19.81 GHz respectively and show good performance resulting in low return losses of less than -10dB to -29dB for the selective frequency bands.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Miniaturised tri-band microstrip patch antenna design for radio and millimet...nooriasukmaningtyas
This research presents an extremely small, cheap and simple structure of multiple bands antenna, where is the proposed design comprise squareslotted a microstrip patch antenna with triple bands of RF and mm-wave for 5G. The conducting material is a perfect electrical conductor on both sides. The antenna is printed on FR-4 lossy with a 3.9 of epsilon. Our tiny antenna has a size of 1.5357x1.5357 mm2 . First, the design parameters were calculated using formulas and then these were simulated by the CST MWS. The simulation results show the antenna performance at the RF band from 0 to 3.4096 GHz with 3.29 gain, a value of return loss S11 and bandwidth of -13.229644 and 3.4096 GHz. The designed antenna works at the mm-wave band ranges 43.5-64 GHz with 3.49 gain, -42.419084 S11 and 20.252 GHz BW. Our antenna can also operate at the mm-wave from 81-95 GHz with -22.269547 S11, 4.52 gain, and 14.085 GHz BW. The small size and supported bandwidth of the designed antenna is suitable for thin and fast transmission devices.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
Review: Dual Band Microstrip Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsIJAAS Team
In this manuscript, a review of dual band microstrip antennas for wireless communication is presented. This review manuscript discusses regarding the geometric structures, different methods of analysis for antenna characteristics, and different types of wireless applications.
The document describes a multiband microstrip antenna designed for WLAN applications. The antenna is printed on photographic paper substrate using inkjet printing. It has a rectangular patch with two U-slots that provide three resonant bands between 2.1-2.95 GHz, 3.35-3.54 GHz, and 5.04-6.0 GHz. Two additional parasitic elements are added to improve bandwidth. Simulated and measured results show the antenna meets bandwidth and gain requirements for applications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee and WLAN.
A novel multi-resonant and wideband fractal antenna for telecommunication ap...IJECEIAES
This letter presents the design, simulation, and measurement of a novel multiband fractal circular antenna for wireless applications. In the antenna design, we used a circular antenna where we took a ring. Then, in the first iteration, we added a new ring divided into two of the same size. For the second iteration, we added a ring of the same size after dividing it into two halves. In the third iteration, we added the third ring of the same size after dividing it into four. Due to the resonator defection, we were able to reduce the size of the starting antenna from 60×70×2 mm3 to 50×50×1.6 mm3 , to get the frequency of 2.48 GHz, and we generated new bandwidths with a high gain that reaches 5.02 dB. The proposed antenna radiation characteristics, such as the impedance matching, the gain, the radiation pattern, and the surface current distribution are presented and discussed. We find that the simulated and measured results are in acceptable agreement and affirm the good performance of the proposed antenna. The results obtained affirm that the proposed fractal antenna is a better candidate for integration into wireless communication circuits.
The document describes the design and simulation of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna with a defected ground structure for STM-1 and cellular applications at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz. A rectangular patch antenna was designed on a dielectric substrate above a ground plane. Two slots were etched into the ground plane to create a defected ground structure. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved return losses of -12.75 dB and -13.01 dB at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz respectively, meeting the design requirements. Parameters like slot width and feed length were optimized to improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna design demonstrates a technique for dual-band operation using a defected ground structure.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Contrastive Parametric Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Patch ...RSIS International
The comparative analysis of the rectangular and
circular patch antenna parameters is presented in this paper. To
make it acceptable for various wireless applications the selected
bandwidth is 10 GHz. HFSS is a software development tool
which is used for design and the study of the performance of the
presented antennas. The study gives the idea that the rectangular
patch antenna exhibits higher return loss than the return loss of
circular patch antenna whereas the rectangular patch antenna
has an improved VSWR value of 1.18 than that of the circular
patch with VSWR 1.27. Also the circular patch antenna offers
about 8% higher radio bandwidth and nearly 2.0dB less side
lobe power than that of the rectangular patch antenna. With rise
in the dielectric constant of the substrate material there is a
diminish structure of the patch antenna which leads to an
accommodation in bandwidth, impedance and efficiency of the
antenna. The simulated antennas are used in the field of 3G
communications due to the resonance frequency. The delineate
study about the dimensions such as width, length, feed point
location, ground dimension for each patch antenna of different
dielectric material are calculated and compared and the result
shows about the contrastive analysis of different patch antenna
performance parameter like VSWR, Reflection coefficient,
Bandwidth, Impedance, Mismatch loss, Directivity, Gain and
Field are analysed and compared. The paper includes the
detailed analysis of various tables, graphs.
A Novel Design and Characterization of 3-Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna for C...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and characterization of a novel 3-shape microstrip patch antenna for C-band and X-band applications. A 3-shape slot was cut into a square patch to enhance bandwidth. Finite element method simulations showed the antenna resonated at 4.31 GHz, 6.45 GHz and 8.88 GHz with return losses of -15.39 dB, -11.31 dB and -12.41 dB respectively. Radiation patterns and VSWR were analyzed to characterize antenna performance across C-band and X-band frequencies. The proposed antenna design achieved increased bandwidth over a simple patch antenna.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application (CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments (MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity, Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2) with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern. Keywords - Microstrip Patch Antenna; E-shaped, CDMA systems communications; Coaxial Probe feed, IE3D
Similar to Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applications (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applications
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2023, pp. 8~17
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v21i1.21824 8
Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth
applications
Hiba A. Alsawaf, Amenah E. Kanaan
Department of Electronic Engineering, Electronics Engineering College, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 24, 2021
Revised Oct 13, 2022
Accepted Oct 23, 2022
The most researched and examined aspect of the communication system is
the wireless connection. Without learning how to operate and use different
types of antennas, your knowledge is incomplete. Microstrip patch antenna
research has advanced significantly in recent years. When compared to
standard antennas, microstrip patch antennas provide additional advantages
and opportunities. It is of low volume, light weight, low cost, low
appearance, compact and easy to manufacture. This study investigates the
differences between rectangular and circular patch antennas. For Bluetooth
applications, the center frequency of 2.4 GHz was chosen as the optimal
resonant frequency. On a flame retardant (FR-4) epoxy substrate, the
antenna dielectric constant is 4.4. Above the ground the base rises 3.6 mm.
For the simulation process, high frequency simulation software (HFSS 15) is
used as the program design. Antennas 1×1, 1×2, and 1×4 are designed for
both circular and rectangular antennas. A comparison was made for both
types of antennas and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return losses,
gain, directivity and half power beam width (HPBW) were found, and the
feature of the rectangular antenna was shown.
Keywords:
Circular antenna
Microstrip antenna
Patch antenna
Rectangular antenna
Voltage standing wave ratio
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Hiba A. Alsawaf
Department of Electronic Engineering, Electronics Engineering College, Ninevah University
Mosul, Iraq
Email: hiba.hmdoon@uoninevah.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
An antenna is a portion of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to emit or receive
electromagnetic waves. It is an electrical conductor or a series of conductors. Because of their tiny size and
low weight, in addition to their simplicity of manufacture and design robustness, micro-strip antenna
technology patches have made great development in recent years. Micro-strip patch antennas have circular
and dual polarizations, dual-frequency system, wide-bandwidth, and line-feed pliability [1]–[4].
A microstrip antenna is constructed composed of a thin ground dialectical substrate and a tiny metal
conductor. Many current applications, including wireless local area networks (W-LAN), mobile phones,
global positioning system (GPS), and other wireless terminals that may be available shortly, rely on
microstrip patch antenna shrinking [5]–[7]. Because of their low profile (paper-thin), flatness and conformal
structure, structural strength, and lightweight, micro strips or patches are increasingly useful, ease of
manufacture using printed-circuit technology is possible, both linear and circular polarization (helpful for
frequency - reuse) are possible [8], [9]. The modular designs are suitable; hence, solid-status components also
can be directly integrated with the circuit into the microstrip antenna substratum. Feed lines and networks
that match [10]–[12] dual-frequency performance is easy to achieve, arrays can be easily created to increase
direction, they can easily be mounted without significant alterations on space vehicles, missiles and satellites
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applications (Hiba A. Alsawaf)
9
and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) designs [13], [14]. Patch antennas are
highly essential in today’s world of wireless communications networks [15], [16]. By engraving the antenna
element pattern on a metallic trace and then attaching it to an insulating substrate, conventional microstrip
antennas, for instance, a printed circuit board, are created using a metal layer bonded to the substrate’s second
side, which serves as a ground plane [17]–[19]. Micro-strip patch antennas are more commonly employed than
the more well-known rectangular and circular antennas [20], [21]. Microstrip patch antennas, which may be
utilized in communication and sensing applications, offer several advantages [17], [22]. The study in [23] is
based on the notion that a rectangle patch antenna is higher than the reverse patch antenna loss when an
enhanced voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) value is 1.18 compared to the rectangular patch of the VSWR
1.27. Circular patch antenna presents an eighth percentage higher gain and a 2.0 dB lower side-lobe power
than the rectangular patch antenna. The patch antenna structure decreases as the substrate dielectric constant
increases, this leads to bandwidth absorption, impedance, and antenna efficiency. Simulated antennas are
utilized for 3G communications because of the resonance frequency. A basic patch antenna with a 2.4 GHz
operating frequency is given Mahmud et al. [24]. The developed process was performed by entering 2.3 of
polyurethane (PU)-dielectric empty fruit bunch’s (EFB) constant, using matrix laboratory (MATLAB) and
high frequency simulation software (HFSS) software. There were a high return loss, low bandwidth, and
good radiation efficiency in the antenna, respectively -21.98 dB, 0.28 dB, and 97.33 percent. Communication
systems are rapidly expanding as a result of the revolution in antenna engineering [25]. Rectangular, circular,
and microstrip patch antenna design, modeling, and analysis are presented. The suggested patch antennas are
constructed with ansys HFSS software for dielectric 2.2 RT/droid 5880 material and have a 9 GHz resonance
rate, which is inside the 𝑋 band. An antenna patch for rectangular micro-streaming is included in an
optimized circular and rectangular antenna [26]. This work aims to realize multi-band resonance in a flexible
antenna for WLAN applications. 2.4 GHz and 4.38 GHz are the proposed design resonances. The antenna is
100 mm to 90 mm in size. The design and analysis of the proposed antenna were based on a full-wave
simulation program. Mabaso and Kumar [27], an antenna is developed for a 3-band microstrip. The rectangular
patch is burdened by the slots, and the ground is unfit for a three-band process. A Studio Suite 3D
electromagnetic (EM) simulation and analysis software (CST) is used to optimize and simulate the suggested
design. The triple mode’s optimal design structure works at 1.2 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.6372 GHz.
The design was created with the help of HFSS software, and the design operating frequency was set
at 2.45 GHz. Rectangular and circular antennas were compared using simulation data and this study was
divided into three parts the proposed antenna parameters were determined using the mathematical equations
in the first part. The results are presented in part two, with a comparison of both circular and rectangular
antennas. Furthermore, there is a brief conclusion in the final section.
2. MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
It is possible to simulate microstrip patch antennas in a number of different ways. In terms of
popularity, rectangular patches are by far the most popular type of patches. With the gab and transmission
line concepts, analyzing the situation is a breeze. This formula is used to calculate the rectangular substrate’s
parameters. Where 𝐶 denotes the speed of light in open space.
a) The width (𝑊)
𝑊 =
𝐶
2𝑓𝑜 √
(𝜀𝑟+1)
2
(1)
b) Dielectric constant (effective) ℇ𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
ℇ𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
ℇ𝑟 +1
2
+
ℇ𝑟 −1
2
(1 + 12
ℎ
𝑊
)
−
1
2
(2)
c) The effective length
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑐
2𝑓𝑜√ℇ𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
(3)
d) Fringe length (∆𝐿)
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ × {
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓+0.3)(
𝑤
ℎ
+0.264)
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓−0.258)(
𝑤
ℎ
+0.8)
} (4)
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2023: 8-17
10
e) Determine the actual length 𝐿, as well as the ground’s width and length. Typically, the input impedance
is 50 ohms.
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2 × ∆𝐿, 𝐿𝑔 = 2 × 𝐿 ; 𝑊
𝑔 = 2 × 𝑊 (5)
f) The gap between an 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑡_𝑓𝑒𝑑 and patch (𝐺 𝑓𝑒𝑑) is 1 mm.
g) The circular plane radius
𝑅 = 𝐹/√(1 + 2ℎ/(𝐹𝜀_𝑟 𝜋) [ln(𝜋𝐹/(2 × ℎ)) + 1.7726] ) (6)
Where:
𝐹 = 8.791 × 109
× (𝑓𝑜√𝜀𝑟 )−1
(7)
As a result of the (1)−(7), we can calculate the parameters in Table 1 and the Table 2 illustrate the
proposed antenna’s parameter values of array. The HFSS program was used to create rectangular and circular
patch antennas. A substrate with (ℎ) thickness, and a relative thickness permittivity, is used for the antenna
development. Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6 depict antennas created with HFSS.
The circular and rectangular patch antennas are Figure 1 and Figure 2 with their design and measurements.
Internal microstrip line feed supplies both patches. Both designs make use of a substrate with 𝜀𝑟 = 4.4, loss tangent
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛿 = 0.0001) and ℎ = 3.6 mm thickness. In order to make a fair comparison, the same substrate (𝜀𝑟= 4.4 and
thickness ℎ = 3.6 mm) is utilized in a 2×1 array. Figure 3 and Figure 4 shows the 2×1 circular patch array and
2×1 circular patch array respectively. A quarter wave transformer is used to supply the components in a 4×1 array,
which can be both rectangular and circular. A circular antenna array of 4×1 is Figure 5. Calculations were used to
determine the size of the quarter-wave transformer. A rectangular patch antenna array of 4×1 is seen in Figure 6.
Table 1. Parameters of designed antennas
Parameters Values (mm)
𝑊 38
𝐿 28
𝑊𝑓𝑒𝑑 3.13
𝐿𝑔 70
𝑊
𝑔 70
𝐺 𝑓𝑒𝑑 1
The height of the conductor 0.035
The length of feed (𝐿𝑓) 30
The height of the dielectric substrate 3.6
length of inset (𝑓𝑖) 8.86
Table 2. The proposed antenna’s parameter values (array)
Parameter Definition Value (mm)
𝐷1 Distance between two elements 62.5
𝐿1 Length of source1 30
𝐿2 Length of source2 3
𝑊1 Width of 50 Ω impedance line 3
Figure 1. Circular patch designed Figure 2. Rectangular patch designed
4. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applications (Hiba A. Alsawaf)
11
Figure 3. 1×2 Circular patch array designed Figure 4. 1×2 Rectangular patch array designed
Figure 5. 1×4 Circular patch array designed Figure 6. 1×4 Rectangular patch array designed
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF CIRCULAR AND RECTANGLE PATCH ANTENNA
Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the return loss for each of the designed antennas. As demonstrated
in these Figures, a circular antenna has a smaller return loss than the rectangular antenna. Return losses that are
negative provide better results, therefore a circular antenna performs better since it has a lower return loss.
Figure 10, Figure 11 and Figure 12 respectively, VSWR of circular and rectangular microstrip antennas.
Relying on these results, the circular patch antenna exceeds the rectangular patch antenna.
Figure 7. Return loss (𝑆11 in dB) of the single circular and rectangular antenna
Figure 8. Return loss (𝑆11 in dB) of 1×2 circular and rectangular array antenna
5. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2023: 8-17
12
Figure 9. Return loss (𝑆11 in dB) of 1×4 circular and rectangular array antenna
Figure 10. VSWR (in dB) of the single circular and single rectangular antenna
Figure 11. VSWR (in dB) of the (1×2) circular and (1×2) rectangular antenna
Figure 12. VSWR (in dB) of the (1×4) circular and (1×4) rectangular antenna
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applications (Hiba A. Alsawaf)
13
Figure 13(a) shows gain for single rectangular and Figure 13(b) gain for single circular patch antenna.
Figure 14(a) illustrates gain for 1×2 rectangular and Figure 14(b) gain for 1×2 circular patch antenna while
Figure 15(a) shows gain for 1×4 rectangular and Figure 15(b) gain for 1×4 circular patch antenna. Relying on
these results, the rectangular patch antenna outperforms the circular patch antenna. Figure 16, Figure 17, and
Figure 18 they show the preference of a rectangular antenna over a circular antenna, where Figure 16(a) shows
directivity for single rectangular and Figure 16(b) directivity for single circular patch antenna. Figure 17(a)
represents directivity for 1×2 rectangular and Figure 17(b) directivity for 1×2 circular patch antenna. As for the
Figure 18(a), it shows directivity for 1×4 rectangular and Figure 18(b) directivity for 1×4 circular patch antenna.
(a) (b) (a) (b)
Figure 13. Gain for single rectangular and single
circular patch antenna: (a) for single rectangular and
(b) for single circular patch antenna
Figure 14. Gain for 1×2 rectangular and 1×2 circular
patch antenna: (a) for 1×2 rectangular and (b) for 1×2
circular patch antenna
(a) (b) (a) (b)
Figure 15. Gain for 1×4 rectangular and 1×4 circular
patch antenna: (a) for 1×4 rectangular and (b) for
1×4 circular patch antenna
Figure 16. Directivity for single rectangular and
single circular patch antenna: (a) for single
rectangular and (b) for single circular patch antenna
7. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2023: 8-17
14
(a) (b) (a) (b)
Figure 17. Directivity for 1×2 rectangular and 1×2
circular patch antenna: (a) for 1×2 rectangular and (b)
for 1×2 circular patch antenna
Figure 18. Directivity for 1×4 rectangular and 1×4
circular patch antenna: (a) for 1×4 rectangular and
(b) for 1×4 circular patch antenna
Figure 19(a) illustrates half power beam width (HPBW) for single rectangular and Figure 19(b)
HPBW for single circular patch antenna. Figure 20(a) shows HPBW for 1×2 rectangular and Figure 20(b)
HPBW for 1×2 circular patch antenna, while Figure 21(a) explains HPBW for 1×4 rectangular and Figure 21(b)
represents HPBW for 1×4 circular patch antenna. The following Table 3 and Table 4 compares several
performance metrics between rectangular and circular antenna. The results for the rectangular patch are quite
similar to those from the circular patch, as shown in Table 3 and Table 4. In the singular matrices of both
shapes, the return loss is the best (rectangular and circular). When the value of the VSWR is close to one, it has
the best value. The circular antenna has a superior VSWR, and the gain and directivity of both shapes
(rectangular and circular) improve as the number of components grows, as does the side-lobe level. Finally,
optimal radiation patterns are achieved when the HPBW value is low. The Table 5 displays the comparison of the
proposed circular antenna and rectangular antenna with references [28]–[30] and [25] at frequency 2.4 GH. It was
noted that the proposed circular and rectangular antennas were superior to the antennas in those references.
(a) (b)
Figure 19. HPBW for single rectangular and single circular patch antenna: (a) for single rectangular patch
antenna and (b) for circular patch antenna
8. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applications (Hiba A. Alsawaf)
15
(a) (b)
Figure 20. HPBW for 1×2 rectangular and 1×2 circular patch antenna: (a) for 1×2 rectangular patch antenna
and (b) for 1×2 circular patch antenna
(a) (b)
Figure 21. HPBW for 1×4 rectangular and 1×4 circular patch antenna: (a) for 1×4 rectangular patch antenna
and (b) for 1×4 circular patch antenna
Table 3. Comparison of different performance parameters (rectangular)
Parameter Single rectangular 1×2 rectangular 1×4 rectangula
𝑆11 -38.2830 -17.8783 -17.7506dB
VSWR 0.8325 2.23dB 2.2634dB
Gain 4.7357 6.7206dB 7. 8885 dB
Directivity 6.658 8.5136dB 10.697dB
HPBW 78.7890 51.9566 22.4112
Table 4. Comparison of different performance parameters (circular)
Parameter Single circular 1×2 circular 1×4 circular
𝑆11 -29.0791 -24.5730dB -17.6850 dB
VSWR 0.8904 1.0273 dB 2.2796 dB
Gain 4.4833 6.6306 dB 7.6930 dB
Directivity 6.6163 8.2583 dB 10.565 dB
HPBW 86.1227 53.7851 29.5213
9. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2023: 8-17
16
Table 5. comparison of the proposed circular antenna and rectangular antenna with references [28]–[30], [25]
Parameter Single rectangular
antenna [28]
Single rectangular
antenna [29]
Proposed single
rectangular antenna
Single circular
antenna [30]
Single circular
antenna [25]
Proposed single
circular antenna
𝑆11 -24.03 29.601 -38.2830 -26.7 -21.69 -29.0791
VSWR 1.14 1.58 0.8325 1.3 1.43 0.8904
4. CONCLUSION
The simulation results from HFSS Microwave Studio were employed to compare the performance
of a rectangular patch antenna with a circular patch antenna. Each antenna designs perform wonderfully for
Bluetooth spectrum applications. By comparing the single antennas, 1×2 and 1×4 for each of the circular and
rectangular antennas, the preference of the rectangular antenna over the circular antenna at frequency
2.4 GHz was shown for all the proposed designs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my thanks and appreciation to the College of Electronics Engineering,
especially the Department of Electronic Engineering for its support in completing this work.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Hiba A. Alsawaf Mrs. Hiba earned her B.E. in electrical engineering/electronic
and communications engineering from the University of Mosul. The same university also
awarded her a master’s degree in electronic and communication engineering, and she is now
working for a PhD in 5G communication. She has taught at Nineveh University’s College of
Electronics Engineering for 12 years. She can be contacted at email:
hiba.hmdoon@uoninevah.edu.iq.
Amenah E. Kanaan Mrs. Amenah holds a Bachelor’s degree in
Electrical/Electronic and Communications Engineering from Mosul University. She has a
master’s degree in electronic and communication engineering from the same university and is
currently pursuing a PhD in the field of communication electronics. She has 13 years of
teaching experience at Nineveh University / College of Electronics Engineering. She has
nearly 6 published research papers in the field of communication and electronic engineering.
She can be contacted at email: amenah.kanaan@uoninevah.edu.iq.