Banoth Madhu: Map based gene cloning in plant. In the process of map-based cloning, one starts with a mutant and eventually identifies the gene responsible for the altered phenotype, allowing the plant to tell you what genes are important in the physiological process of interest and using the genetic relationship between a gene and a marker as the basis for beginning a search for a gene
Genomics and its application in crop improvementKhemlata20
meaning ,definition of genome ,genomics ,tools of genomics ,what is genome sequencing ,methods of genome sequencingand genome mapping ,advantage of genomics over traditional breeding program, examples of some crops whose genome has been sequenced, important points about genomics, work in the field of genomics ,applications of genomics .classification of genomics .different Omics in genomics like Proteomics ,Transcriptomics ,Metabolomics ,Need of genome sequencing
Banoth Madhu: Map based gene cloning in plant. In the process of map-based cloning, one starts with a mutant and eventually identifies the gene responsible for the altered phenotype, allowing the plant to tell you what genes are important in the physiological process of interest and using the genetic relationship between a gene and a marker as the basis for beginning a search for a gene
Genomics and its application in crop improvementKhemlata20
meaning ,definition of genome ,genomics ,tools of genomics ,what is genome sequencing ,methods of genome sequencingand genome mapping ,advantage of genomics over traditional breeding program, examples of some crops whose genome has been sequenced, important points about genomics, work in the field of genomics ,applications of genomics .classification of genomics .different Omics in genomics like Proteomics ,Transcriptomics ,Metabolomics ,Need of genome sequencing
it cover almost all content in cis/intragesis, right from introduction definition, explanation, production of marker free transgenic, intragenic vector construction, regulatory guide lines, current and future status, limitation, advantage over existing technique, swot analysis etc
its very useful for your seminar and presentations. it contain lot of picture, table, figure for your easy understanding
thank you
Mahesh
METABOLOMICS is the systematic study of the small molecular metabolites in a cell, tissue, biofluid, or cell culture media that are the tangible result of cellular processes or responses to an environmental stress.
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
Functional proteomics, methods and toolsKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
PROTEOMICS
FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
PROTEOMICS SOFTWARE
PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS
TOOLS FOR PROTEOM ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTS METHODS FOR STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
APLLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
'Genomics' is nothing but the study of entire genetic compliment of an organism. Plant genomics is study of plant genome. This is my topic of M.Sc. course 'Plant biotechnology'.
Transcriptomics is the study of RNA, single-stranded nucleic acid, which was not separated from the DNA world until the central dogma was formulated by Francis Crick in 1958, i.e., the idea that genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA into protein.
Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. Upon interaction between the bait and the prey, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity and a functional TF is reconstituted upstream of the reporter gene.
description of functional genomics and structural genomics and the techniques involved in it and also decribing the models of forward genetics and techniques involved in it and reverse genetics and techniques involved in it
it cover almost all content in cis/intragesis, right from introduction definition, explanation, production of marker free transgenic, intragenic vector construction, regulatory guide lines, current and future status, limitation, advantage over existing technique, swot analysis etc
its very useful for your seminar and presentations. it contain lot of picture, table, figure for your easy understanding
thank you
Mahesh
METABOLOMICS is the systematic study of the small molecular metabolites in a cell, tissue, biofluid, or cell culture media that are the tangible result of cellular processes or responses to an environmental stress.
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
Functional proteomics, methods and toolsKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
PROTEOMICS
FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
PROTEOMICS SOFTWARE
PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS
TOOLS FOR PROTEOM ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTS METHODS FOR STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
APLLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
'Genomics' is nothing but the study of entire genetic compliment of an organism. Plant genomics is study of plant genome. This is my topic of M.Sc. course 'Plant biotechnology'.
Transcriptomics is the study of RNA, single-stranded nucleic acid, which was not separated from the DNA world until the central dogma was formulated by Francis Crick in 1958, i.e., the idea that genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA into protein.
Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. Upon interaction between the bait and the prey, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity and a functional TF is reconstituted upstream of the reporter gene.
description of functional genomics and structural genomics and the techniques involved in it and also decribing the models of forward genetics and techniques involved in it and reverse genetics and techniques involved in it
Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity Zohaib HUSSAIN
Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity
Introduction:
The molecular basis of the essential biological phenomena in plants is crucial for the effective conservation, management, and efficient utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR).
Determining genetic diversity can be based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular types of information. However, molecular markers have advantages over other kinds, where they show genetic differences on a more detailed level without interferences from environmental factors, and where they involve techniques that provide fast results detailing genetic diversity
Comparison of different methods
Morphological characterization does not require expensive technology but large tracts of land are often required for these experiments, making it possibly more expensive than molecular assessment. These traits are often susceptible to phenotypic plasticity; conversely, this allows assessment of diversity in the presence of environmental variation.
Biochemical analysis is based on the separation of proteins into specific banding patterns. It is a fast method which requires only small amounts of biological material. However, only a limited number of enzymes are available and thus, the resolution of diversity is limited.
Molecular analyses comprise a large variety of DNA molecular markers, which can be employed for analysis of variation. Different markers have different genetic qualities (they can be dominant or co-dominant, can amplify anonymous or characterized loci, can contain expressed or non-expressed sequences, etc.).
Genetic marker
The concept of genetic markers is not a new one; in the nineteenth century, Gregor Mendel employed phenotype-based genetic markers in his experiments. Later, phenotype-based genetic markers for Drosophila melanogaster led to the founding of the theory of genetic linkage. A genetic marker is an easily identifiable piece of genetic material, usually DNA that can be used in the laboratory to tell apart cells, individuals, populations, or species. The use of genetic markers begins with extracting proteins or chemicals (for biochemical markers) or DNA (for molecular markers) from tissues of the plant (for example, seeds, foliage, pollen, sometimes woody tissues).
Molecular markers In genetics, a molecular marker (identified as genetic marker) is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome. Molecular markers which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion and/or insertion. Markers can exhibit two modes of inheritance, i.e. dominant/recessive or co-dominant. If the genetic pattern of homozygotes can be distinguished from that of heterozygotes, then a marker is said to be co-dominant. Generally co-dominant markers are more informative than the
Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics - Basic concepts for clin...Prasenjit Mitra
This set of slides gives an overview regarding the various omics technologies available and how they can be used for improvement in clinical setting or research
The analysis of global gene expression and transcription factor regulation, global approaches to alternative splicing and its regulation, long noncoding RNAs, gene expression models of signalling pathways, from gene expression to disease phenotypes, introduction to isoform sequencing, systematic and integrative analysis of gene expression to identify feature genes underlying human diseases.
Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics are the three core omics technologies, which respectively deal with the analysis of genome, proteome and metabolome of cells and tissues of an organism.
Role of Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Resistance RandeepChoudhary2
Topic Role of Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Resistance is described in detail including some case studies.
Types of markers used in genetic engineering and biotechnology are described in detail.
Marker assisted selection is a process whereby a marker (morphological, biochemical or one
based on DNA/RNA variation) is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant of a trait
of interest. Since the first reported linkage of an agronomically important trait (a quantitative
trait locus affecting seed weight) to a simply controlled gene (seed colour) in common bean by
Sax (1923), it has taken more than 60 years for genetic markers to become a qualified tool for
plant breeding programs. In rice, the Xieyou 218 hybrid was the first to be developed through
MAS to select individuals carrying a bacterial blight-resistant gene. Marker-assisted selection
(MAS) can be applied at the seedling stage, with high precision and reductions in cost. Genetic
mapping of major genes and quantitative traits loci (QTLs) for agricultural traits is increasing
the integration of biotechnology with the conventional breeding process. Traits related to
disease resistance to pathogens and to the quality of some crop products are offering some
important examples of a possible routinary application of MAS. For more complex traits, like
yield and abiotic stress tolerance, a number of constraints have severe limitations on an efficient
utilization of MAS in plant breeding. However, the economic and biological constraints such
as a low return of investment in small-grain cereal breeding, lack of diagnostic markers, and
the prevalence of QTL-background effects hinder the broad implementation of MAS but over
the past 2 decades, a number of R-genes conferring resistance to a diverse range of pathogens
have been mapped in many crops using molecular markers.
A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA or complete genetic makeup, The entire DNA complement. It describes the identity and the sequence of genes of an organism.
Genomics is the study of entire genomes(structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes)
Executing the sequencing and analysis of entire human genome enables more rapid and effective identification of disease associated genes and provide drug companies with pre validated targets.
Proteomics is the systematic high-throughput separation and characterization of proteins within biological systems./ large scale study of protein and their functions.
Proteomics measures protein expression directly, not via gene expression, thus achieving better accuracy. Current work uses 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(2D- PAGE) and mass spectrometry.
New separation and characterization technologies, such as protein microarray and high throughput chromatography are being developed.
Comparative genomics: Genomic features are compared, evolutionary relationship
The major principle of comparative genomics is that common features of two organisms will often be encoded within the DNA that is evolutionarily conserved between them. orthologous sequences,
Started as soon as the whole genomes of two organisms became available (that is, the genomes of the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma genitalium) in 1995, comparative genomics is now a standard component of the analysis of every new genome sequence. comparative genomics studies of small model organisms (for example the model Caenorhabditis elegans and closely related Caenorhabditis briggsae) are of great importance to advance our understanding of general mechanisms of evolution
Computational tools for analyzing sequences and complete genomes. Application of comparative genomics in agriculture and medicine.
Molecular Markers: Indispensable Tools for Genetic Diversity Analysis and Cro...Premier Publishers
Recent progress in molecular biology has led to the development of new molecular tools that offer the promise of making plant breeding faster. Molecular markers are segments of DNA associated with agronomically important traits and can be used by plant breeders as selection tools. Breeders can use marker-assisted selection (MAS) to bypass the traditional phenotype-based selection methods in order to improve crop varieties with pyramiding the desirable traits within short time. Various molecular markers such as RAPD, SSR, ISSR, RFLP, AFLP, SNP, SCAR, CAPS, etc. are extensively used for plant genetic diversity studies and crop improvement biotechnology. These markers are different in characteristic properties, applicability to various plants, unique in the resolving power and also have own advantages and disadvantages. This review article provides a valuable insight into different molecular marker techniques, classification, their advantages, disadvantages, ways of actions, uses of molecular markers in plant genetic diversity analysis and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. It could be helpful for plant scientists and breeders in MAS breeding and crop improvement biotechnology in the post-genomic era.
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Genomics - It is the study of genomes.
• The field of genomics comprises of two main areas:
• 1.Structural genomics
• 2. Functional genomics
• Structural genomics - deals with genome
structures with a focus on the study of genome mapping and
assembly as well as genome annotation and comparison.
Functional genomics:
• Determining the role of genes through gene disruption
(knockouts, under expression and over expression)
3.
4. Functional genomics
Branch of genomics that determines biological
functions of genes and their products.
Functional genomics (transcriptomics and
proteomics) is a global, systematic and
comprehensive approach for identification and
description of the processes and pathways
involved in the normal and abnormal state of
genes.
5. Goals of functional genomics
• It is estimated that approximately 30% of the
open reading frames in a fully sequenced
organism have unknown function at the
biochemical level and are unrelated to any
known gene. This is why recently the interest
of researchers has shifted from genome
mapping and sequencing to determination of
genome function by using the functional
genomics approach.
6. Example:
• A single gene can give rise to multiple gene
products. RNA can be alternatively spliced or
edited to form mature mRNA. Besides,
proteins are regulated by additional
mechanisms such as posttranslational
modifications, compartmentalization and
proteolysis. Finally, biological function is
determined by the complexity of these
processes.
7. Techniques of functional genomics:
• At the DNA level(Genetic interaction mapping, the
ENCODE project)
1) Genetic interaction mapping
Systematic pair wise deletion of genes or inhibition of
gene expression can be used to identify genes with
related function, even if they do not interact physically.
2) The ENCODE project:
The ENCODE (Encyclopaedia of DNA elements)
project is an in-depth analysis of the human genome
whose goal is to identify all the functional elements of
genomic DNA, in both coding and noncoding regions.
8. 1. Differential display
2. Expressed sequence tags
3. Serial analysis of gene expression
4. DNA microarrays
GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING AT
THE TRANSCRIPT LEVEL:
9. • Microarrays measure the amount of mRNA in a sample
that corresponds to a given gene or probe DNA sequence.
• Probe sequences are immobilized on a solid surface and
allowed to hybridize with fluorescently labelled “target”
mRNA.
• The intensity of fluorescence of a spot is proportional to
the amount of target sequence that has hybridized to that
spot, and therefore to the abundance of that mRNA
sequence in the sample.
• Microarrays allow for identification of candidate genes
involved in a given process based on variation between
transcript levels for different conditions and shared
expression patterns with genes of known function.
1) Microarray
10.
11. • SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) is an
alternate method of gene expression analysis
based on RNA sequencing rather than
hybridization.
• SAGE relies on the sequencing of 10–17 base
pair tags which are unique to each gene.
• These tags are produced from poly-A mRNA and
ligated end-to-end before sequencing.
• SAGE gives an unbiased measurement of the
number of transcripts per cell, since it does not
depend on prior knowledge of what transcripts to
study (as microarrays do).
2) SAGE
12. RNA sequencing has taken over microarray and SAGE
technology in recent years and has become the most
efficient way to study transcription and gene
expression. This is typically done by next-generation
sequencing.
A subset of sequenced RNAs are small RNAs, a class
of non-coding RNA molecules that are key regulators
of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene
silencing, or RNA silencing. Next generation
sequencing is the gold standard tool for non-coding
RNA discovery, profiling and expression analysis.
• Proteome analysis (Protein microarray, 2D-PAGE)
3) RNA sequencing
13. • Gene function can be investigated by
systematically “knocking out” genes
one by one. This is done by
either deletion or disruption of function
(such as by insertional mutagenesis)
and the resulting organisms are
screened for phenotypes that provide
clues to the function of the disrupted
gene.
Loss-of-function techniques
14. RNAi
• RNA interference (RNAi) methods can be used to
transiently silence or knock down gene expression
using ~20 base-pair double-stranded RNA typically
delivered by transfection of synthetic ~20-mer short-
interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) or by virally
encoded short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). RNAi screens,
typically performed in cell culture-based assays or
experimental organisms (such as C. elegans) can be
used to systematically disrupt nearly every gene in a
genome or subsets of genes (sub-genomes); possible
functions of disrupted genes can be assigned based on
observed phenotypes.
15. Application of functional genomics
• Sequencing of crop –plant genomes
• Genetic discovery for useful traits
• Genome wide regulatory networks to improve
trait.
• Evolutionary study
• Phylogenetic relationship
• Fine mapping
• Disease diagnosis
• Gene expression study
16. Importance of functional genomics in
crop improvement
• Knowing the exact sequence and location of all
the genes of a given organism is only the first step
towards understanding how all the parts of
biological system work together. In this respect
functional genomics is the key approach to
transforming quantity to quality in to crop
improvement.
• Functional genomics is a general approach toward
understanding how the genes of an organism work
together by assigning new functions to unknown
gene.
20. “It is more important to know
what sort of person has a disease
than to know what sort of
disease a person has.”
-Hippocrates
(460 BC – 370 BC)
21. • Pharmacogenomics
– The science of how genes affect the way people people
respond to drugs
– How genes affect…
…the way our body processes drugs (pharmacokinetics)
…the interaction of drugs with receptors (pharmacodynamics)
…the treatment efficacy and adverse side effects
• Pharmacogenetics
– A subset of ‘pharmacogenomics’
– The study of how inherited variation affects drug response
and metabolism
22. Pharmacogenomic Studies
• Pharmacogenomic studies are rapidly elucidating the inherited nature of
these differences in drug disposition and effects, thereby enhancing drug
discovery and providing a stronger scientific basis for optimizing drug
therapy on the basis of each patient’s genetic constitution.
• It is well recognized that different patients respond in different ways to the
same medication.
• Genetics can account for 20 to 95 percent of variability in drug disposition
and effects.
• Numerous examples of cases in which inter individual differences in drug
response are due to sequence variants in genes encoding drug-metabolizing
enzymes, drug transporters, or drug targets
• Unlike other factors influencing drug response, inherited determinants
generally remain stable throughout a person’s lifetime.
23. Goals of Pharmacogenomics
• Personalized Medicine :There is an emerging
goal among ‘translational scientists’ to make
medical practice more personalized
• Pharmacogenetics is
an important step
towards that goal
• The effects of this
movement are seen in
many aspects of society
24.
25. Why is this a good approach?
• Drugs can be dangerous
– Many people have severe adverse reactions to drugs
– Many people respond to drugs at different doses
– Many drug treatments are horribly unpleasant, painful
• Drugs are expensive (to take and to make)
– Ineffective drugs are a waste of money to take
– Drug development needs to account for response variability
26.
27. WHAT IS METAGENOMICS??
• Metagenomics (also Environmental Genomics, Ecogenomics
or Community Genomics) is the genomic analysis of microbial
communities.
• The term is derived from statistical concept of “meta” analysis
(the process of statistically combining separate analysis) and
genomics (study of whole genome of an organism essentially in
the context of uncultured microbes).
• Metagenomics is the study of genetic material of organisms that
are difficult to culture in laboratory and are recovered directly
from environmental samples.
• Take a sample off of the environment Isolate and amplify
DNA/mRNA Sequence it.
28. WHAT IS METAGENOMICS??
• Microbes are present in every biological niche even humans body carry
ten times more bacterial cells and 100 times more bacterial genes than
its own cells and genes.
• 16S rRNA studies have confirmed that less than 1% of microorganisms
in nature can be cultivated by conventional techniques (Torsvik et al.
1990).
• The collective genomes of microbes indigenous to a certain habitat
especially of extreme climates such as hot geysers, salt lakes or high
altitudes are now often referred to as the metagenome (Handelsman, et
al. 1998).
• Metagenomics is employed as a means of systematically investigating,
classifying and manipulating the entire genetic material isolated from
a particular environmental sample.
29. The term "metagenomics" was first used by Jo Handelsman, Jon Clardy, Robert
M. Goodman, Sean F. Brady, and others, and first appeared in publication in 1998.
30. Why iS iT revolutionary?
Classical microbiology
1 colony 1 analysis 1 bacterial identification
20 colonies 20 analyses 20 bacterial identifications
Time consuming
Laborious
expensive
• If you want to identify one
colony, you need to isolate
and send this colony for
sequencing
• If you want to identify
more colonies, you have
to repeat operations for
each single colony
31. Why is it revolutionary?
Bacterial diversity profile
METAGENOMICS
Over 5.000 identifications
amongst the most
important populations
1 analysis
• If you want to identify
all the members of
community : You need
to send single sample
for sequencing
32. AIMS OF A METAGENOMICS
1. Examining phylogenetic diversity using 16S rRNA and
other phylogenetically informative genes-diversity patterns
of microorganisms can be used for monitoring and
predicting environmental conditions and changes.
2. Examining genes/operons for desirable enzyme
candidates (e.g., cellulases, chitinases, lipases, antibiotics
and other natural products). These may be exploited for
industrial or medical applications.
3. Examining variation or diversity within genes of key
enzymes. This may help in identifying or designing optimal
catalysts.
4. Examining secretory, regulatory and signal transduction
mechanisms associated with samples or genes of interest.
33. AIMS OF A METAGENOMICS
5. Examining transporter systems
6. Examining bacteriophage or plasmid sequences. These
potentially influence diversity and structure of microbial
communities.
7. Examining potential lateral gene transfer events.
8. Examining genes/operons for nutrient gathering, auto-
inducers (for community sensing), central intermediary
metabolism, etc. These may provide insights into syntrophic
interactions or reveal basis for the success of organisms in
their environment.
35. Sequence-driven analysis
• The diversity of biological species in metagenome is measured usually
through sequence-driven analysis.
• Studies based on the extraction of total community DNA from
environmental samples followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
cloning, ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) is a
DNA fingerprinting technique based on restriction enzyme digestion and
agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified 16s rRNA gene using
primers for conserved region.
• Recovery and analysis of 16S rRNA genes directly from environmental
DNA provide a means of investigating microbial populations in any
habitat, eliminating dependence on isolation of pure cultures.
37. Function driven analysis
• Functional metagenomics involves screening metagenomic
libraries for a particular phenotype, e.g. salt tolerance,
antibiotic production or enzyme activity, and then identifying
the phylogenetic origin of the cloned DNA.
• In function driven approach, metagenomic libraries are
screened for expressed traits and once identified the clones
are characterized by biochemical and sequence analysis.
• Screening by heterologous gene expression is a powerful yet
challenging approach to metagenome analysis.
39. FLOW-DIAGRAM OF A METAGENOME PROJECT
Binning is the process of
grouping reads or contigs
and assigning them to
operational taxonomic units.
Binning methods can be
based on either
compositional features or
alignment (similarity), or
both.