1. The document discusses genes and chromosomes, including the chromosome theory of inheritance proposed by Walter Sutton. It describes the structure of DNA and RNA, as well as DNA replication, transcription, and translation. 2. Key experiments are summarized, such as those determining that DNA is the genetic material and the discovery of the DNA double helix structure. The genetic code and how mutations can occur are also covered. 3. Various genetic disorders are listed that result from mutations, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. The document concludes with a brief discussion of polyploidy.

1. (( Gene and Chromosome ))
Gene and Chromosome
By Thanyamon C.
By Thanyamon C.
1

2. ‹
By Thanyamon C. 2

3. ‹
 (Walter Sutton) š
‹
(chromosome
(chromosome theory of
inheritance)
inheritance)
‹  Œ
‹ ‹ ‹ ‹
 ‹
ŒBy Thanyamon C. 3

4. ‹
inheritance)
(chromosome theory of inheritance)
2 2 ( ‹
)
‹ ‹‹ Œ
‹  (meiosis) Œ ‹
‹  ‹  Œ
š ‹  ‹ ‹
By Thanyamon C. 4

5. ‹
(chromosome theory of inheritance) ( ‹ )
inheritance)
  ‹  š ‹
Œ  ‹  š ‹ Œ ‹
 ‹ 
 ‹
‹ ‹ ‹
‹
‹‹
By Thanyamon C. 5

6. Œ
 (F. Miescher) Œ
(F. Miescher)
‹ ‹
 ‹ ‹
Œ ‹ ‹
N P š  ‹
(nuclein
nuclein)
(nuclein) ‹ Œ š
(nucleic acid)
(nucleic acid) ‹
š
By Thanyamon C. 6

7. Œ (‹)
  (R. Feulgen) Œ
Feulgen)
Œ DNA Œ
Œ  ‹
‹ ‹
DNA š
‹  ‹ ‹ ‹
‹ š
Œ ‹ Œ By Thanyamon C. 7

8. Œ (‹)

(F. Griffith)
Œ
Œ
2 
By Thanyamon C. 8

9. Œ (‹)
O.T.Avery,
O.T.Avery, C. MacLeod
and M. McCarty
‹
DNA
DNase
‹
Œ
By Thanyamon C. 9

10. Œ (‹)
Œ Œ‹
Œ ‹ ‹‹
‹ ‹ ‹ DNA
DNA Œ
1. ‹ ‹ Œ
2. ‹ ‹ (gene)
(gene)
(gene) š ‹ DNA ‹
( ‹ By Thanyamon C. ) 10

11. Chromosome
(Types
(Types of Chromosomes)
By Thanyamon C. 11

12. Chromosome
‹
2 (2n)
(2n)
(Diploid)
 (Diploid)
Œ ‹ 1
‹ 1
 
‹
‹ 1
Œ ‹  (Haploid)
(Haploid)
ΠBy Thanyamon C. 12

13. ‹
Chromatin
Gene
By Thanyamon C. 13

14. By Thanyamon C. 14

15. Œ ‹ ‹ DNA : Protein = 1 : 2
Histone š Œ š ‹
‹ Œ DNA š Œ
Π(neutralize)
(neutralize)
‹ Œ DNA
(DNA replication) Œ
(genome)
(genome)
‹ 1 ( š ‹ )
By Thanyamon C. 15

16.  DNA
DNA š
š polymer
Œ ‹ ‹
(monomer) ‹
(nucleotide)
 (nucleotide)
By Thanyamon C. 16

17. Purine Pyrimidine
Nucleotide Œ
‹ (PO43-)
(PO
(5
(5 C)
(deoxyribose)
deoxyribose)
(nitrogenous base)
4 Œ ‹ Adenine
Thymine Cytosine
Guanine By Thanyamon C. 17

18. Nucleotide
5
4 1
3 2
By Thanyamon C. Deoxyribose sugar18

19. 5’
By Thanyamon C.
3’ 19

20.  DNA
  Š (Erwin Chargaff) Œ
(Erwin 
DNA ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ Œ ‹
‹ 4 Œ ‹ ‹
 (Chargaff
Chargaff’
Š (Chargaff’s Rule) ‹ ‹ A
Œ T ‹ ‹ G Œ C
‹ ‹ A:T C:G
By Thanyamon C. 20

21. ΠDNA
Rosalind Franklin M. H.F Wilkins ΠX-ray
diffraction ‹ DNA Œ‹ Œ
DNA Œ polynucleotide ‹ 1 š
‹ ‹ ‹
By Thanyamon C. 21

22. ΠDNA
Watson and Crick ΠΠDNA
Œ polynucleotide 2 š ‹
(double
(double helix) 5’ 3’
‹ DNA š ‹ (complementary base
(complementary
pair) Π(H-bond)
(H A=T
C≡G
‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹
By Thanyamon C. 22

23. ΠDNA
Backbone
By Thanyamon C. 23

24. 1. Œ Œ
Œ ‹
‹ ‹ ‹ Œ
2. Œ   ‹
Œ
3. Œ ŒŒ ‹ Œ
š
‹ Œ ‚  ‹ ( Œ
) By Thanyamon C. 24

25.  DNA
DNA replication DNA
polynucleotide 2
H-bond ‹ ‹ Œ Œ
polynucleotide ‹ š ‹ 
Œ ‹ nucleotide ‹
 Œ polynucleotide Œ Œ
1 ‹1
š  (semiconservative)
(semiconservative)
semiconservative
 DNA ‹
By Thanyamon C.
5’→3’ 25

26. DNA replication
5’
3’
3’
5’
By Thanyamon C. Okazaki fragment
26

27. DNA Œ ‹ ??
V. M. Ingrame Œ Œ
š (sickle
 (sickle cell anemia)
‹
– – – – - -
š sickle cell anemia
– – – – - -
By Thanyamon C. 27

28. DNA 
F. Jacob and J. Monod
‹ RNA š ‹
‹ DNA
DNA ‹
‹ 
RER
By Thanyamon C. 28

29. Transcription ( DNA)
DNA)
 RNA DNA ‹ 
( DNA ‹ š ‹
gene )‹ Œ mRNA (messenger
RNA) ‹ ‹ Œ DNA
‹ Œ š
By Thanyamon C. 29

30. 5’ 3’
By Thanyamon C. 30

31. RNA
RNA š Polynucleotide
(single
(single strand) Πmonomer
Ribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid 1 ‹ Œ
1. ‹
2. (5C)
(5C)
3. (Nitrogenous
(Nitrogenous base) 4
Adenine(A) Uracine(U) Cytosine(C)
Œ ‹ Adenine(A) Uracine(U) Cytosine(C)
Guanine(G)
Guanine(G) By Thanyamon C. 31

32. Nucleotide RNA
By Thanyamon C. 32

33. tRNA (transfer
RNA RNA) š RNA
Anticodon
Œ
mRNA (messenger RNA) Œ
š RNA Œ
RNA Œ
ΠDNA
mRNA ‹ š
ribosome ( Codon ) ‹
polypeptide
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) š
RNA š 
‹ Œ š small subunit
large subunitBy Thanyamon C. 33

34. (Genetic
(Genetic code)
1 Gene 1 1 codon
Π3 nucleotides
 4
‹ 43 = 64
1 (Codon
Codon,
(Codon, Gene) 
Œ 1 amino acid ‹
Œ 
20 1 Œ
‹ 1
codon ‹ mRNA
By Thanyamon C. 34

35. By Thanyamon C. 35

36. Stop codon
Start codon
By Thanyamon C. 36

37. Translation
( )
‹
rRNA tRNA
mRNA
codon)
(codon) ‹ mRNA
ΠAUG
Œ
Methionine
By Thanyamon C. 37

38. Translation ( )(‹)
1. ΠrRNA ΠmRNA
2. tRNA anticodon Œ ‹ codon mRNA
3. rRNA ‹ Œ rRNA
4. tRNA 2 anticodon codon mRNA
2 ‹ Œ Œ  ‹
5. 5’→3’ Œ Œ 4.
Œ š polypeptide
6. stop codon mRNA Œ ‹ UAA UAG UGA ‹
tRNA Œ Œ Œ polypeptide ‹
tRNA ΠrRNA
By Thanyamon C.
mRNA38

39. Protein synthesis (  )
‹ Œ š 2
DNA mRNA polypeptide
Transcription Translation
Transcription Translation Œ‹
mRNA  DNA
Transcription ‹
Œ  Œ mRNA
ΠΠmRNA
‹ Polysome Polyribosome
By Thanyamon C. 39

40. Polysome
By Thanyamon C. 40

41. Œ
š  Œ
‹ collagen keratin
š 
Œ
‹ actin myosin
Π, tubulin
cilia flagella
By Thanyamon C. 41

42. Œ (‹)
Œ ‹
immunoglobulin(
immunoglobulin( ),,
)

systemin protenase
inhibitor ( )
š Enzyme Œ
‹
š Hormone Œ
‹ ‹  ‹
By Thanyamon C. 42

43. Mutation ( 
)
gene DNA
chromosome Œ ‚ Š
‹ ‹‹ ‹ Œ
š Œ
Mutagen ‹ Œ 
‹ 
Carcinogen ‹ š
mutagen By Thanyamon C. 43

44. (point
(point mutation)
1. ‹ (Base-pair substitution)
Base- substitution) Œ
codon Œ
‹ Œ  codon
Œ( Œ Œ
‹ 1 )
By Thanyamon C. 44

45. (point mutation) ( ‹ )
2. 
(insertion deletion)
Œ
‹ ‹
‹
Frameshift mutation
By Thanyamon C. 45

46. Œ
By Thanyamon C. 46

47. (‹)
( ‹ ‹)
‹ homologous chromosome ‹
‹ ‹ ‹ non-
non-disjunction
Non-disjunction
Non-disjunction
By Thanyamon C. 47

48. Acondoplas
ia
GAG → GUG
Glutamic → Valine
Thalassemia
Sickle cell anemia
Albinism
By Thanyamon C. Hemophilia 48

49. Criduchat syndrome
‹ 5
Criduchat syndrome
By Thanyamon C. 49

50. Down syndrome
‹ 21 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 50

51. Patau syndrome
‹ 13 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 51

52. Edwards syndrome
‹ 18 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 52

53. Turner syndrome
X 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 53

54. XYY syndrome
Y 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 54

55. XYY syndrome (superman)
Y 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 55

56. Klinefelter syndrome
X Œ ‹ XXY, XXXY, XXXXY
By Thanyamon C. 56

57. Triple X syndrome
X 1 ‹
By Thanyamon C. 57

58. Polyploid
‹ 2 ‹ ‹
non-
non-disjunction ‹
‹ polyploid Œ ‹ ‹ diploid
polyploid ‹ ‹ 4n 6n 8n ‹ Œ
polyploid ‹ 3n 5n š
 ‹ Œ ‹
‹ ‹ 
By Thanyamon C. 58

59. The end
By Thanyamon C. 59