The document provides an overview of microprocessors, describing their role as the brain of the CPU and detailing their evolution from the first 4-bit microprocessor in 1971 to modern versions capable of accessing 64 GB memory. It categorizes microprocessors into various types, such as CISC, RISC, ASIC, superscalar, and DSP, alongside advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it lists notable microprocessor models, like AMD Ryzen and Intel Core series, and their specifications, along with applications in various fields.

1. MICROPROCESSOR

2. MICROPROCESSOR
� The microprocessor is the brain of the Central Processing Unit
(CPU).
� Microprocessor is an engine which can compute various operations
fabricated on a single chip.
� The internal architecture of microprocessor determines what
operations can be performed and how it can be performed.

3. EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
� The first microprocessor introduced in 1971 was a 4-bit
microprocessor with 4m5KB memory.
� It has set of 45 instructions and was named Intel 4004.
� Intel’s 8080 was introduced during the year 1974 and it can
perform 8 bit operations.
� In 1976, Intel introduced 8085 and 8086 processors.
� 8080 processors have two Enable/Disable Instructions.
� 8086 processor is a 16 bit processor.

4. CONT..
� Current microprocessors can access 64 GB memory.
� Depending on width of data microprocessors can process, they are
of these categories−
� 8-bit
� 16-bit
� 32-bit
� 64-bit

6. TYPES OF MICROPROCESSOR
� CISC-Complex Instruction Set
� RISC-Reduced Instruction Set
� ASIC- Application Specific Integrated Circuit
� Superscalar Processors
� DSP-Digital Signal

7. COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SET MICROPROCESSORS
� The short term of Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors is
CISM
� It performs the different tasks like downloading, uploading,
recalling data into the memory card
� It also does complex mathematical calculations in a single
command.
� Some different CISC processors are following.
� IBM 370/168
� VAX 11/780
� Intel 80486

8. REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET MICROPROCESSOR
� In the RISC processor, there are simple instructions.
� It consists the number of registers and less number of transistors.
� To access the memory location the LOAD & STORE instructions
are used.
� This processor has one cycle execution time
� In this way these processors completes more commands at a faster
rate.

9. THE APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
� These processors are used for automotive emissions control or
personal digital assistant’s computer.
� ASIC is a kind of integrated circuit that is specially built for a
specific application or purpose.
� It can also be made smaller and use less electricity.
Disadvantage
� More expensive to design and manufacture, particularly if only a
few units are needed.

10. SUPERSCALAR MICROPROCESSORS
� Superscalar processor facsimiles the hardware on the processor to
perform various tasks at a time.
� These processors can be used for ALUs or multipliers.
� They have different operational units

11. DIGITAL SIGNAL MULTIPROCESSORS
� These processors are used to encode and decode the videos or to
convert the D/A (digital to analog) & A/D (analog to digital).
� They need a microprocessor that is excellent in mathematical
calculations.
� The chips of this processor are employed in RADAR, home
theaters, SONAR, audio gears, TV set top boxes and Mobile
phones

12. 8085 Microprocessor 8086 Microprocessor
•It is an 8-bit microprocessor
•It has 16-bit address bus
•In this, the memory can access
up to 64kb
•The 8085 processor does not
consist of pipeline architecture
•In this processor, the I/O
address is 28 = 256 I/O’s
•The cost of this processor is low
•This is a 16-bit microprocessor
•8086 has 20-bit address bus
•Where in the process the
memory is up to 1 MB
•While in the 8086 processors
consist of pipeline architecture
•In the 8086 processors, the I/O
address is about 216 = 65536
I/O’s
•The cost of this processor is
high

13. BEST MICROPROCESSORS
� Best CPU: AMD Ryzen 9 3900X
� Best high-end CPU: Intel Core i9-9900K
� Best mid-range CPU: AMD Ryzen 5 2600X
� Best entry-level CPU: AMD Ryzen 3 2200G
� Best gaming CPU: AMD Ryzen 5 3600X
� Best VR CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 1800X
� Best video editing CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 3700X
� Best performance processor: Intel Core i9-9980XE
� Best budget CPU: Intel Pentium G4560
� Best HTPC CPU: AMD Ryzen 5 2400G

14. AMD RYZEN 9 3900X
� Ryzen 9 3900X is a 64-bit dodeca-core high-end performance.
� x86 desktop microprocessor introduced by AMD in mid-2019.
� Fabricated on TSMC's 7 nm process based on the Zen 2
microarchitecture.
� This processor operates at 3.8 GHz with a TDP
of 105 W.
� Boost frequency of up to 4.6 GHz.
� The 3900X supports up to 128 GiB of dual-channel
DDR4-3200 memory.

15. INTEL CORE I9-9900K
� Introduced by Intel in late 2018.
� This processor, which is based on the Coffee Lake
microarchitecture, is manufactured on Intel's 3rd
generation enhanced 14nm++ process.
� The i9-9900K operates at a 3.6 GHz with a TDP of 95 W and a
Turbo Boost frequency of up to 5 GHz.
� This chip supports up to 128 GiB of dual-channel DDR4-2666
memory.
� It incorporates Intel's UHD Graphics 630 IGP operating at 350
MHz with a burst frequency of 1.2 GHz.

20. ADVANTAGES OF MICROPROCESSORS
� The processing speed is high
� Intelligence has been brought to systems
� Flexible.
� Compact size.
� Easy maintenance
� Complex mathematics

21. DISADVANTAGES OF MICROPROCESSORS
� The microprocessor has a limitation on the size of data.
� Most of the microprocessor does not support floating point
operations.
� The main disadvantage is it’s over heating physically.
� It should not contact with the other external devices.
� The microprocessor is does not have any internal peripheral like
ROM, RAM and other I/O devices.

22. THE APPLICATIONS OF THE MICROPROCESSORS
� Controllers in home appliances.
� Wireless communication equipments.
� Office publication and automation.
� Consumer electronic goods.
� Calculators.
� Accounting system.
� Video games.
� Industrial controllers.
� Data acquisition systems.

24. REFERENCES
� www.geeksforgeeks.org
� www.efxkits.co.uk
� www.brighthubengineering.com
� www.digitaltrends.com

25. THANK YOU