Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that show evolutionary relationships between organisms. They depict how groups of organisms are genetically related based on similarities and differences in physical or genetic characteristics. Charles Darwin first published phylogenetic trees in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Phylogenetic trees are used to understand human and animal origins, biogeography, traits, and disease. They can be rooted or unrooted, bifurcating or multi-furcating. Computational programs are used to construct phylogenetic trees based on criteria like efficiency, power, and consistency.
lecture for doctorate students while I was working as researcher assisstance about phylogenetic science, definition,
Understand the most basic concepts of phylogeny
Understand the difference between orthology, paralogy and xenology.
Be able to compute simple phylogenetic trees
Understand what bootstrapping means in phylogeny
This presentation entitled 'Molecular phylogenetics and its application' deals with all the developmental ideas and basics in the field of bioinformatics.
lecture for doctorate students while I was working as researcher assisstance about phylogenetic science, definition,
Understand the most basic concepts of phylogeny
Understand the difference between orthology, paralogy and xenology.
Be able to compute simple phylogenetic trees
Understand what bootstrapping means in phylogeny
This presentation entitled 'Molecular phylogenetics and its application' deals with all the developmental ideas and basics in the field of bioinformatics.
INTRODUCTION.
NCBI.
EMBL.
DDBJ.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENSE.
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health.
The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by Senator Claude Pepper.
The NCBI houses a series of databases relevant to biotechnology and biomedicine. Major databases include GenBank for DNA sequences and PubMed, a bibliographic database for the biomedical literature.
All these databases are available online through the Entrez search engine.
Open reading frame is part of reading frame that contains no stop codons or region of amino acids coding triple codons.
ORF starts with start codon and ends at stop codon.
Evolutionary tree or physlogenetic tree and it's types like rooted and unrooted labeled or unlabelled. How to construct physlogenetic tree and limitations of physlogenetic tree.
Genome annotation, NGS sequence data, decoding sequence information, The genome contains all the biological information required to build and maintain any given living organism.
INTRODUCTION.
NCBI.
EMBL.
DDBJ.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENSE.
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health.
The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by Senator Claude Pepper.
The NCBI houses a series of databases relevant to biotechnology and biomedicine. Major databases include GenBank for DNA sequences and PubMed, a bibliographic database for the biomedical literature.
All these databases are available online through the Entrez search engine.
Open reading frame is part of reading frame that contains no stop codons or region of amino acids coding triple codons.
ORF starts with start codon and ends at stop codon.
Evolutionary tree or physlogenetic tree and it's types like rooted and unrooted labeled or unlabelled. How to construct physlogenetic tree and limitations of physlogenetic tree.
Genome annotation, NGS sequence data, decoding sequence information, The genome contains all the biological information required to build and maintain any given living organism.
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms based on the similarities and differences in their genetic and evolutionary characteristics
The pattern of branching in a phylogenetic tree reflects how species or other groups evolved from a series of common ancestors.
The phylogenetic tree is also called the “Tree of Life” or “Dendrogram”
The evolutionary development or history of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms (The phylogeny of a group of taxa (singular: taxon) (species, etc.) is its evolutionary history)
• Biosystematics is simply known as “the study of biodiversity and its origins”. In a broader sense, it is a science through which organisms are discovered, identified, named and classified with their diversity, phylogeny, spatial and geographical distributions.
• Biosystematics is a synthetic branch which uses the characters and data from many disciplines like morphology, anatomy, cytology, genetics, palynology, embryology, ecology, plant geography, phylogeny, physiology, phytochemistry, evaluation and paleobotany. Hence, biosystematics is an integrative and unifying science.
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
Numerous emerging and reemerging infectious microorganisms can pose a serious threat to public health and food security.
Pakistan needs to identify these threats, taking into consideration local, regional, and global health security issues. Irrespective of region, country, and race, these infections are serious threats.
its a complete procedure of software testing.
Software Testing Research Paper.
step by step procedure of Software testing.
Software testing Techniques in this research paper.
introduction and Procedure software testing.
X ray crystallography and X ray DiffractionFaisal Hussain
This is the short description about x ray crystallography.
simplest and easy to understand.
Procedure of X ray Diffraction.
Advantages and Disadvantages of X ray Crystallography
X ray crystallography and X ray DiffractionFaisal Hussain
This is the short description about x ray crystallography.
simplest and easy to understand.
Procedure of X ray Diffraction.
Pros and Cons of X ray Crystallography
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. WHAT IS A PHYLOGENETIC TREE USED
FOR?
• A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or
tree showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among
various biological species or other entities their phylogeny based
upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic
characteristics. The taxa joined together in the tree are implied to
have descended from a common ancestor. Phylogenetic trees are
central to the field of phylogenetic.
• A phylogenetic tree is used to help represent evolutionary
relationships between organisms that are believed to have some
common ancestry.
• The name “ dendogram ” is the broad term for trees.
3. WHERE DID THE IDEA FOR A TREE COME
FROM?
• Charles Darwin (1859) is credited with the earliest representation of
a phylogenetic tree published in his book The Origin of Species. Over a
century later, evolutionary biologists still use tree diagrams to
depict evolution.
4. PURPOSES OF PHYLOGENETIC
TREE
• Understanding human origin
• Understanding biogeography
• Understanding the origin of particular traits
• Understanding the process of molecular evaluation
• Origin of disease
• The aim of phylogenetic tree construction, is to find the tree which
best describes the relationships between objects in a set. Usually the
objects are species.
5. WHAT DOES THIS TREE LOOK LIKE?
• There are many different ways to represent the information found in a
phylogenetic tree.
• The basic format of a tree is generally in one of the two forms shown,
although there are other ways to represent the data.
6. WHAT DO THE LINES REPRESENT?
• Each line on the tree represents one particular organism of interest.
• The distance of the lines is used to determine how closely two
organisms are related to one another or how long ago the may have
had a common ancestor.
• The line that connect all the other lines is the representation of the
common ancestor that is being looked at to compare other
organisms to.
7. ROOTED PHYLOGENETIC TREE
• A rooted phylogenetic tree serves as a useful diagram which
shows the evolutionary history. It has a basal node which is
called the root, representing the common ancestor of all
the groups of the tree. The root of a tree is considered as
the oldest point in the tree which represents the last
common ancestor of all groups included in the tree. Hence,
a rooted tree shows the direction of evolutionary time.
Since the rooted tree depicts the direction of evolutionary
time, it is easy to find the older or newer groups it has. A
rooted tree can be used to study the entire groups of
organisms.
8. UN ROOTED PHYLOGENETIC
TREE
• An un rooted phylogenetic tree is a phylogenetic diagram
which lacks a common ancestor or a basal node. This type
of a tree does not indicate the origin of evolution of the
groups of interest. It depicts only the relationship
between organisms irrespective of the direction of the
evolutionary time line
9. THE “ROOTED” VS. “UNROOTED”
TREE
• A rooted tree is used to make inferences about the most
common ancestor of the leaves or branches of the tree.
• An un rooted tree is used to make an illustration about
the leaves or branches, but not make assumption
regarding a common ancestor.
10. THE BIFURCATING TREE
• A tree that bifurcates has a maximum of 2 descendants arising
from each of the interior nodes.
11. THE MULTI-FURCATING TREE
• A tree that multi-furcates has multiple descendants arising
from each of the interior nodes.
12. WHAT CRITERIA IS IMPORTANT
WHEN BUILDING A TREE?
• There are many different things that you should consider
as you get set to build your tree.
• Some examples are;
• Efficiency
• Power
• Consistency/Reliability
• Robustness
• Are underlying assumptions ever violated
13. WHERE DO I GO TO MAKE A
TREE?
• Many computational biology programs have dendogram
programs.
• An example of a free program that is available via the
EMBL-EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) called
ClutsalW or ClustalX.
14. APPLICATIONS OF
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
• The inference of phylogenies with computational methods
has many important applications in medical and biological
research, such as drug discovery and conservation
biology.
• Phylogenetic trees have already witnessed applications in
numerous practical domains, such as in conservation
biology (illegal whale hunting), epidemiology (predictive
evolution), forensics (dental practice HIV transmission),
gene function prediction and drug development.
15. APPLICATIONS OF
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
• Other applications of phylogenies include multiple
sequence alignment, protein structure prediction, gene
and protein function prediction and drug design.
• The computation of the tree-of life containing
representatives of all living beings on earth is considered
to be one of the grand challenges in Bioinformatics.
16. LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF
TREES
• It is important to remember that trees do have
limitations. For example, trees are meant to provide
insight into a research question and not intended to
represent an entire species history.
• Several factors, like gene transfers, may affect the output
placed into a tree.
• All knowledge of limitations related to DNA degradation
over time must be considered, especially in the case of
evolutionary trees aimed at ancient or extinct organisms.