The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from 1971 to present. It describes several key developments: - The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 released in 1971 which was a 4-bit chip designed for calculators. - Subsequent generations included 8-bit processors like the Intel 8008 and 8080, and 16-bit processors like the 8086. These had higher speeds and capabilities. - Major advances included the 32-bit Intel 80386 in 1985 and 64-bit processors like the Itanium in 2000. Modern processors are multi-core and have speeds measured in gigahertz. - Applications have grown from calculators to include instruments, traffic controls, military systems, and personal computers

1. EVOLUTION OF
MICROPROCESSOR
S
Dr. D. C. Diana
Associate Professor
Easwari Engineering College
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2. The First µP
• Very large scale integration (VLSI)—the
acronym is the “name technology” has allowed
us to put a complete CPU on a single chip.
• The first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 in 1971,
was designed for an embedded application
“calculator”.

3. What is µP
The microprocessor is a programmable
device that takes in numbers, performs on them
arithmetic or logical operations according to the
program stored in memory and then produces
other numbers as a result.
It is a multi programmable clock driven
register based semiconductor device that is used
to fetch , process & execute a data within fraction
of seconds.
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4. Evolution of Integration
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5. Example: Miniature IC
(60,000,000,000 transistors)
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6. Microprocessor and Microcontroller
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7. Microprocessor and Microcontroller :
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8. Applications in real life cycle

9. Microcontroller Applications

10. Applications
• Light sensing & controlling devices.
• Temperature sensing and controlling devices.
• Fire detection & safety devices.
• Industrial instrumentation devices.
• Process control devices.
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Games machine
• Instrumentation
• Traffic light Control
• Multi user, multi-function environments
• Military applications
• Communication systems
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11. MICROPROCESSOR Generations…..
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12. AVAILABLE PROCESSORS : Examples
Socket
Processor
Pinless
Processor
Slot
Processor
Processor
Slot
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13. Evolution: Intel Microprocessors
• 4004 - 1971
• 4040 - 1971
• 8008 - 1972
• 8080 - 1974
• 8085 - 1976
• 8086 - 1979
• 286 - 1982
• 386 - 1985
• 486 - 1989
• Pentium - 1993
• Pentium Pro - 1995
• Pentium MMX -1997
• Pentium II - 1997
• Pentium II Celeron - 1998
• Pentium II Zeon - 1998
• Pentium III - 1999
• Pentium III Zeon - 1999
• Pentium IV - 2000
• Pentium IV Zeon - 2001
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14. GENERATION OF PROCESSORS
Processor Bits Speed
8080 8 2 MHz
8086 16 4.5 – 10
MHz
8088 16 4.5 – 10
MHz
80286 16 10 – 20
MHz
80386 32 20 – 40
MHz
80486 32 40 – 133
MHz
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15. Processor 1 Processor 2
Operating Frequency 10 MHz 5 MHz
One T-State (s) =
1 /operating frequency
1/ 10MHz
= 0.1μs
1/ 5MHz
= 0.2μs
3. Processor speed ---- in Hz
T-state is defined as one subdivision of
operation performed in one clock period.
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17. GENERATION OF PROCESSORS
Processor Bits Speed
Pentium 32 60 – 233
MHz
Pentium
Pro
32 150 – 200
MHz
Pentium II,
Celeron ,
Xeon
32 233 – 450
MHz
Pentium
III, Celeron
, Xeon
32 450 MHz –
1.4 GHz
Pentium IV,
Celeron ,
Xeon
32 1.3 GHz –
3.8 GHz
Itanium 64 800 MHz –
3.0 GHz
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18. Intel 4004
⮚ Introduced in 1971.
⮚ It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
⮚ It was a 4-bit µP.
⮚ Its clock speed was 740KHz.
⮚ It had 2,300 transistors.
⮚ It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second.
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19. Intel 4040
⮚Introduced in 1971.
⮚It was also 4-bit µP.
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20. 8-bit Microprocessors
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21. Intel 8008
⮚Introduced in 1972.
⮚It was first 8-bit µP.
⮚Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
⮚Could execute 50,000
instructions per
second.
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22. Intel 8080
⮚Introduced in 1974.
⮚It was also 8-bit µP.
⮚Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
⮚It had 6,000 transistors.
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23. Intel 8085 ⮚Introduced in 1976.
⮚It was also 8-bit µP.
⮚Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
⮚Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
⮚It had 6,500 transistors.
⮚Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
⮚It could access 64 KB of
memory.
⮚It had 246 instructions.
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24. 16-bit Microprocessors
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25. Intel 8086 ⮚ Introduced in 1978.
⮚ It was first 16-bit µP.
⮚ Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz
and 10 MHz, depending on the
version.
⮚ Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus
is 20-bit.
⮚ It had 29,000 transistors.
⮚ Could execute 2.5 million instructions
per second.
⮚ It could access 1 MB of memory.
⮚ It had 22,000 instructions.
⮚ It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.
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26. Intel 8088
⮚Introduced in 1979.
⮚It was also 16-bit µP.
⮚It was created as a
cheaper version of
Intel’s 8086.
⮚It was a 16-bit
processor with an 8-bit
external bus.
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27. Intel 80186 & 80188
⮚Introduced in 1982.
⮚They were 16-bit µPs.
⮚Clock speed was 6
MHz.
⮚80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with
an 8-bit external data
bus.
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28. Intel 80286
⮚ Introduced in 1982.
⮚ It was 16-bit µP.
⮚ Its clock speed was 8
MHz.
⮚ Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 24-bit.
⮚ It could address 16 MB of
memory.
⮚ It had 1,34,000
transistors.
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29. 32-bit Microprocessors
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30. Intel 80386 ⮚ Introduced in 1986.
⮚ It was first 32-bit µP.
⮚ Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
⮚ It could address 4 GB of
memory.
⮚ It had 2,75,000
transistors.
⮚ Its clock speed varied
from 16 MHz to 33 MHz
depending upon the
various versions.
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31. Intel 80486
⮚Introduced in 1989.
⮚It was also 32-bit µP.
⮚It had 1.2 million
transistors.
⮚Its clock speed varied
from 16 MHz to 100
MHz depending upon
the various versions.
⮚8 KB of cache memory
was introduced.
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32. Intel Pentium
⮚Introduced in 1993.
⮚It was also 32-bit µP.
⮚It was originally named
80586.
⮚Its clock speed was 66
MHz.
⮚Its data bus is 32-bit
and address bus is 32-
bit.
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33. Intel Pentium Pro
⮚Introduced in 1995.
⮚It was also 32-bit µP.
⮚It had 21 million
transistors.
⮚Cache memory:
⮚8 KB for instructions.
⮚8 KB for data.
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34. Intel Pentium II
⮚Introduced in 1997.
⮚It was also 32-bit µP.
⮚Its clock speed was 233
MHz to 500 MHz.
⮚Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.
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35. Intel Pentium II Xeon
⮚Introduced in 1998.
⮚It was also 32-bit µP.
⮚It was designed for
servers.
⮚Its clock speed was 400
MHz to 450 MHz.
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36. Intel Pentium III
⮚Introduced in 1999.
⮚It was also 32-bit µP.
⮚Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4
GHz.
⮚It had 9.5 million
transistors.
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37. Intel Pentium IV
⮚Introduced in 2000.
⮚It was also 32-bit µP.
⮚Its clock speed was
from 1.3 GHz to 3.8
GHz.
⮚It had 42 million
transistors.
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38. Intel Dual Core
⮚Introduced in 2006.
⮚It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
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39. 39

40. 64-bit Microprocessors
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41. Intel Core 2 Intel Core i3
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42. Intel Core i5 INTEL CORE I7
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