This document discusses active and passive immunity and their differences. It also describes the immune response process including primary and secondary responses. Additionally, it provides details about specific immunity mechanisms like humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and herd immunity. The rest of the document focuses on immunization practices including vaccines, immunoglobulins, antitoxins, the cold chain system, and adverse events following immunization.
Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
immunization of children is essential to prevent childhood illness, morbidity and mortality. immunization or vaccination is the way of protecting child from infectious diseases.
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Universal Programme Immunization as per World Health Organisation in India with Cold Chain and Vaccine Storage in Overall Health Management for Children under 5 years of age
immunization of children is essential to prevent childhood illness, morbidity and mortality. immunization or vaccination is the way of protecting child from infectious diseases.
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Universal Programme Immunization as per World Health Organisation in India with Cold Chain and Vaccine Storage in Overall Health Management for Children under 5 years of age
Classification of bacteria power point templates and backgroundsTemplates Powerpoint
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brief description about the diversity of living organisms present on earth... this is actually based on a chapter included in NCERT curriculum in class 9th. may be helpful for the students...
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunizing agents - Vaccines, Immunoglobulines and Antisera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
David Haselwood | How vaccines prevent diseasesDavid Haselwood
David Haselwood - Vaccines provide immunity that protects you from disease without the risk of the infection. It contains a small amount of the germs or parts of the germs that cause disease. The germs in vaccines are either killed or weakened so they can't make you sick. Therefore, vaccination plays an important role in one’s health. #DavidHaselwood
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Immunization
1. Dr Ubaid N P
JR Community Medicine,
Pariyaram Medical College
2. Specific defences :
Micro organism-breach local defense systems
host recognize, destroy and eliminate antigenic
material foreign to its own
Specific defenses are
1.Active immunity – humoral, cellular , combined
immunity
2.Passive immunity – normal human Ig, specific human
Ig, animal antitoxin or antisera
3. Active immunity
- Immunity developed as a result of infection or by
specific immunization and is usually associated with
the presence of Ab or cells having specific action on
micro organism or its toxin. - Immunity produced is
specific for particular diseases
4. Active immunity may be acquired by following :
-clinical infection
-sub clinical or in apparent infection
-immunization with an antigen
5. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
A. Primary response:
-Ag first time administer IgMAb -----IgGAb
-Nature and extend of primary response to an
Ag is determined by factors like
-Dose of Ag, nature of Ag, route of
administration, nutritional status of the host etc.
6. Following primary response RES is educated . There s
production of memory cells by both B & T
lymphocytes
These cells are responsible for immunological memory
which become established after immunization
In fact purpose of immunization is to develop
immunological memory.
7. B. Secondary (booster) response:
-secondary response involve production of both IgM &
IgG antibody
Response to booster dose differs in a no. of ways from
primary response
(a) Production of Ab more rapid
(b) Ab response maintained at higher level for a long
period of time
(c) Ab tends to have a greater capacity to bind to Ag
8. Humoral immunity
It comes from B cells (bone marrow derived
lymphocytes) which proliferate and manufacture
specific Ab after Ag presentation by macro phages
Immunoglobulin's are divided into 5 classes – IgG,
M,A,D &E .
they circulate in body and neutralizes the
microbes/toxins
Ab are specific- they react with same Ag when
provided
9. Cellular immunity
Some micro organism like M.Leprae , M.TB escape
humoral immunity and can multiply in macrophages .
However these macrophages can be stimulated by T-
lymphocytes.
The activated macrophages perform a much more
efficient phagocytic function than non- activated
macrophages
T cells do not secrete Ab , but they are responsible for
recognition of Ag
10. Combination of both
In some cases they jointly helps in immunity
Vaccine to be effective must ellicit both cell mediated
and humoral responses
11. Active immunity takes time to develop . It is superior
to passive immunity because
(a) duration of protection is long lasting
(b) With few exceptions severe reactions are rare
(c) Protective efficiency is better than passive
(d) Active is less expensive
12. Passive immunity
Ab produced in one body ( human / animal ) are
transferred to another to induce protection against
disease
That is, they are ready made Ab
Passive immunity may be induced by
(a) Ig or anti serum administration
(b) Ab through placenta , human milk (IgA)
13. Passive immunity differ from active immunity by
(a) Immunity is rapidly established
(b) Immunity produced is only temporary ( days to
months ), till when Ab is eliminated from the body
(c) There is no education of RES
14. Herd immunity
It is the level of resistance of a community or a group
of people to a particular disease
Eg: polio vaccine-------, chickgunya in Alappuzha
Elements contributing to herd immunity
(a) Occurrence of clinical or sub-clinical infection in
herd
(b) Immunisation of the herd
(c) Herd structure
15. If herd immunity high enough , occurrence of
epidemic is highly unlikely
Herd immunity is maintained by immunisation
Eg: polio , diphtheria
With no vaccine for small pox herd immunity is
declined
16. Immunising agents
Vaccines- substances-designed to produce specific protection
against a given disease
It stimulate production of protective Ab
(a) Live vaccine (attenuated )
Prepared from live organisum . Doesn’t have the property of
phathogenicity but retained immunogenicity
Should not be administered to immune deficient people,
pregnancy
If two live vaccine required – either given at two sites
simultaneously or with an interval of at least three weeks
Should be properly stored
Usually require only one dose , exception of polio
Eg: polio , BCG , measles , rubella
17. (b) Inactivated / killed vaccine
Virus is killed with heat or chemicals and infected into the
body to stimulate active immunity
They are usually safe but less efficacious than live vaccines
Usually require more than two to three primary and even a
booster dose to produce adequate Ab response
Usually administered i/m or s/c
Only severe C/I is severe local or general reaction to previous
dose
Eg: pertusis , IPV, typhoid
18. Toxoid:
Exotoxins produced by certain organisum are
detoxicated and used to prepare vaccines
These Ab produced neutralises the toxin moiety
produced during infection and not the organism
Highly efficacious and safe
Eg : tetanus and diphtheria
19. Cellular fraction:
Prepared from extracted cellular fractions like cell wall,
capsule etc
Efficacy and safety high
Eg : meningiococcal, pneumococcal
Combination:
Simplify administration, reduce cost, minimise no. of
contact of patient with health system
Eg : DPT , MMR, Pentavalent
20. Polyvalent : prepared from two or more strains of same
species . Eg : polio infuenza
Autogenous vaccine : organism in vaccine is obtained
from the same patient
Vaccine can be plain , adjuvant , freeze dried
preparation
Adjuvant is added to vaccine with an intent of
potentiating the immune response.eg : aluminium
phosphate, aluminium hydroxide
Freeze dried vaccines ( BCG , Measles , YF) are more
stable preparations than liquid vaccines
21. Immunoglobulin
Composed of five major classes and its sub units-
IgG,M,D,A,E
Ig preparations : two types
(a) Normal human Ig
(b) Specific human Ig – usually made from plasma of
patients who have recently recovered from infection
Live vaccine should not be given normally for 12 weeks
after giving normal human Ig and if already given
NHIg should be differed for 2 weeks
Eg : Hep A, Hep B, Tetanus, Rabies
22. Antisera and antitoxins
They are materials prepared in animals ( horses)
Passive immunization is achieved
Eg: tetanus, snake bite, diphtheria
23. Cold chain
It is the system of storage – transportation of vaccines
from the manufature to the actual vaccination site
Polio is most sensitive to heat among vaccines requires
storage at -20 degree C.
Vaccine stored in freezer compartment are polio and
measles
Vaccine in cold part but never allow to freeze are ‘T’
series vaccine, DPT, TT,DT,BCG & diluents
24. Vaccine should be protected from sunlight and anti
septics
If refrigerated temperature is kept between 2 and 8
degree C vaccines (except polio) can be stored upto 5
weeks
Reconstituted BCG and measles are kept +2 to +8
degree C for max, of 4 hours and JE vaccine upto 2
hours
Return the unused vaccine vial to PHC from site on the
same day in cold chain
Discard vaccine that are unused more than 3 times
25. Cold storage equipment
(a)Walk-in cold room:
Located at regional level
meant to store up to 3 months
Serve 4 to 5 districts
(b) Deep freezer:
supplied to all districts (large) & PHC (small)
Cabinet temperature is -15 to -25 degree C
In case of power failures they can maintain cabinet
temperature upto 18 to 22 hours
At PHC level deep freezer are used only for ice pack
preparation and not for vaccine storage
26. ( c) Ice lined refrigerator ( ILR):
Kept at district ( large) and PHC (small)
Cabinet temperature is maintained at +2 to +8
At PHC, ILR are used to store vaccines
ILR are lined with tubes or ice packs to maintain internal
temperature
ILR can keep vaccine safe with 8 hours of continuous
electricity supplied in a 24 hour period
They are top opening – can hold cold air inside better than
front opening
Vaccine kept in basket along with diluents
Keep spaces with boxes
27. A dial thermometer is kept in ILR and temperature is
recorded twice a day
In case of electric supply failure or during defrosting
vaccines transferred to cold boxes
DO’S - keep away from direct sunlight and 10 cm
away from wall ,
keep voltage stabiliser,
keep equipment levelled ,
keep space between vaccines for air circulation,
open only when necessary, defrost periodically
28. DONT’S – Not to keep anyother equipments drugs
,food, water inside it
Discard expired vaccine
(d) Cold boxes :
Supplied to all peripheral centers
Used mainly for transportation of vaccines
Ice pack are placed at bottom and sides
Vials of DPT , DT , TT & diluents should not be placed in
direct contact with frozen ice packs
29. (e) Vaccine carrier:
Used to carry small quantities of vaccine ( 16 to 20 vials)
4 frozen ice pack are used for lining the sides
(f) Day carrier :
Used to carry small quantity (6 to 8 vials)
2 frozen ice packs are to be used
Used only for few hours
(g) Ice packs:
Only water is filled upto the level marked
If leaking discarded
-risk of cold chain failure is greatest at sub-centre level. Hence ,
vaccines are not stored there.
30. Vaccine vial monitor(VVM)
Adverse events following immunization(AEFI)
(a) Vaccine reaction
(b) Programme error
(c) Coincidental
(d) Injection reaction
(e) Unknown
--precautions to be taken
Contra indications of vaccine
31. NIS- national immunization schedule
UIP – universal immunization programme – infancy
EPI – expanded programme on immunization – till 5
years
Pulse polio immunization
Catch up- keep up- follow up