DNA is made up of nucleotides containing adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. DNA replication is the semi-conservative process where both strands of the DNA double helix are copied to produce two new DNA molecules. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into a polypeptide during translation. Chromosomes contain DNA and are duplicated during cell division. Chromosomal abnormalities can result in genetic disorders like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. Mutations can be caused by mutagens like radiation and chemicals and can occur in somatic or germ cells. Genetic engineering techniques like restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to combine DNA from different sources

1. 13
35
5.

3. DNA
?

4. DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
DNA

5. DNA
JAMES D.WATSON FRANCIS H.C.
CRICK
DNA

6. DNA

7. - Adenine A
- Guanine G
- Thymine T A
- Cytosine CT , C G
P

9. DNA
DNA
polynucleotide 2
TAGC
Deoxyribose

10. 20
mRNA
4
ATC U 4
3 1
1

11. AUG
mRNA
UAA , UAG UGA

13. DNA replication
DNA
replication

14. DNA
(DNA REPLICATION)
S
DNA(DNA REPLICATION) SEMI-
CONSERVATIVE DNA
RNA 3
DNA
DNA

15. DNA replication

16. DNA
DNA template
DNA Gyrase DNA
2. Enzyme Helicase H-
bond
ATP SSB
polynucleotide

17. DNA
DNA Primase RNA Primer
Leading strand
DNA polymerase
DNA nucleotide
RNA primer A T
C G

18. DNA
5. RNA Primer
DNA Polymerase nucleotide
Lagging Strand DNA Ligase
ATP

19. Polynucleotide
- Leading Strand
’ ’
- Lagging Strand RNA Primer
’ ’
Okazaki fragment”
Polynucleotide
’ ’

20. Transcription
DNA

21. RNA polymerase
DNA RNA
DNA 2

22. DNA

23. RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
DNA
mRNA

24. Translation ( )
Translation
mRNA
polypeptide
1.
2.
3.

25. 1.
mRNA
tRNA
AUG

26. 1.tRNA
mRNA
tRNA

27. UAA,UAG,UGA tRNA
tRNA
mRNA

29. • Gregor
Mendel)

30. •
•
Chromosome)

31. •
2
(haploid cell)

32. •

33. 2 2

35. -
cytoplasm
- cytoplasm
-
-

36. -
-

37. -
egg
- cytoplasm
cytoplasm

39. Down’s syndrome

40. •
•
•
•

41. Edward’s syndrome
-
-
-

42. Patau’s syndrome
•
•
•
•

43. Cri-du-chat syndrome Cat-cry
syndrome

44. •
•
•

45. X
Y
Klinefelter’s syndrome
X
XXY

46. •
•

47. Turner’s syndrome
X
XO

48. -
-
-

49. 3.Triple X syndrome Super Female X
XXX
•
•

50. 4.Double Y syndrome Superman Y
XYY
•
•
•

51. •

52. •
•
•
•
•

54. Albino
•

55. •
X
=
=

56. :1

57. • 2
-
2
-

58. • Clor blindness)
Red –
Green blindness)
X

59. • =
=
•
•

60. Sex Determination)
2
1.
2.

61. 1.
3
1. XY
2. XO
3. ZW

62. 1. XY
Y Y
Testis)
Y X
- XY
- XX

63. 2. XO
Orthoptera)
Hemiptera)
X
XX
- XO
- XX

64. 3. ZW
ZW
ZZ
2
Z W
Z

65. 2.
Hymennoptera)
- n)
- 2n)
16 32

66. 1.
- XY XY XX
,
- XO XO XX ,
X ,
- ZW ZZ(XX) ZW(XY)
,
,
,
,

67. (mutation)
2
- (gene mutation)
- (chromosomal mutation)

68. • Gene mutation)
(A, T, C, G)
DNA

69. (

70. (chromosomal
mutation)
2
-
-

71. • 1.1
- aneuploidy)
46 47
45
momosomic)
disomic)
trisomic)
polysomic) 21
1 47 trisomic-21)

72. - euploidy)
haploid=n)
monoploid = n)
diploid = 2n)
triploid = 3n)
polyploid = n)

73. 1.2
(deletion)
5
• duplication)
• inversion)
• translocation)

74. (mutagen)
1. (radiation) 2
-Ionizing Radiation , ,
-Non-Ionizing Radiation
2.
- (colchicine)
-
***
(carcinogen) (aflatoxins)

75. 2
1. (Somatic cell)
2. (Sex cell)

76. • Genetic Engineering
insulin
insulin

77. • DNA
DNA
DNA DNA
DNA
DNA
• DNA DNA DNA vector
DNA DNA
DNA DNA
DNA
Plasmid

78. • Restriction enzyme
DNA
rDNA
• . .2513 Hamilton Smith
DNA
DNA
Restriction enzyme
• DNA
5’ 3’
• DNA
Blunt end Stricky
end

81. DNA Ligase Enzyme
• DNA
2 DNA

83. • 1.
DNA
• 2. DNA DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
• 3. DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA

86. • DNA
DNA
DNA
GMO-genetically modified organism

87. BT
BT

88. - -
-
- -
-
- -

89. Cloning
“ ” 2539

92. DNA
DNA cloning) DNA
gene
cloning)

93. •
•
•
•
•