characteristics used in classification of micro-organism
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This document summarizes different approaches used to classify microorganisms, including classical and molecular characteristics. Classical approaches include morphological, physiological, biochemical, and ecological characteristics. Molecular approaches involve analyzing nucleic acid composition, hybridization, sequencing, genomic fingerprinting, and amino acid sequencing. Molecular techniques are now more widely used as they provide clearer insights into evolutionary relationships.
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Harmful and useful of microorganism
Microorganisms can be both harmful and useful. Useful microorganisms are used to make curd, bread, medicines, increase soil fertility, clean the environment, produce vaccines, and commercially produce alcohol and wine. While most bacteria are harmless and some are helpful, certain bacteria and viruses can cause diseases like diarrhea, sore throat, and AIDS in humans, plants and animals. Protozoa can also be either harmless or cause harmful diseases like malaria, and fungi such as yeast are useful for producing bread and cake but require a microscope to be seen.
Diversity in living organisms....
brief description about the diversity of living organisms present on earth... this is actually based on a chapter included in NCERT curriculum in class 9th. may be helpful for the students...
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Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity
Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity
Introduction:
The molecular basis of the essential biological phenomena in plants is crucial for the effective conservation, management, and efficient utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR).
Determining genetic diversity can be based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular types of information. However, molecular markers have advantages over other kinds, where they show genetic differences on a more detailed level without interferences from environmental factors, and where they involve techniques that provide fast results detailing genetic diversity
Comparison of different methods
Morphological characterization does not require expensive technology but large tracts of land are often required for these experiments, making it possibly more expensive than molecular assessment. These traits are often susceptible to phenotypic plasticity; conversely, this allows assessment of diversity in the presence of environmental variation.
Biochemical analysis is based on the separation of proteins into specific banding patterns. It is a fast method which requires only small amounts of biological material. However, only a limited number of enzymes are available and thus, the resolution of diversity is limited.
Molecular analyses comprise a large variety of DNA molecular markers, which can be employed for analysis of variation. Different markers have different genetic qualities (they can be dominant or co-dominant, can amplify anonymous or characterized loci, can contain expressed or non-expressed sequences, etc.).
Genetic marker
The concept of genetic markers is not a new one; in the nineteenth century, Gregor Mendel employed phenotype-based genetic markers in his experiments. Later, phenotype-based genetic markers for Drosophila melanogaster led to the founding of the theory of genetic linkage. A genetic marker is an easily identifiable piece of genetic material, usually DNA that can be used in the laboratory to tell apart cells, individuals, populations, or species. The use of genetic markers begins with extracting proteins or chemicals (for biochemical markers) or DNA (for molecular markers) from tissues of the plant (for example, seeds, foliage, pollen, sometimes woody tissues).
Molecular markers In genetics, a molecular marker (identified as genetic marker) is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome. Molecular markers which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion and/or insertion. Markers can exhibit two modes of inheritance, i.e. dominant/recessive or co-dominant. If the genetic pattern of homozygotes can be distinguished from that of heterozygotes, then a marker is said to be co-dominant. Generally co-dominant markers are more informative than the
Functional genomics,Pharmaco genomics, and Meta genomics.
Functional genomics, pharmacogenomics, and metagenomics are methods for determining the roles of genes. Functional genomics examines gene function through techniques like gene knockouts, microarrays, and RNA sequencing. Pharmacogenomics studies how genes affect individual responses to drugs in terms of metabolism and efficacy. Metagenomics analyzes the collective genomes of microbial communities through direct environmental DNA sequencing without requiring isolation of individual species.
Role of Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Resistance
Topic Role of Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Resistance is described in detail including some case studies.
Types of markers used in genetic engineering and biotechnology are described in detail.
Marker assisted selection is a process whereby a marker (morphological, biochemical or one
based on DNA/RNA variation) is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant of a trait
of interest. Since the first reported linkage of an agronomically important trait (a quantitative
trait locus affecting seed weight) to a simply controlled gene (seed colour) in common bean by
Sax (1923), it has taken more than 60 years for genetic markers to become a qualified tool for
plant breeding programs. In rice, the Xieyou 218 hybrid was the first to be developed through
MAS to select individuals carrying a bacterial blight-resistant gene. Marker-assisted selection
(MAS) can be applied at the seedling stage, with high precision and reductions in cost. Genetic
mapping of major genes and quantitative traits loci (QTLs) for agricultural traits is increasing
the integration of biotechnology with the conventional breeding process. Traits related to
disease resistance to pathogens and to the quality of some crop products are offering some
important examples of a possible routinary application of MAS. For more complex traits, like
yield and abiotic stress tolerance, a number of constraints have severe limitations on an efficient
utilization of MAS in plant breeding. However, the economic and biological constraints such
as a low return of investment in small-grain cereal breeding, lack of diagnostic markers, and
the prevalence of QTL-background effects hinder the broad implementation of MAS but over
the past 2 decades, a number of R-genes conferring resistance to a diverse range of pathogens
have been mapped in many crops using molecular markers.
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This document discusses how post-genomic tools like transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics can be used for genetic enhancement of germplasm. It provides an introduction to each omics technique, examples of technologies used, and applications in understanding biological processes and identifying genes/proteins involved in traits. The conclusion states that omics expression analysis of germplasm will help characterize genome function and restore traits from wild varieties, aiding development of more sustainable crop varieties.
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genotyping
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Characteristics used in classification.pptx
The document discusses the major characteristics used in taxonomy to identify microorganisms. It describes morphological characteristics like cell shape, size, staining reactions, and microscopic examination. It also discusses cultural characteristics like colony morphology, physiological characteristics like temperature and pH ranges, and immunological characteristics involving antigen-antibody reactions. Identification is also based on metabolic characteristics, composition of proteins and nucleic acids, DNA-DNA hybridization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing which can determine evolutionary relationships.
Taxonomic data sources powerpoint presentation.pptx
The document discusses various taxonomic data sources used in modern plant taxonomy, including cytology and molecular biology methods. It describes how cytological characteristics like chromosome number, size, morphology, and behavior during meiosis can provide taxonomic information. Molecular methods that are used for molecular taxonomy and establishing evolutionary relationships between plant groups are discussed, including allozymes, DNA-DNA hybridization, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
Microbe diversity-handout
This document discusses microbial diversity from morphological, structural, metabolic, and genetic perspectives. It describes the various shapes, sizes, structures, and metabolisms of microbes. Molecular and genomic methods for assessing diversity are also covered, including analysis of 16S rRNA, lipids, proteins, and whole genomes. The importance of microbial diversity for biogeochemistry, environmental issues, and potential applications are summarized.
RIBOTYPING
Ribotyping is a molecular technique that uses variations in rRNA genes to identify and characterize bacteria. It involves digesting bacterial DNA with restriction enzymes, separating the fragments via gel electrophoresis, and using rRNA gene probes to visualize banding patterns specific to different bacterial strains. Ribotyping provides a reproducible method for bacterial strain differentiation and has applications in taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical and environmental microbiology. It offers automated alternatives but remains technically demanding and most suitable for reference laboratories.
Mole taxonmy 22
This document discusses molecular taxonomy and the use of molecular markers for classifying organisms. It describes how taxonomy has shifted from morphology-based to molecular-based as technology has advanced. Molecular markers like DNA, RNA, proteins, and allozymes can be used as they change at the microlevel during speciation. Common molecular markers discussed include mitochondrial DNA, rRNA, RFLPs, microsatellites, and isozymes. Techniques used include PCR, gel electrophoresis, and DNA microarrays. Examples are provided of various studies using molecular markers like COI, rRNA, and isozymes to classify species of bacteria, birds, and protozoa. Molecular taxonomy is concluded to be more accurate than morphology-based taxonomy as
Bacterial taxonomy.pptx
Bacterial taxonomy is the classification of bacteria into groups based on their similarities and evolutionary relationships. Historically, bacteria were classified based on phenotypic markers, but now modern molecular techniques are also used. Bacteria can be classified based on their morphology, physiology, metabolism, ecology, genetics, genomic DNA GC ratio, nucleic acid hybridization, nucleic acid sequencing, ribotyping, and protein comparisons. The science of bacterial taxonomy helps arrange the diversity of bacteria into meaningful groups with precise names to facilitate communication and further research among bacteriologists.
MOLECULAR MARKER AIDED BREEDING.pptx
Genetic markers, Classical markers, DNA markers, MICROSATELLITES, AFLP, SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, QTL: Quantitative Trait Locus, Activities of marker-assisted breeding, Marker-based breeding and conventional breeding Perspectives,The application of molecular technologies to plant breeding is still facing the following drawbacks and/or challenges
OMICS in Crop Improvement.pptx
OMICS is the comprehensive analysis of the biological system. The technologies which made a revolution such as Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics and Phenomics, in screening traits and develop novel improved organisms are mentioned here. The presentation gives a brief idea about various OMICS technology used in crop improvement, their steps, techniques used, applications, scope, advantages and disadvantages.
Omics for crop improvement (new)
Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics are the three core omics technologies, which respectively deal with the analysis of genome, proteome and metabolome of cells and tissues of an organism.
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This document contains the questions and answers for a Nanobiology Final Exam. It includes explanations of exosome-based liquid biopsy, how a bio-electronic nose works, the differences between channelrhodopsin and halorhodopsin, the differences between siRNA and miRNA, the sucrose preference test used to assess depression in rodents, and how fecal microbiota transplantation works.
Ribosome
This document discusses the structure, composition, and assembly of ribosomes. It provides details on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Some key points include:
- Ribosomes are composed of RNA and proteins and are found in the cytoplasm and organelles of cells. They are responsible for protein synthesis.
- Prokaryotic ribosomes are typically 70S and composed of 30S and 50S subunits, while eukaryotic ribosomes are larger at 80S and composed of 40S and 60S subunits.
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Molecular taxonomy
presentation gives you information about different techniques and markers used in molecular taxonomy along with its advantages and disadvantages
Molecular systematics.pdf
Molecular Systematics provides a solid conceptual basis for the evolutionary history of organisms. Molecular systematics is the study of DNA and RNA sequences to infer evolutionary links across organisms. Molecular approaches/ techniques provide excellent resources for the study of evolution and phylogeny.
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
This document discusses marker assisted selection (MAS), which is an indirect selection method for plant breeding based on molecular markers linked to genes or traits of interest. It begins by defining different types of genetic markers before explaining MAS in more detail. MAS uses molecular markers like DNA fragments that are linked to economically important traits to speed up plant breeding. It allows for selection of traits at the seedling stage and is more accurate than phenotypic selection as it is not influenced by environmental conditions. The document then covers prerequisites, applications, traits improved, advantages and limitations of MAS.
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characteristics used in classification of micro-organism
- 1. PRESENTED TO:- Dr. AMRITA SRIVASTAVA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCE CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF BIHAR PRESENTED BY:- MONALISA ROLL NO.- 06 M.SC. LIFE SCIENCE (2014-16) CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF BIHAR
- 2. There are many approaches used in classifying microorganisms. Broadly these are divided into two categories.
- 4. Easy to study and analyze Variable characters, adaptations plays great role Features used in classification cell shape, cell size, colonial morphology, staining behavior, cilia and flagella, colour, endospore shape, etc.
- 6. Directly related to nature and activity of microbial enzymes and proteins Analysis provides indirect comparison of microbial genomes Features used in classification Carbon-nitrogen sources, mechanism of energy conversion , nutritional type, pH optimum, salt tolerance, temperature, etc.
- 7. Features used in classification Pigment produced, fermentation products, sensitivity to metabolic inhibitors and antibiotics, etc. Not involved in growth and metabolism but commercially useful
- 8. Ecological characteristics Features used in classification Life cycle patterns, nature of symbiotic relationship, ability to cause disease, habitat preferences, etc. Microbes similar in many respects can inhabit different ecological niche, suggesting they are not be closely related as first suspected.
- 9. Genetic characteristics • Chromosomal gene exchange process- transformation, conjugation. • Occur between prokaryotic species but rarely between genera. • Provides evidence of close relationship. • Plasmids carry genes coding for phenotypic traits. • Degree of relatedness can be misunderstood if that phenotypic character is present on chromosomes used in classification.
- 10. Molecular characteristics nucleic acid base composition nucleic acid hybridization nucleic acid sequencing genomic fingerprinting amino acid sequencing
- 11. •Estimated by determining the melting temperature (Tm ) of the DNA •Higher G + C gives a higher melting temperature GC content •Higher animals and plants : 30% to 50% •Prokaryotes : 25% to 80% •Useful in determining prokaryotic genera: variation in genera less than 10% , content may vary greatly
- 12. Measure amount of radioactive DNA attached to nylon filter. The degree of similarity is expressed as the % of experimental DNA radioactivity retained on the filter as compared to other species of the same genus under the same conditions. Usually less than 5 % difference in melting point ( T m ) is considered as members of same species.
- 14. Nucleic acid sequencing •Most ideal method for comparing microbial genomes •Sequences of 16S (prokaryotes) and 18S (eukaryotes) small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) are used most often in phylogenetic studies •Oligonucleotide signature sequences are short conserved sequences specific for a phylogenetically defined group of organisms •Either complete or, more often, specific rRNA fragments can be compared •When comparing rRNA sequences between two organisms, their relatedness is represented by an association coefficient or Sab value •The higher the Sab value, the more closely related the organisms
- 16. •DNA sequences can also be used to determine species strains in addition to genus •It requires analysis of genes that evolve more quickly than rRNA encoding genes •Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), the sequencing and comparison of 5 to 7 housekeeping genes instead of single gene is done. •This is to prevent misleading results from analysis of one gene.
- 17. Genomic fingerprinting •Repetitive sequences amplified by the polymerase chain reaction •Amplified fragments run on agarose gel, with each lane of gel corresponding to one microbial isolate •pattern of bands analyzed by Gel Document system •comparison of bands on basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) Such as, 154 bp BOX, 124-127 ERIC, 30-40 bpREP •It allows for identification to species, subspecies and often allows strain level identification
- 18. Amino acid sequencing •The amino acid sequence of a protein is a reflection of the mRNA sequence and therefore of the gene which encodes that protein •Amino acid sequencing of proteins such as cytochromes, histones and heat-shock proteins has provided relevant taxonomic and phylogenetic information •Provides more information •Slow and expensive method.